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Grafting (7 illustrations) . . 406, 407 Waterside Vegetation. . . . . . 413 Bird, Bramble, and Butterfly . . . 413 English Palace and Gardens. . . . 413 Suspended Window Basket. . . . 416

Convolvulus . . . 417 Lackey Moth, Transformations of. | 418 Tris germanica . . : . 419 Big-Barked 'l'ree, the’ wa.” oan eo Sere Tree Guard . . - « 422 Vincennes, Plan of the Park of . . 426 Vincennes, Lake View in the Park of 427 Pagoda Fig, the .. . - » 485 Gardening, a German School of - . 439 Solanum robustum. . . . 442 Geneva, Lake of, and surrounding Mountains. . . . « 448 Flower Basket for Vestibule wee 4G Walnut Grafting . . . re 446 Tropics, a Garden inthe . .. . AAT Flower Beds, Succulent. . . . . 455 Water Dock, the Great . . . 457 Beefsteak Fungus (Fistulina “hepa. tica). . oP PGO8: Himalayan Mountain Scener 1 te) Seaforthia elegans. . . . . . . 461 Alpine Mower! eee Grd. 463 Mrollis, a novel, .° Y Wl 0.8. Y 466 Kemp’s Grape Rail . . 467 Grafting to increase the size of the Pearand Peach. ... . . 467 Pots under Dinner-Tables . . . . 470 Orchid Houses, section of . . . . 475 Peach Tree, Young Pyramidal. . . 475 fron Roof Support . . 475

Glass and Iron Coping to Fruit Wall 476 Coping converted into a Fruit House 476

Expanding Fruit House. . . . . 477 Water Lily,the .. . . 478 Hardy Palm (Chamzerops excelea) . 479 Sidney Seed Sower, the. . . . . 481 Garden Trowel. . eet Ghee) Mroolsioude *s 2 5 2 & eS 4g Gomuti Palm, the. . » . 483 Occidental Plane, Leaf of the’ . . 486 Old Chestnut on Mount Etma . . . 487 Alpine Plants on Level Ground . . 497

Rockwork against a House at York . 497 Properly formed Rockwork. . . . 497 Fernlacommunis . . .. . . . 500 Lontar Palm, the... . = © OOL Crateegus cordaia, Leaves ae . . 504 Tree Grafting—a Sketch from Nature 505 Strichnos Tree, with Orchids on it . 509

SomMERLEYTON GARDENS :—

The Hall . . - » 489 Entrance to Winter Garden . . 490 Corridor in Winter Garden . 510 Statue at end of Corridor . 511 Palm Stove Entrance . 512 Cypripedium candidum . 517

Stakes (2 illustrations of) for Car.

nations and Picotees . .

Pinang, or Betel-nut Palm . 521 CENTRAL Park, New York :— Terrace, with fountain 524 Drinking Fountain . 525 Bridge over Lake 525 Native Oaks . , 54 Vinery, the * O44 Summer-house, the . By Rustic Bridge 545 English Sparrow house 545 View of portion of Lake . 639 Armlet of Lake . . 639 View in Ramble . . 640 Outeropping Rocks . - 640 Kew, Palm House and Temperate Houseat . . Rae a! Saree De Apple Maggot at work ? . 528 Apple Grub (in its several stages) . 529 Wilhelma, Chateau and Grounds of 530 Castor-oil plant. 541 Kew, view and sections of the great Palm House at . elves 2 B49 Oriental Plane, Leaf of the . 530 Mount Epecumpr :—- View from the Sea . 552 The Mansion 553 View in the Gardens 554 Vase Decorated with Grasses . 556 Aralia canescens . . 561 Lattice-leaf Plant, the 565 Philadelphia Cemeter y 569 Caucasian Plane, Leaf and Twig of the 572 Grafting with a Based Br anch 575 Plant Bracket . Ale . 581 Gourds . : . 584 Camellia, Out of door 584, Caladium esculentum . 585 Maple-Leaved Plane, Leaf of the. 588 Spanish Plane, Leaf ofthe . . 588 Pincian Hill Gardens, Rome 589 Apple Worm Trap. . . 592 Possingworth, Terrace Garden. at. 593 Grafting (3 Illustrations of) 595

Ovrange-Milk Mushroom °. : Rock. gardens, right and w bao 3 Bocco>‘« cordata

Bambusa aurea .

Ivy, Railings densely Cov rered w with

Ivy in Suspended Basket

Ivy Sereen for Drawing-room . Water Lily, the Yellow . Diospyros . Kaki ‘

Fruit Tree Trained to W: all. Highclere Castle

mp

0

Fontainebleau, Geometrical Flower

Gardens at.

Wedge-Leaved Plane, Leaf of the.

Oak of Lebanon Acorns .

St. George’s Mushroom . Chinese Rice-paper Plant Galleries, Bark-boring Insect . Scolytus destructor

6 6 61 6? 61

. 61

‘61

Dinner-Table Centre-piece for Flowers 631 Magnolia Holly, Life-sized Leaf of . Various Leaved Plane, Twig of the . . . 6384 G42, 635 . G1 . 652 River-bank Scenery in Madagascar . 655 Kew, the Great Temperate House at 659 Garden Plough and General Culti-

Borghesi Gardens, Rome. Grafting (4 illustrations of) Asplenium Nidus-avis. Buphthalmum speciosum

vator . Pruning-Chisel .

633 634

. 661 661

Picea amabilis in the Yosemite Valley 663

Grafting Rhododendrons Crown Grafting.

Veneering with Strips Artificial Lake . is

Aloe, Variegated American . Trentham, Gardens at Goniophlebium subauriculatum

Brooklyn, Plan of bie Park .

Morina longif olia Canna, a Flowering

Fern Dell in Mr. Smee’s Garden “y Rustic Bridge in Mr. Smee’s Garden

Orchids in Mr. Smee’s Garden “* Poor Man’s House ”

Aston Lower Grounds Cyclamen persicum

Spatlam (Lewisia rediviy: a).

Lavender, the Broad-leaved Sea .

Warwick Castle and the Flower

. 675

690

. GOL - 691 . 695 . 692 . TOL . 702

Garden . 4 . 705, 707 Maranta as a Vase Plant * £0) peghOD Crown-grafting by Inlaying . . 713

~

»ekwork in London Public Garden. 3 ockwork in Villa at Hammersmith. 3 Rock-garden on Margin of ea 3 Pansy on Dry Brick-wall 3 Dipsacus laciniatus 6 Bog Garden . STARR. dae ly core are Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) . 11 Anthurium Scherzeriannm. . . . 14 Berberis nepalensis . . . . . . 14 Drynaria . . aaNet ood Bes were a Villy Cordyline indivisa pp ener a) oo) ale) Islands above Falls of Niagara elo True Mushroom, section ci IG Margin of Loch Achray. . . . . 25 Flower-pots for Berane Plants . . 27 Pelargonium. . og Be (Pampas Grass . . ..... . 28 Buckland, Planof. . . cB) Herbaceous Vegetation in Siberia - 33 Lypneon Saeel 5 5 6 6 oo as oo BS Boletusedulis . . . og BO Chestnut Tree on Mount Etna. . 37 Floral Arch for Dinner-table . . . 40 True Shallot. . . oot h achil Common Shallot . ... .. ~. 4 Roof Conservatory. . .... . 43 Terrace Garden. . .... . =. 46 Thames Embankment .... . 47 Melianthus major . ooo oe oe HO) “ Agave telegraphica ” c a6. on Sl Rustic Bridge without Nateneen 52 Grizzly Giant in the Mariposa Grove 55 FernsonTreestump. ... . . 58 Sarracenia flava... .. . . 59 SimplenDrellist sues aes) ee GO Double Trellis . . > oo lb Trumpet-shaped Glass Vase erate lO Vase with Vallotaand Ferns . . . 62 Vase with Orchid Flowers and Ferns 62 Vases, Bad Forms of. . a « (84 Bambusa (Arundinaria) falcata . . 69 Musa Ensete. . 1 78 ; Sequoia (Wellingtonia) gigantea . 3 HY Berry Hill, Kitchen Gardenat. . . 81 Movable Fountain 1G) 6) 5 4 6 4 SY Statue in Leicester Square . . . 84 Margin of a London Square . . . 84 Centre of a London Square . . . 85 Plan of Small Square. . . . . . 85 Christmas Vase. . . . ... . 93 _Ailantus and Cannas. . . 93 Dell, with Tree-Ferns and “Stove Plants SMpuate o o OB Mole Cricket (8 illustrations) : 97

Cypresses Planted by Michael-Angelo 101 _

Garden Sculpture Screen - 104 Beurré Luizet . . on oo 6 IOs Golden Square, Bedin . . . . . 108 Lincoln’s Inn Fields . . . . . . 108 ' roperly Arranged Square. . . 108 addle Boiler, New Mode of Setting . 110 Dhagroneniinng mandschuricus. . 117 Wigandia macrophylla . ZO) Cedrus Deodara_ . oo) ao ape al Gardens at Oak Lodge . 125

Pine-Apple (variegated) ee. <199 Statue-Fountain at Colmar. . . . 1382

Fountain in Place Louyois.. . . 132 Prize Garden at Rochester Castle. . 141 Lake and Plantation at ne ae Hill . 144 Blechnum braziliense. . . . 145 Pear Treesin Y Form ... . . 148 Upright PearTree. . 5 on. 9 Je Peach Tree in Double U form en Ls Yucca filamentosa. . . oo an 1 Yucca filamentosa variegata 152 Californian Quail . . Sg oe eos dlfats) Labels (6 illustrations) . Aiton omnes Lol) Sécateur . . 15

Montague House (plan of gardens fat) 163 Cockchafer (5 illustrations). . . . 165 Pitcher Plant. so AGH Conservatory, Mr. Bessemer’'s. . . 170 Doum Palm of Egypt. . . so Ve) Gardeners’ Lodge at Wimbledon. . 175 Scaly Mushroom So alg Conservatory in Natural ‘style. oo Ife Conservatory, Ground Plan of . . 184 Palm Avenue at Rio Janeiro . 187

‘Brazilian Orestes eee OL:

Weeping Sophora. . . . 194 Broome’s (Samuel) Monument . 198 Room with Plants . . 198

Reo 5 4 s 2 ec a 199

Pruning Saw. . . 200 French Pruning- Knife (serpette) . . 200 English Praning- Knife A a 5 ZOO English Budding-knife 3 A a PADI French Budding-knife (orefoir) . . 201 Grafting Knife. . . . 201 Grafting Chisel and Mallet . bo te OL Grafting Gouge. . . .. . . . 201 Combined Grafter. . ... . . 201 Metro-Greffe. . . 5 6 AOE Beurré de P Assomption (pear) . 205 Clapp’s Favourite (pear) . . . 205

Fruit Trees along a Belgian Railway 206 Railway Embankments and Fruit

Trees > - 206 Mushrooms evowing ina Tub . . 207 Fontainebleau, Cropped Trees at. . 210

Buckingham Palace from St. James’s

Pankie Bi ey, ML elect Bits SAT HL (Reed Maer i-1s ye kr-ah ie) eee, ee ES Bur Reed. . oe fo lg}

Trunk of Yellow Pine packed with Acorns by Woodpecker. . 214 Versailles . . . ao 9 0 CAS Wine Palm of India . 218 Tank for Liquid Manure . - ., 220 Back Gardens astheyare . . . . 223 Back Gardens as they ought to be . 223 Unearthed Rocks in a Sussex Garden 225 Fruit Tree, Re-grafted pyramidal . 277 Botanic Gardens, Beer sPark . . 235

Yucca pendula. . 8 3 9 0 2b White Lily nes . 239 Baobab Tree. . ..... . « 241 Ont-Cropping Rocks . . . . . 246 Judiciously-Covered, Rockwork . 24/7

Cavern (Rockwork) .... . . 247

Passage in Rock-garden . . 247 Warm Frame for Gardens . . 255 Simply heated Plant Case . . 255

Elephant’s Foot Plant . 258 Vanilla in large Plant Stove . 259 Mixed border of Hardy Mowers. . 262 Tree Cacti in New Mexico . . 263 Haffield House, Ledbury . . . 267 Peach Tree under Wooden Coping . 267 Fountain (ornamental) . . 270 Giant Puff Ball . 2738 Propagating House . 275 Tobacco plant (Nicotiana virginica) . 277 Nepal Rhubarb (Rheum wie . 280 Guiana, River-scene in : . 281 Chameedorea elegans . 0 . 283 Versailles, Basin of Neptune : . 284 Versailles, the Colonnade Fe . 285 Pine-boring Beetle and Grub . . . 287 Conservatory, Cool, in Natural Style 289 Permanent and Temporary coping . 297 Protected Peach wall. . . . 297 Coping for young Peach Trees . 297 Fruit Garden in North Germany. . 298 Copings for walls oO) 1b . 298 Tree Ferns in Hast Indies . 299 Acanthus latifolius . 303 Picea pinsapo . . 806 Yosemite Valley . . . 807 Versailles : Barone of the Little Trianon. 2 . 310 Dwart Fan Palm : . dll Draczenas in Window-box . 313 Room, with Growing Plants. . dl4 Veneer-Grafting by Approach. . 316 Approach-Grafting by Inlaying . 316

English Method of Approach-Grafting

316

Approach- Grafting by Tnanohing'¢ . 817 Inarching with a Branch ; . 317 Dyehouse Cherry . . 321 Colocasia odorata . . 323 Creeping Myrtle . 324 Cow Parsnip. . . 326 Victoria Park, Plan of . 328 Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macro-

carpa) ; ~ @) enool: Fairy-Ring Champignon . > =. « ooh Grafting (2 illustrations of) . . . 335 Traveller’s Tree in Madagascar . 338 Farmhouse Garden at Henley . . 345 Pruning and Training —Good and Bad

(11 illustrations of) 347, 348 Shrobland, Views of . 350, 351 Indian Forest,an. .... . . 355 Plant Cases . . : 359, 360 Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica) - 371 Rhus glabra laciniata . 5g) oct Kew Gardens, Plan of . 378 Rockwork at Kew . . 379 Fairy-Ring Champignon. . > 8} Grafting (4 illustrations pe 386, 387 Arundo Donax o o Sei New Ornamental Peach . . 393 Monstera deliciosa . . 394 Theophrasta. . . ° . 895 Mammillaria elephantidens . . 396 Dragon Tree (Draczena eee . 399 Courcelles, Planof . . 401 Winter Garden at Edinburgh . . 403 Abnormal Potato... . . , 404

XIV

INDEX.

Watercress, 612, 688; caution to eaters of, 430

Water lily, the, 478 ; American sweet, 5

Watering, roads, 109; streets, new mode of, 329

Weasel, the gardener’s friend, 670

Weather, buds, and birds, 445

Weeds, how to fight the, 207; in Louisi- ana, 156; on walks, 650; how to destroy, 88, 598

Weeper, Maréchal Niel rose as, 442

Weeping trees, 194

Weeping willow, 371

Welbeck, truffle culture at, 405

Wellingtonia, see Sequoia, 75

Wet, working in the, 63

White lilacs, 325

White lily, 239, 276

“Why,” the, in vegetable cookery, 485

Wigandia disease, 457

Wigandia caracasana, see W. macrophylla, 120

Wild flowers, an offering of to THE Garven, 376; for gardens, 279 ; green, 653

Wild fruit garden, 384.

Wild garden, the, 6, 48, 96, 377, 653

Wilhelma, architecture and foliage at, 530

Willow, the, as a timber tree, 52; weep- ing, 370

Willows, bitter, as a game covert, 136

Window gardening, 710

Window plant, a charming, 523

Window plants, Draczenas as, 313

Window roses, 581

Windows, culture of plants in, 83; in- structions for the growth of bulbs in, 83

Winter, alpine plants green in, 305; bramble leaves in, 582

Winter-blooming Begonias, 462

Wiater flowers, 699 ; heliotropes as, 305

Winter garden, a Russian, 50; for London, 249, 309; in Rome, 109

Winter radishes, white, 197

Wire fencing, choice apples on, 414

Wire trellises, finest pears for, 147

Wiring fruit walls, 149

Wireworms, 98, 244.

Woodpecker, provident, 214

Woods alive, 221

Working in the heat, 693; in the wet, 63

Worm, apple, trap for, 592

Worms, 526; on lawns, 255, 442

Wreaths, natural, for ladies hair, 222

y.

YELLOW PINE, the, 10, 99

Yellow wallflowers, 701

Yellow water lily, 608

Yew berries not poisonous, 488

Yew tree, an old, 618; in Bavaria, 333; remarkable, 436, 573, 611, 633

Yew tree clippings, poisoning by, 407

Yews, golden, 531; old, 129

Yorkshire moorlands, planting in, 436

Yosemite Valley, the—a noble national park, 306

Yucca aloifolia, 121; angustifolia, 152; eanaliculata, 152; filamentosa, 152 ; flaccida, 161; glaucescens, 161 ; gloriosa, 161; pendula, 288 ; rupicola, 161; Treculeana, 42, 161; recurya as a town plant, 442

Yuceas, 95, 121, 152, 161

Z.

ZONAL PELARGONIUMS, 74

INDEX.

Xil

Suckers, fruit tree, 439 . |

Sumach, fern, 375 |

Sun spots and the vine crop, 571 |

Sunflower, the giant, 151, 702

Sulphur, soluble, 244; ditto, and Gis- | hurst Compound, 225 |

Sweet chestnut, 36 |

Sweet peas, 239, 303; prolific, 162;trans- | planting, 204

Swimming baths for London, 186 |

Sydney Botanic Gardens, Norfolk Island | pine in, 710

Syrups, sham fruit, 469

Tabernsemontana coronaria fl. pl. 59

Table decoration, grasses for, 556; palms for, 396 ; teachings in, 582 |

Tacsonia Van Volxemi, 462

Tan, 437

‘Tea culture in the United States, 564:

Teaching, January’s—tfruit trees, 521; in table decoration, 582

Temple Garden planting, the, 341

Temple Garden elm, 271

Tenancy, moying vines at expiration of, 342 :

Terrace garden, the, 46

Terraces, trees in tubs for, 49

Testudinaria elephantipes, 258 |

Texas, bearded trees of, 571

Thames Embankment, 47, 177, 492 ; damaging trees on, 271, 380; lamp standards on, 341

Theophrastas, 394

Thinning fruits, 476, 586, 682

Thinning the shoots of potatoes, 591

Thomery wire-strainer, 638

Thorn, Paul’s scarlet, for forcing, 462

Thorns, blighted, 466

Thyme, lemon, golden edged, 95

Tillandsia usneoides, 571

Timber forests of the Andaman Islands, 354

Timbers, durability of framed, 713

Times, a sign of the, 651

Tinnzea zethiopica, 42

Tinned fruits and vegetables, 79

_ Titmouse, long-tailed, 136

Tobacco in the flower garden, 277

Tobacco smoke, 657

Tomato, the, 16; currant, 383; culture of, 591; in Southern California, 208; pot culture of, 111; preserving, 60; salad, 485

Tomatoes, 591; early, 208

Tool-house, the, 482

Tools, how to keep in proper order, 469

Tooting, new park at, 342

Torenia asiatica, 166

Town flowers’ petition, 442

Town gardens, how to keep cats out of, 114

Town plant, Yucca recurva as, 442

Town trees, 114; poplars as, 195

Towns, plant life in, 113; seaside, trees for, 170; smoke in our great, 708; trees for, 154

Tulipa oculis-solis (var. persica), 703

Tulip tree, 531, 588, 633

Turnip fly, a good precaution against, 58

Two Paths, the, 3

Tyerman, Mr., presentation to, 430

Tradescantia discolor, 60

Training of hothouse climbers, 637

Transmitting seeds and cuttings, 161

Traveller’s Tree of Madagascar, the, 337

Travelling, two ways of, 302

Trees, gigantic, 155; cherry, Dyehonse, 321; dragon, 399; extraordinary root of, 170; moving, with nests, 333; silver bell, or snowdrop, 392; the big barked, 421; the cow, 306; tulip, fine, 588; wall, protection, 176, 268

Trees, yew, remarkable, 40, 195, 436, 573; at Combe Abbey, 559; Australian, acclimatization of, 20; bad dentists, 430; bearded, of Texas, 571; “ car- peting ’’? ground beneath, 72 ; cedar, a tale about, 195; coniferous in Connemara, 571; cropped, and archi- tectural lines, 210; damage done by, 666 ; deciduous evergreen, 99 ; disabled peach and nectarine, 683; exceptionally fertile, 638 ; famous, 465; fine, out of place, 638 ; forest, culture of, 53 ; forest, replanting, 221; girdling, to produce fruitfulness, 611 ; hardy, in subtropical garden, 93; large, transplanting in Paris, 2; lopping, 357; make them branch low, 149; newly planted, prunings of, 437; Nile, bye notes on, 172; orange, 585; planting, 10, 54; removal of, at end of tenancy, 374; Sermons in, 170; shrubs and flowers which will thrive under the drip of, 394; surburban, and their destroyers, 114; weeping, 194; for churchyards, 504; for cities and towns, 114, 154, 170, 193 ; poplars, as town, 195; for the sea coast, 39,169,195; in tubs for terraces, 49; in Victoria, 88; on Thames Em- bankment, 380; on the quince stock, freeing of starved, 469; fruit, January’s teaching concerning, 321; moss on, 415; and plants for planting on chalk, 373; and shrubs, hardy, 100, 332

Tree grouping, effective, 458; nature’s, 505

Tree guard, cheap, 422

Tree guides in American deserts, 22

Tree management, 168

Tree, shrub, and plant labels, 156, 190

Tree stumps, killing, 195, 357

Tree wives, 304

Tree and other ponies, 325

Tree carnations, 64, 119, 683

Tree ferns, 299; old stumps of, 58

“Trees of Liberty” in Paris, 333

Trellis, novel, 466; improved fruit, 60

Trenching, foolish, 274:

Trentham Hall gardens, 681

Triteleia uniflora as a pot plant, 484, 582

Tropical dell in the garden, 96

Tropical garden, 447 ; Jamaica as a, 514

Trowel, garden, best kind of, 481, 661

Truffle culture at Welbeck, 405

Truffles, modes of cooking, 334

Trumpet-shaped flower vases, 62

U.

UMBRELLA PINE, 665 ; hardiness of, 633 Under-gardeners’ lodgings, 175

Under the violets, 155

United States, tea culture in, 564 Upright cypress, 130

Utricularia montana, 656

v.

VaL DE TRAVERS ASPHALTE Pavina Com. PANY, 402

Valley, the Yosemite, a noble national park, 306

Vanilla culture, 259

Variegated pine-apple as an indoor orna- ment, 128

Variegated pelargoniums, 118; how to rapidly increase, 161

Various-leaved plane, 634

Vase, Christmas, 93

Vases, flower, harmonies and contrasts in, 578

Vases, flowers for certain forms of, 578; on choosing flowers for decorating, 470, 523 ; tall, upon dinner-tables, 82 ; variety in the leaf decoration of, 89

Vegetable beefsteak, 458

Vegetable cookery, the “‘ why ” in, 480

Vegetable crops in the orchard, 469

Vegetable imports, value of some, 208

Vegetables, big, 385; new, of 1871, 271; in London dining-rooms, 116

Vegetation, 248; on houses, 180

Veitch memorial, the, 364

Venetian Sumach, 632

Ventilation, during winter and spring, 323 ; of ice houses, 175

Verbena disease, loam a cure for, 441

Verbena, in America, 8; for bedding pur- Bore 253; how to raise from seed, 2

Veronica, Chamzedrya, 653

Versailles, 284; the gardens, &e., 214; the gardens of the Little Trianon, 310

Vertical cordon pears, 106

Vestibules, flower basket for, 446

Victoria Park, 46, 86; enlargement of, 379 ; extension of, 430; its preser- vation and extension, 327

Victoria, trees in, 88

Vienna, Christmas horticulture in, 150

Vine, the, as a hardy ornamental plant, 389 ; in the open air, 587

Vine borders, 587; heating, 611

Vine crop, sun-spots and the, 571

Vine pest, new, 358

Vineries, distance of boiler from, 175; ground, 638; in April, 450; in May, 533; in June, 620

Vines, camses of bunches dropping off, 661 ; in pots, notes concerning, 189; in- fluence of violet light on, 269; moyine at expiration of tenancy, 342; shedding their fruit, 415

Viola cornuta, 653 ; lutea, 702

Violets, 346; early, 420; in moss, 410, 556; new yellow, 561; Neapolitan, at Christmas, 74; culture of, 369

Virginian raspberry, sweet scented, 465

aes of labourers in yarious countries

19 fh

Walks, how to destroy moss and obhes weeds on, 21, 88, 598; formation of, 612

Wall, north, roses and evergreen climbers for, 151

Wall fruit, aspects suitable to the various kinds of, 20; how to preserve, 268, 297, 476

Wall fruit trees, treatment of, 176, 204; protectors v. span-roofed houses for, 537; neglect of, 610; and the garden engine, 638

Wall plants, 3, 117, 563, 653

Seen e: London market, 375 ; yellow,

01

Walnut, 130; grafting, 446

Walnuts (English) in California, 683

Walls, an enemy to, 269; cotoneaster for, 442; fruit trees on, 587; silvery saxi- frages on, 586; upright system of train. ing fruit trees on, 148 ; and orchard houses, 638; stone, vegetation on, in England, 44; v. wire fences, 223

Want of plan in London, 109

War with insects, 548

Warrington, new park for, 185

Warwick Castle, gardens at, 211; the flower garden at, 705

Wash for old fruit walls, 439

Water, 104; Paramelle’s researches in reference to subterranean, 662 ; in rock- gardens, 562

Water-margins, 25, 677

Water sparingly, 14

xii

INDEX.

River scene in Guiana, 281

River-bank scenery in Madagascar, 654

Roadways, asphalte, 341

Robinia macrophylla, 373

Rochester Castle, new gardens at, 140

Rock-gardens, 458 ; a plea for, 70 ; essen- tials in the construction of : position con- struction, and materials for, 542 ; path- ways, water, and snails in, 562; soil for, 151, 563

Rockwork: good and bad, 246; at Chats- worth, 50; in Hyde Park, 344

Rome, the Borghesi Gardens at, 634; the Gardens of the Pincio at, 589; winter garden in, 109

Roof gardens, 110

Rookery, effects of on vegetation, 25-4

Rooms, culture of plants in, 4, 83, 90, 127 198, 314, 359, 445, 523

Root-grafting apples, 507

Root of tree, extraordinary, 170

Roots, storing of, 63

Rose Acacia, large-flowered, 373

Rose and white flowered Lapagerias, 315

Rose-buds in America, 222

Rose garden for December, 26; for March, 319; for April, 449; for May, 533 ; for June, 626

Rose manure, 377

Rose Secret, the, 162, 253, 276, 319, 363, 390, 457, 479, 498, 515; lines on the, 563

Rose show at the Crystal Palace, 624

Rose showing, 543

Rose tree of Hildesheim, 253

Roses, a simple plan for forcing, 462; culture of, 203; hardy Gloire de Dijon, 541; mildewed, 502, 653; “notes”? made in the time of, 5, 23; on orange trees, 396; pegged down, 277; perpetual red, or pink, climbing, 253 ; tea-scented Noisettes for the camellia house, 166 ; window, 581 ; Devoniensis, 376; history of, 433; climbing Deyo- niensis, 252, 278; Maréchiel Niel, as a greenhouse climber, 615 ; as a weeper, 442 ; culture of, 521; of Puteaux, the, 698 ; Souvenir de la Malmaison, 278

Roses and rose culture, 159, 203, 238, 251, 302

Royal Botanic Society, second spring show, 472

Royal Gardens, Kew, 217, 658; the palm house at, 548; the succulents ai, 429

Royal Horticultural Society’s exhibitions, 200, 451, 493, 646; show at Birming- ham, 222, 715; meeting of, 409; rules and regulations for the show of dinner- table decorations, 472 ; fruit committee, 508 ; exhibition, May Ist, 536

Rubus odoratus, 465

Rumex Hydrolapathum, 457

Russian way of dressing cucumbers, 116.

Russian winter garden, 50

Rustic bridge without nails, 52

Rustic work, 386

Rust on grapes, 637, 682

s.

SADDLE BOILER, new mode of setting, 110

Saharians, what the date tree is to the, 322

Salad bowl, the, a fortune from, 65

Salad culture, 515 4

Salads and salad-making, 65, 116, 197, 382, 428

Salix babylonica Salamonii, 618

Salt Lake City, streets and gardens of, 85

Salt tree, the Siberian, 332

Salvia patens, 290 ; splendens, 485

Sand an unsuspected plant killer, 311, 369

Sandwort, the many-stemmed, 703

Sanitary work, subsoil drainage as, 688

Santolina incana, 253 ~

Sap, movement of the, 531

Sarmienta repens, 502

Sarracenia culture, 59, 521

Sarracenias, 420; propagation of, 201

Sauerkraut, 383

Savin Juniper, lawns of, 653

Saxifrages, silvery, on walls, 581 ; silvery- leaved, 687

Scabious, dwarf, with large double flowers, 499

Scale on currant trees, 350

Scene in a Brazilian forest, 190

Scenery (river bank) in Madagascar, 655

Science, theory, and practice, 579, 704

Scolytus destructor, 547, 628

Scorpion Senna, 693

Scottish peat, 657

Sea baths for London, 2

Sea coast, trees and shrubs for, 39, 169, 170, 195, 373, 420, 694

Sea hollies, 50, 72

Seakale, new kind of , 405; seedling, for forcing, 271; in market gardens, 437

Seal, Solomon’s, 325

Season, the, 430

Sedums and saxifrages, 24

Seeds, carnations and picotees from, 420 ; dear, 158; flavouring with, 535 ; pack- ing for long voyages, 64, 161; of hardy and tender plants, raising, 255

Seed-coyering in the American’s garden, 270 :

Seeding, thin, 274

Seedling fruits, 440

Seed-time, a carol of, 385

Seeds and cuttings, mode of transmitting, 161

Sensitive plants, influence of green light on, 282

Sequoia (Wellingtonia), 75; extinct forests of, in England, 195; in the Calaveras Grove, table of measure- ments of height and circumference, 130; in the Mariposa Grove, table of measurements in height and circum- ference, 103

Sermons in trees, 170

Sewage, house, 115, 246

Sewage works, Richmond, 87; Milanese system, 21

Shade, plants that succeed in, 466

Shallot, the true and the common, 41

Shallots, cultivation of, 20

Shawdon hollies, 266

Shears in old Irish gardens, 658

Shepherdia argentea, 573

Shiraz apricot, 147

Shrubberies in December, 25

Shrubby calceolaria, 260

Shrubland, 350

Shrubs, dwarf, for edgings, 357 ; for the sea coast, 169 ; and flowers which thrive under the drip of trees, 394

Siberia, herbaceous, vegetation in, 32

Siberian salt tree, the, 332

Sidney garden seed sower, 481

Sign of the times, 651

Silene pendula Bonnettii, 466

Silphium laciniatum, 17

Silver Bell, or snowdrop tree, 392

Saxifrages, silvery, on walls, 586

Site for a house, 200

Sitting-room, orchids for the, 62

Six of Spades, the (by Rey. S. Reynolds Hole), 224, 229, 281, 295, 336, 352, 381, 411, 453, 490, 511, 553, 563, G01, 649, 671

Slugs, 629

Small gardens, 67

Smoke effects in and about Warrington, notes on, 99; in our great towns, 708

Smoke poison, the, 1

Snails in rock-gardens, 562

Snake’s head, 541

Soils for potting, 114; for rock-gardens, 151, 563 ; hard, in gardens, 157 ; boggy, conifers in, 573; books and articles on, 21

Solanum robustum, 442

Solomon’s seal, 325; for forcing, 232

Somerleyton Gardens, Suffolk, 489, 510

Soolya Qua cucumber, 648

Soup, green pea, in winter and spring, 535

Sowing the desert, 598

Sparrows, English, in New York squares, 212

Spatlum, 701

Spawning mushroom beds, 246

Spent hops, 21

Spinach, summer, 612

Spirewa bella, 354; tomentosa, 69 t

Spirit, a questionable, 688

Spring, annuals for, 686

Spring bedding, 563; and summer bed- ding combined, 687

Spring flower gardening, 498

Spring flowers, 604; a garland of, 278; earliest, 117, 320

“ Spring,” Gerald Massey on, 504

* Spring greens,” marsh marigold as, 354

“ Spring has come,” 304

Spring mixtures, 498

Spring, treatment of bedding plants, 389

Squares of London, 84, 108

St. Paul’s Churchyard, 341

Stake for carnations, picotees, &c., good, 518

Stakes, preserving, 631

Statice latifolia, 702

Stem pruning, 264

Stephanotis for cutting, 555

Stepney, the new garden at, 341

Stock, French paradise, 638

Stocks, intermediate, 391

Stone picking, 372

Stone walls, vegetation on in England, 44

Storing of roots, 63

Stoves in December, 31; in January, 145 ; in February, 231; in March, 325 ; in April, 448; in May, 532; in June, 619

Stove alpines, 346

Stove for small greenhouses, 403

Strasburg, professorship of botany at, 434

Strawberry, the Inépnisable, 229

Strawberry culture, 60, 468, 571

Strawberry trade, the American, 704

Strawberries, forcing, 349 ; forwarding, 638; in autumn, 106; planting out forced, 475; profits from, 350; Vicom- tesse Hericart de Thury, 587

Streets, new mode of waterlng, 309; and gardens of Salt Lake City, 85

Strike of London market-garden labourers, 694

Striking cuttings of bedding plants, 662

Stringing the beans, 405

Striped and variegated fruits, 123

Structures, iron v. wood, 51

Subsoil drainage as sanitary work, 688

Subtropical gardens, hardy trees in, 93

Subtropical plants without glass, 95

Suburban trees and their destroyers, 114

Succulents, 460, 494; at Kew, 429; bedding, 455; for cool greenhouses, 168

INDEX.

Xi

Parsnip, the cow, 326

Passiflora macrocarpa, 616

Passion-flowers, for the drawing-room, 631 edible, 638

Pathways in rock-gardens, 562

Pavement, improved wooden, 186

Pavia, long spiked, 420 ; macrostachya, 420

Peas, sweet, 162, 204, 239, 303; the Chiswick trial of, 628; Dampiev’s glory, 368, 377; green, soup, in winter, 530

Pea-growing, 405

Peach, new ornamental, 393; orchard, large, 469; trade in America, 106; dis- abled, 683 ; and nectarine, 296

Peach culture: in America, 206; on the anti-mutilation system, 609 ; improved, 647

Peach house in January, 149; in Feb- ruary, 228; in March, 322; in April, 450; in May, 534; in June, 620

Peach trees, war with insects on, 445; crippled, 483, 704; and chalk, 570; double-flowered, 694

Peaches and nectarines under glass, 537

Peacock anemone, 626

Pear blight, 571

Pears, vertical cordon, 106; four new, 122; finest for wire trellises, 147; new, notes on, 205; select, 270, 416; re- grafting, 507; best dessert, 205, 661

Pears and apples, under elass, 298 ; grafted on apple stocks, 13; on the quince, duration of, 611; in Channel Islands, 384, 415, 535

Peat, 66

Pelargonium Rose Rendatler, 232; “ Mrs. P. J. Perry,” 626; geranium v., 547

Pelargoniums, zonal, 74; variegated, 118; variegated, propagating, 446; variegated, new and rare, how to rapidly increase, 161 ; ivy-leaved, 196 ; zonal, indoors, 369; hybridizing, 397

Permanent shade for glass houses, 657

Perpetual carnations, 260

Persica Davidiana, 393

Phaleenopsis Lowii, 74

Philadelphia, new cemetery at, 568

Photinia serrulata, 374)

Phylloxera vastatrix, 358

Picea amabilis, 662; destroyed by larve, 58

Picea pruning, 265

Piceas, 463

Pincio Gardens, Rome, 589

Pine, the, 220; yellow, 10; forest, 99; forest in the Jura, 332; sea, plantations in France, 484; umbrella, coning of, 436; Norfolk Island, in the Sydney Botanic Gardens, 710

Pine-apple, variegated, as an indoor orna- ment, 128

Pine-apples in the Bahamas, 704

Pinery in February, 228; in March, 322 ; in April, 450; in May, 534; in June, 621, 620

Pines, improved foreign, 610

Pinks, carnations, and picotees, 95

Pinus ponderosa, 10, 39

Pitcher plants, 567; culture of, 167

Pits and frames in December, 26; in January, 251; in February, 240; in March, 320; in April, 449 ; in May, 533; in June, 620

Plane, the occidental, or great western, 486 ; Caucasian, 572; maple-leaved Spanish, 588; spreading branched, 588; wedge-leaved, 618

Planes, the, 486

Plant, a deadly, 369; window, a charming, 523 ; the lattice-leaf, 565 ; insect pests, remedies for, 583

Plant case, a good and simple, 200

Plant cases, 361; construction of, position of, warming, and advantages of, 361; management of, arrangements for planting, 362

Plant houses at Combe Abbey, 559

Plant killer, sand an unsuspected, 311

Plant life in towns, 113

Plant material for paper, 115

Plantains and bananas, 396

Planting, the Temple Garden, 341; orna- mental, 393; anew idea in, 430; sea- side, 420; in the Yorkshire moorlands, 436; trees, 54

Planting asters, 703; conifers, 54

Planting himself to grow, 462

Planting out forced strawberries, 475

Plants, basket, 460; bracket for, 581; changes of habit in, 453; dinner-table, form of, 127; food of, 134, 138; her- baceous, for exhibition, 117, 187; how fertilized, 432 ; insect killing, 58; new, of 1871, 209; bedding, notes on, 252; obsolete names of, 2; on pure hybridi- zation, or crossing distinct species of, 521,480, 506,574; ornamental, rhubarbs as, 280; rabbit-proof, 9, 88, 136, 165; soft-wooded, in sand and water, 595°; spring flowering, culture ef, 543; tall border, 95; wall, 3, 563.

Plants, hard-wooded, in February, 232 ; in April, 448; in May, 532; in June, 619

Plants, hardy, im flower round London, 539, 561, 578, 598, 603, 626, 648, 672, 713; notes on, 24, 120; hardy aquatic, 478; hardy variegated, 548; plants and trees, hardy, 160; for a north house, 323; for a greenhouse with a north aspect, 233; for railway hedges, 648

Plants, in rooms, culture of, 4, 83, 90, 127, 198, 359, 445, 528, 616, 630, 679; on staircases, 232; suitable for a suburban public-house, 305; that suc- ceed in the shade, 466; to be natu- ralized, 441

Platanus acerifolia, 588; cuneata, 618; digitata, 572; heterophylla, 634; his- panica, 588; occidentalis, 486; orien- talis, 550; umbellata, 588

Pleasure ground, Arundo Donax in, 391

Plumy Dicentra, 608

Poet’s narcissus, 563

Poinsettia pulcherrima, 74

Poisoned by rhubarb, 197

Poisoning cats, 196

Polish mode of preserving cucumbers and pickling mushrooms, 428

Poplar, 130; Lombardy, 130

Poplars as town trees, 195

Populus fastigiata, 130

Pot culture of the tomato, 111

Pot vines, notes concerning, 189

Potato, singular freak of a, 404

Potato disease, lime a cure for, 591

Potatoes, 404; boiled or steamed, 383, 596; planting early, 405; raising from seed, 64; thinning the shoots of, 591; when to peel, 116

Pots, Aubrietias in, 567; under dining- tables, concealing, 470; Lily-of-the- valley in, 168

Potting Agaves, 369

Potting, soil for, 114

“ Pour les Dames,”’ 272

Practice v. Science, 630

Prairie planting, 504

Preservation and extension of Victoria Park, 327 5

Preserved Orange Peel, 596

Preserving cabbages, 208

Primrose, Chinese, 261, 325; Chinese, in winter, 91; hardy double, 703; new Japan, 567; single, mauve, 458

Primula altaica, 304; japonica, 567, 651, 662

Prince gardener, the, 43

Privet, Japan, 466

Progressive gardening, 597

Propagating aucubas, 446; soft-wooded bedding-plants in sand and water, 481 ; sarracenias, 201; the ipecacuanhaplant, 481

Protection of wall trees, 297

Protest and a suggestion, 497

Pruning, and nailing in the cold, 19; and training in apple orchards, 347; coni- fers, 264, 393; newly-planted trees, 437; root, a new view of, 587

Pruning-chisel, 661

Prunus myrobalana, 107

Public gardens, influence of, 183; the essentials of, 185; the managem2nt of our parks and, 305; and war, 280; Maidstone, 594

Public gardens and parks in America, 45

Public parks, 309

Puff ball, giant, 273

Pumpkin passion-flower, 616

Punch on park management, 380

Puteaux, the roses of, 698

Pyrethrums, 26

Pyrus Malus floribundus, 665; Simoni, 570; spectabilis, 465; vestita, 354.

Q.

Quatt, Californian, 153

Quercus Libani, 618

Questionable spirit, a, 688

Quince stock, freeing starved trees on, 469 -

R.

RAwBBIr-PROOF PLANTS, 88, 98, 136, 165

Radish, Californian, 68; white winter, 197

Rafters and walls, climbers for, 283

Railway embankments, culture on, 612 ; fruit on, 206, 270

Railways, landscape treatment of, 104

Railways and public parks, 364

Ranunculuses ¥. grubs, 568

Raspberry, Virginian sweet-scented, 460

Recollections of John Claudius Loudon, 697

‘Red peppers—try them,” 485

sce a of alpine forest land, the,

10

Regent’s Park Botanic Garden, 234

Regrafting worthless fruit trees, 227

Reports, international weather and crop, 44,

Repotting Agayves, 462, 494

Revision of the genus Draczena, 546, 567, 636, 656 :

Rhapis humilis, 582

Rhizophora Mangel, 342

Rhodanthes, 113; Manelesi as a green- house ornament, 73

Rhododendrons, for cutting, 650; and azaleas, late Howering, 305

Rhubarb, poisoned by, 197

Rhubarbs as ornamental plants, 280

Rhus Cotinus, 632; glabra laciniata, 375

Rice-paper plant, the Chinese, 627

Rice-paper, how it is made, 560

Ricinus communis, 541

Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden, palm avenue in, 187

x

INDEX.

Matthiola incana, 702

May : indoor garden and conservatory in, 531; stove, fern house, orchids, hard- wooded plants, and flower garden in,5382 ; outdoor fruits, orchard house, vineries, rose garden, and fruit garden in, 533 ; peach houses, kitchen garden, and the pinery in, 5384; garden beauty in, 557

Medieval forests of England, the, 654

Melanerpes formicivoris, 214

Melianthus major, 50, 95

Melolontha vulgaris, 164

Melons and cucumbers, fertilizing, 591

Memorial to our Garden-loving Poet, 223

Men likened to pears, 61

Metropolitan improvements, 2

ao bread frnit, or Chayota plant,

Mexican cacti, 262

Mice as garden destroyers, 629; in the rock-garden, 687

Mildewed roses, 653

Milanese sewerage system, 21

Miniature apple gardens, 189

Mistletoe, absence of, in Devonshire, 436 ; on fruit trees, 704

Mistletoe-bearing oaks, 357, 393, 531

Mistletoe of the ancients, 372

Modern flower gardens, 71

Mole-cricket, 97

Mole hunting in gardens, 249, 358

Mole tree, 95

Money tree, the, 9

Monkey’s bread, 240

Monstera deliciosa, 394, 661

Montague House, garden at, 162

Monterey cypress, 220, 330, 333; as a hedge plant, 372

Morina longifolia, 686

oa among evergreens in America,

64

Moscow exhibition, 22

Moss, on lawns, 95; on fruit trees, 296, 415; violets in, 556; on walks how to destroy, 598, 612

Moths, lackey, 417; and butterflies, early appearance of, 568

Mount Edgeumbe, 552

Mount Etna, the great chestnuts of, 37, 486

Mountain flowers, 330

Mountains, beauty of, 258

Movable garden fountains, 82

Mural gardening, 304

Musa ensete for the conseryatory and winter garden, 73

Muscari armeniacum, 687

Mushroom, the true, 16; beds, miniature, 207, 246; culture, 208; early, 433; =a milk, 596; true St. George’s,

Mushrooms in pots, 437; Polish mode of pickling, 428

““My Garden,” 689

Myrsiphyllum asparagoides, 324

Myrtle, the creeping, 324, 410

Myosotis dissitiflora, 325, 391, 458

N.

Narcissus, Chinese, Grand Emperor, 543

Narcissus, poet’s, 563

National park, a noble—the Yosemite Valley, 306

Natural style, conservatories in the, 311

Natural wreaths for ladies hair, 222

Nature’s gardens (Niagara), 15, 26; flower garden, 517

Neapolitan violets at Christmas, 74

Near relations, 166

Nectarines and peaches, 296; disabled, 683

Nemophilas for cutting, 680

Nepal Spirwa, 354; white beam tree, 354

Nerine pudica, 42

Nest, moving a tree with, 333

Nettles for food, 197

New entrances into old thoroughfares, 197

New Forest, the, 54

New fruits of 1871, 177; Poire des Peintres, 570; Pyrus Simonii, 570; Diospyros Kaki, 609

New patents, 467

New pears, 176; Beurré Luizet, 105; Beurré Baltet Pére, 123 ; Clapp’s Favourite, 123; Fondante Thiriot, 123 ; Poire de l’ Assomption, 123

New plants: Nerine pudica, Yucca Treculeana, Tinnzazthiopica, Euryeles Cunninghami, 42; Erianthus Mons- tierii, 252; of 1871, 209; rare, or neg- lected plants: amboynensis, Gilia lini- flora, Matricaria eximia grandiflora, Godetia Nivertiana, 423; Silene pen- dula Bonnettii, Lilium Bloomerianum, 466

New vegetables of 1871, 271

New winter garden, 403

New York Central Park, 524, 544

New York squares, English sparrows in, 212

Niagara, 15

Nightingales in gardens, 49 4

Nile trees, bye-notes on, 172

Noble ornament, 390

Norfolk carices, large, 391

Norfolk Island pine in the Sydney Botanic Garden, 710

North and South, 244 ; or, the best aspects for fruit walls, 570

North house, plants for a, 323

“ Not all at once,” 222

Notes: on Hardy flowers, 119, 120; on Bedding plants, 252; on new pears, 205

Novelties, worthless, 299

Nymphea odorata, 5

0.

Oak FENCE, fruit trees for growing against, 106 Oak Lodge, 124 Oak of Lebanon, 618 Oaks, mistletoe-bearing, 357, 393, 531 Oaks of Europe, 169 Oprruary :— Hoyle, G. W., 624 Ingram, Thomas, 387 Lightbody, George, 714 Osborn, Thomas, 250 Osborn, William, 387 Saltmarsh, Joseph, 714 Seemann, Dr. Berthold, 112 Vaillant, Marshal, 714 Wight, Dr., 624 Obsolete names of plants, 2 Odours of Orchids, 44 @nothera bistorta Veitchii, 703 ; margi- nata, 303 Offering of wild flowers to THE GARDEN, 376 Old friends, 160 Olive, silver variegated wild, 711 Ononis rotundifolia, 687 Open air, fuchsias in the, 652 Opuntia Rafinesquiana, 15 Orange culture, 105 Orange groves, the Parramatta, 473 Orange-milk mushroom, 596

Orange-peel preserved, 596

Orange trees, 585; roses on, 396; in vineries, 661

Oranges, fertility of, 476

Orchard, large peach, 469; vegetable crops in, 469

Orchard culture, improvement in, 19

Orchard-house, the, in December, 35; in January, 149; in March, 322; in April, 440, 449; in May, 535

Orchard houses, 105, 188, 475, 535; apples and pears in, 229

Orcharding, 611

Orchards, neglected, 415; of seedling trees, 661

Orchid house in December, 32 ; in January, 145 ; in February, 232; in March, 325 ; in April, 448; in May, 532; in June,619

Orchids, hardy, planting of 6; the odours of, 13, 44; for the sitting-room, 62 ; cool, for conservatories, 325 ; British, a ramble amongst, 456; neglected, 415

Oriental plane, 550

Ornamental planting, 393

Osmunda regalis and fern collectors, 390

Ought I to compete ? 404

“ Our square” and its history, 397

Outdoor fruit in January, 149 ; in Decem- ber, 34; in February, 227; in March, 321; in April, 449; in May 553; in June, 620 :

Over-cropping fruit trees, 638

Overdoing, 30

Owls, the gardener and the, 600

Oxalis rosea, 637

Ozone, 648

i

PackincroN Hart, near Coventry, 647; improved peach culture at, 647; the Soolya Qua cucumber at, 648

Ponies, tree and other, 325, the best 701

Pagoda fig of India, 435

Palm avenue in Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden, 187

Palm grass at Combe Abbey, 560

Palms, 370; hardy, 377, 442; for table decoration, 396; in Guernsey, 548; half-hardy, 521; sweet scented 521; Betel nut, 521; for the garden, 31, 72, 938, 133, 218, 283, 313, 368, 395, 461, 547

Pampas grass, 159

Pansy, 653; Cliveden purple, 703

Paper: Plant material for, 115; Rice how it is made, 560

Paramelle’s researches in reference to subterranean water, 662

Parasol agaric, 178

Pare de Courcelles, 400

Paris, transplanting large trees in, 2; gardens and parks of, 30; “ Trees of Liberty ” in, 333; revival of horti- culture in public gardens of, 380

Park, baths in the, 158; new, for War- rington, 185, 309; public, for Ashton- under-Lyne, 272; new London, 318; Victoria; its preservation and extension, 327; Hyde, mutilation of trees in, 341; new, at Tooting, 342; manage- ment, 305, Punch on, 380; another vast national, 452; the new, Brooklyn, 684

Parks, city, situation of, 177; driving in the, 379; meetings in the, 309; in Paris, 694; new American, 2, 45, 107, 524, 544

Parks and public building ground, 343

Paramatta orange groves, the, 473

Parrots as frnit eaters, 430

Parsley, how to grow fine, 405

INDEX.

fd = ig

Hybridization, on pure, or crossing dis- tinct species of plants, 481, 506 521, 574

Hyde Park, mutilation of trees in, 341; vockwork in, 344

Hydrangea japonica, 326

Hydrangeas, blue flowered, 248, 279

Hylurgus piniperda, 287

Icy HOUSES, ventilation of, 175

Ice stack, how to make an, 199

Ice well on fire, 186

Tlex latifolia, 504, 633

Illumination of dining-rooms, 89

Imports, vegetable, value of some, 208

Improved fruit trellises, 60

Improvements, metropolitan, 2

Incendiarism in a market-garden, 694:

India, convict gardening in, 86; forests of, 179; pagoda fig of, 435 z

Indian azalea, 583

Indian daphne, 90

Indigofera floribunda, 160

Indoor British fernery, my, 566

Indoor decoration, lilacs for, 416

Indoor fruits in December, 35

Indoor garden for December, 31 ; for January, 145; for February, 231; for March, 324; for April, 448; for May, 531; for June, 619

Insect destroyer, 98

Insect pests, plant remedies for, 583

Insect powders, 186

Tnsect-killing plants, 58

Insects, hurtful, 9,57; in winter, 244; on peach trees, war with, 445; useful and hurtful, exhibition of, 536; bark- boring, 547, 567, 628 ; war with, 548

International weather and crop reports, 44.

Ipecacuanha plant, 430; propagation of the, 481

Tris, the , 418; persica, 72; Keempferi, 458 ; nudicaulis, 586; best varieties of, 687

Ivy: borders, 6; as a house plant, 22; edgings, 226; my window, 600; does it injure trees? 633; and its uses, 607 ; in the house, 680

Tvies, 444.

Ivy-leaved pelorgoniums, 196

JAM, HIP, 65

Jamaica as a tropical garden, ol

January: stove, indoor garden, conserva- tory, and orchids in, 145; fruit garden, outdoor fruit, orchard-house fruit, and early vines in, 149; flower garden and pits and frames, 151; kitchen garden in, 157; aquatic flowering outdoor in, 204:

January’s teachings—frnit trees, 321

Japan creeper, Lol

Japan privet, 466

Japanese new ornamental grass, 120

Jeffrey’s British Columbian Conifers, 464, 502

Juglans regia, 130

June: flower garden and fruit garden for, 620; pinery, arboretum and kitchen

garden for, 621; rose garden for, 626;

garden beanty in, 672 Jura, pine forest in the, 332 Jute trade, 208

K.

Kemp’s grape rail, 467

Kensington Gardens: the Albert memo- rial in, 341; destruction of trees in, 693

Kew Gardens, 217, 329, 348, 377, 380, 658; and our public parks, 402; the succulents at, 429; and the proposed military station at Richmond, 522; the palms and palm house at, 525, 548

Killing tree stumps, 195

Killing weeds on walks, 680

Kitchen garden, water for, 20; at Berry hill, 80; rotation, 273

Kitchen garden for December, 41; for January, 157; for February, 245; for March, 340; for April, 450; for May, o34; for June, 621

L.

LABELS, 156, 180, 190, 270, 616 Labourers, wages of in various countries, 519 Lachenalias, 74. = Lackey moth, 417 Lactarius deliciosus, 596 Lady’s Slipper, white, 517 Land in Texas, 670 Landowners and footpaths, law as to, 197 Landscape and water at Combe Abbey, 559 Landscape treatment of railways, 104; of farms, 124 Landscapes, home, 18, 28 Lapagerias, rose and white Howered, 64, 315 Larch for poor lands, 155 Late flowering rhododendrons and azaleas, 305 Lattice-leaf plant, 365 Laurel, common, a usurper, 129 Lavender, the broad-leayed sea, 702 Law: Carter & Co. v. Sutton & Sons, 366; Hemsworth v. Mann, 434; Fenne- more and others v. Spice, 472, 494; in reference to fruiterer’s baskets,196 ; as to landowners and footpaths, 197; is a greenhouse a chattel ora fixture ? 317 ; poisoning by means of yew-tree clip- pings, 407; notes, 714 Lawns, of Sayin Juniper, 653 ; worms on, 255, 442 Laying out of grounds, 162 Leaders, contending, 711 Leaves, autumn, 470; flayouring with, 535 Leicester Square, 644; proposed new market near, 309 Leicestershire, camellias and myrtles in, 543 Lemon thyme, golden edged, 95 Lesson of the leaf, 351 Levens Hall garden, 614 Lewisia rediviva, 701 LIBRARY :— Botany for Beginners, 545 Chandos Classics, 374 Culture of the Pear, 398 Darwin’s Origin of Species, 519 Domestic Botany, 706 Fairfield Orchids, the, 545 Flowers and Gardens, 398 Forest Life in Acadie, 374 Garden Flowers, 398 Hornby Mills, 640 How Plants Behave, 706 Mountain, the, 443, 459 My Garden, 689 Nature; or the Poetry of Harth and Sea, 413

Lichens and mosses, 279

Light, artificial, flowers under, 138; green, influence of, on the sensitive plant, 282

Lilacs, forcing of, 166; white, 325; for indoor decoration, 416

Lilium auratum, 394; Bloomerianum, 466; giganteum, 325

Lily, white, 239, 376; water, 478

Lily of the valley, 168, 233, 258

Lima bean, the, 20

Lime acure for the potato disease, 591

Linaria genistzefolia, 499

Lines on the “‘ Rose Secret,” 563

Linnea borealis in London, 377

Lithospermum fruticosum, 661

Little Trianon, the gardens of the, Ver- sailles, 310

Liverpool Botanic Gardens, presentation to the late curator of, 430

Livistona subglobosa, 501

Loam a cure for the yerbena disease, 441

Lombardy poplar, 130

London, dining-rooms, vegetables in, 116; swimming baths for, 186; a winter garden for, 249, 309; hardy plants in flower round, 539, 561, 578, 598, 626, 672

London market wallflowers, 375

Long-tailed titmouse, 136

Lontar palm, the, 501

Looshai highland flora, the, 399

Loranthus europzeus, 665

Loudon, recollections of the late John Claudius, 697; and the Duke of Wel- lington, 298

Lower Grounds, Aston, 694

Luculia gratissima, culture of, 656

Liychnis Lagasce, 652

Lycoperdon giganteum, 273

Lymexylon nayale, 255

M.

MapAcascar, the Trayeller’s Tree of, 337; river-bank scenery in, 655; or- chids, 509

Madresfield Court grape, 228

Maggot, apple, 528

Magnolia cordata, 420

Magnolia holly, the, 504, 633

Mahogany, Australian, 430

Maidstone, public gardenat, 594

Maize, green, as food, 712

Mammillaria elephantidens, 396

Manchester Botanic Society, 493

Manchineel of South America, 158

Mangrove, the 342

Manure, liquid, supply for the garden, 219; uses of gas lime as, 437

Marantas, 709

Marasmius oreades, 333

March: rose garden for, 319; flower gar- den for, 320; fruit garden for, 321; pinery for, 322; indoor garden for, 324; arboretum for, 333; kitchen gar- den for, 340; garden beanty in, 473

Maréchal Niel rose, culture of, 521

Margins, water, 677

Market-garden, the plough in the, 274; incendiarism in the, 694

Market-garden labourers, strike of the London, 694

Market gardening, 622, 632 ; in Cornyyall, 21; sixty years ago, 86

Market gardens, fruit picking in, 703; seakale in, 437

Marsh marigold as ‘‘ spring greens,” 384

Mastic, cold, for grafting purposes, 415

Matricaria eximia grandiflora, 423

yu

INDEX.

G.

GAMe coverts and ornamental planting, 392

Garden, on the roof, 42; small, best fruit for, 106; at Montague House, 162; liquid-manure supply for, 219; food for, 219; allotment agreements, 274 ; market, plough in the, 274; the rose, for March, 319; the fruit, for March, 321 ; the cottager’s, 333 ; the Temple, planting, 341; the new, at Stepney, 341; farmhouse, 344; wild fruit, 384; new winter, 403 ; my daffodil, 419, 455 ; a tropical, 447

Garden beauty in March, 473; in April, 495 ; in May, 557; in June, 672

Garden design: laying out grounds, 162 ; cropped trees and architectural lines, 210; garden rockwork, good and bad, 246; gardens at Haffield, Ledbury, 266 ; water, 400

Garden palms, 31, 72, 93, 133, 283, 313, 368, 395, 461, 547

Garden destroyers : aphides, their friends and their foes, 211, 242, 253; in February, 244

Garden fountains, movable, 82

Garden plans, 434.

Garden rockwork, good and bad, 246

Garden sculpture, 104

Garden structures: Mr. Bessemer’s con. ‘servatory, 170

Gardenia Fortunei, 657

Gardenias for cutting, 582

Garden walks, cleaning of, 21

Gardener and the owls, 600

Gardener’s Royal Benevolent Institution, general meeting of, 221; anniversary dinner (1872), 673

Gardeners’ (under) lodgings, 175

Gardening, market, in Cornwall, 21; a gossip abont, 236; mural, 304; a German school of, 488; progressive, 597 ; window, 710

Gardening of the Huguenots, 353

Gardening in Berlin, 676; in elementary schools, 431

Gardening sixty years ago, 86

Gardens, national, the pathway to noble, 1; large, hints to owners of, 61 ; small, 67; earth closets for, 115; new, at Rochester Castle, 140 ; hard soil in, 157; mole hunting in, 249, 358 ; wild flowers for, 279; public, and war, 280 ; Royal Botanic, Kew, 329, 343; Kensington, Albert memorial in, 341; birds in, 444, 829

Gardens and parks of Paris, 30; public, revival of horticulture in, 380

Gardens at Haffield Ledbury, 266

Gardens at Warwick Castle, 211

Gardens in Deyon and Cornwall, 626

Gardens of Hngland: Shrubland, 350; Possingworth, 592; Ryton House, 592

Gardens of the Pincio, Rome, 589

Gas, warming greenhouses with, 342; heating by, 403

Gas lime, uses of, as a manure, 437

Gates, 80

Gaultheria Shallon for pheasant coverts, 156

Geometrical: flower gardens—Fontaine- bleau, 617

Gentiana acaulis as an edging, 586

Gerald Massey on “ Spring,” 504

Geranium v. Pelargonium, 547

German school of gardening, 438

Germander Speedwell, 653, 714

Gesneras, 546

Giant fennels, or Ferulas, 499

Giant sunflower, 151

Gilia liniflora, 423

Giles’s patent hand garden plough and general cultivator, 661

Glasgow Botanic Garden, erection of the Kibble Conservatory in, 434

Glasnevin, the Botanic Garden at, 309

Glass, pears and apples under, 298; strawberry culture under, 571

Glass and iron coping for fruit walls, 508

Glass of various colours, experiments with, 175

Glass houses, permanent shade for, 657

Gleichenia flabellata, 89

Gloxinias for winter blooming, 346

Godetia Nivertiana, 423

Golden-rayed lily, the, 499

Gomuti palm, the 483

Goniophlebium appendiculatum, 315

Gooseberry, a New Englander on, 384

Gooseberry caterpillar, 677

Gourds for ornament, 584

Goutier, Monsieur, death of, 434

Grafting, anomalous, 317; changing the variety, renewing the stem, restoration of branches, furnishing bare branches, 386 ; grafting (approach) in figure train- ing, 406; cold mastic for, 415; use of approach grafting for increasing the size of fruit, 467; make-believe grafting, 481; with a single branch 579; witha based branch, 575; treatment after side grafting, 595; side grafting in the alburnum, 595; witha vertical cut, 595; with an oblique’ cut, 595; treat. ment after side grafting in the albur- num, 596 ; veneer, 675; veneer crown, 675 ; ordinary veneer, 675, 712; by inlaying, 712; (crown) by inlaying, 713; (side) by inlaying, 713; treat- ment after inlaying, 713

Grafting azaleas, 64

Grafting de precision, 675

Grafting, the art of, 64, 111, 122, 157, 200, 212, 233, 257, 275, 315, 334, 386, 406, 467, 508, 575, 595, 642, 675, 712

Grafting the walnut, 446

Grafting variegated pelargoniums, 446

Grape, Madresfield Court, 228

Grape-growing, amateur, 61

Grape hyacinth, the Armenian, 687

Grape rail, Kemp’s, 467

Grape-room at Aswarby Park, 348

Grape vine, the, in the open air, 587

Grapes in bottles filled with water, 189 ; why not cut when ripe, and bottle them ? 229; in bottles, 270, 350, 298; rust on, 682

Grass, 398; ornamental, new Japanese, 120 ; a deadly, 282.

Grasses for table decoration, 556

Grasshoppers, destroying, 9

Gravel, substitute for, 21

Graveyard desecration, 46

Graves, flowers for, 261

Great gardens of Europe : Versailles, 214, 284; Kew, 310, 377, 429

Greatness, the source of, 482

Greenhouse, cool, succulents for, 168 ; mode of heatinga small, 200; with a north aspect, plants for, 233; with a north aspect, 283 ;

Greenhouses : in December, 32; warming with gas, 342; small, stove for, 403

Grevillea Manglesii, 484

Griffinia Blumenhavia, 12

Grizzly Giant, 54

Ground yineries, 638

Grubs v. ranunculuses, 568

Gryllotalpa vulgaris, 97

Guano, 208

Guano company, native, 385

Guernsey, palms in, 458

Guiana, river scene in, 281 Gynerium argenteum, 159

H.

TIA¥FIELD, gardens at, 266

Halesia tetraptera, 392

Half-hardy palms, 521

Halimcdendron argenteum, 332

Hampstead Heath, 67, 85, 109, 131, 185, 700

Hanging baskets as household ornaments, 416

Hardening asphalte covering, 309

Hardy aquatic plants, 478, GOS

Hardy bamboos, 69

Hardy Cacti, 2

Hardy ferneries, 377

Hardy flowers, notes on, 119

Hardy palms, 377, 442

Hardy plants, notes on, 21; new, notes on, 120; and trees, 160

Hardy plants in flower round London, 561, 578, 598, 603, 626, 648, 649, 672, 713

Hardy trees and shrubs, 100, 332, 504, 632, 664, 693

Hardy trees in the subtropical garden, 93 ; for moist places, 633

Hardy variegated plants, 543

Hawthorn, the heart-leaved, 504

Heartsease as bouquet flowers, 493

Heat, working in the, 693

Heaths, abnormal, 377; a plea for our, 519; native, 543

Heating by gas, 403

Heating material, another new, 684

Hebeclinium ianthinum, 484

Hedges, walls, and groups, 164

Heirs, not for our, 341

Heliotrope, winter, 305

Hemlock spruce, 195

Hemp v. caterpillars, 445

Heracleum, 326

Herbs, harvesting, 20

Herbaceous andalpine plants in December, 25

Herbaceous vegetation in Siberia, 32

Herbaceous plants for exhibition, 117,187

Herefordshire cottage garden, 252

Hidden wealth, 225

Highclere Castle—the park and grounds, 613

Hildesheim, rose tree of, 253

Hip jam, 65

Hollies, Shawdon, 266

Hollyhock, 606

Home landscapes, 18, 28, 261, 473

Honolulu, 226

Hornby Mills, 640

Horseradish, 112, 340, 385, 576

Horticultural hints, 22

Horticultural toasts in America, 412

Hot-water, apparatus, remarks on, 110

House, site for, 200; plants for a uorth, 323

House sewerage, 115

Honsehold ornaments, hanging baskets as, 416

Houses, span-roofed v. wall protectors, 537

How plants are fertilized, 432

How to fight the weeds, 207

How to grow fine parsley, 405

How to make the most of coffee, 596

Huguenots, gardening of the, 353

Huntsman’s cup, simple mode of growing, 521

Hurtful insects, 57

ybridizing pansies, 285

Hybridizing pelargoniums, 397

Dining-rooms, illumination of, 89

Dining-tables, concealing pots 470 j

Dinner-table flowers for, flowers, 631

Dinner-tables, arches upon, 40; tall vases on, 82

Dionzea muscipula, 153

Diospyros Kaki, 609

Dipsacus laciniatus, 6

Disabled peach and nectarine trees, 683

Dock, great water, 457

Dorsetshire, earliness of the season in, 405

Double flowers, 152

Douglas fir, 99; pruning, 265.

Draczenas, 446 ; as window plants, 313

Draczena, a revision of the genus, 546, 566, 636, 656

Draczena Draco, 399

Draczenas and Caladiums, 397

Dragon tree, 399

Drainage, 362; outlets, inclinations or slopes of drains, sizes of pipes for cer- tain areas, direction of drains, 422 ; root choking, cost, duration of pipe, 423 ; for fruit trees, 476

Drawing-room: a new floral ornament for the, 315; passion-flowers for the, 631

Dried fruit, our trade in, 189

Driving in the parks, 379

Drynarias, the, 15

Duke of Wellington and Loudon, 298

Dutch cottage-gardens, 48

Dwarf fan palm, an old plant of, 311

Dychouse cherry tree, the, 321

under,

form of, 127; centre-pieces for

plants, 137;

E.

HARLY vines in January, 149; tomatoes, 208 ; vinery in February, 227; flowers, 232, 304, 441; spring flowers, 320; hardy flowers, 375

Earth closets for the garden, 110

Hecremocarpus scaber, 543

Kchinopsis Duyallii, 616

Edging, Gentiana acaulis as an, 586

Edgings, dwarf shrubs for, 357 ; of English ivy, 703

Edible fungi, 35; passion-flower, 638

Edinburgh, new cemetery at, 217

Effect of gas on trees, 700

Egg plant, 116

Hlephant’s-foot plant, 258

Elm, an old Temple Garden, 271

Elms, New England, 169

Hlongated Cytisus, 664

England, medizeval forests of, 654 9

English footpaths, 374

Epiphyllum truncatum, 73

Epping Forest, 186

Hrianthus Monstierii, 252

Erinus alpinus as a wall plant, 626

Eryngiums, 50, 72

Espaliers, upright system of training fruit trees on, 148

Hucharis grandiflora, 258, 556 ; amazonica, 506

Euonymus americanus, 332 ; japonicus as a seaside shrub, 573, 665

Euphorbia jacquinifiora, a grand climber, 166

Europe, oaks of, 169

Eurycles Cunninghami, 42 ; amboynensis, 423

Kvergreen cypress, 100

Evergreens, the slaughter of, 82; in .

America, great mortality among, 664 Everlasting flowers, 113

INDEX.

vil

Exhibition: Moscow, 22; Royal Horti- cultural Society (December 6, 1871), 66; of useful and hurtful insects, 536 ; great Birmingham, 670 (See Societies)

Wxhibitions, floral decorations at, 4

Extinct Sequoia (Wellingtonia) forest in England, 195

Extreme cold, 322

Fr.

Farry-rivé Champignon, the, 333, 383

Fan palm, dwarf, an old plant of, 311

Farmhouse garden, 344 :

Farms, landscape treatment of, 124

February: out-door fruits, early vinery, and fruit garden in, 227; pinery and early peach house in, 228; indoor garden, conservatory, and stoves in, 231; fern- house, orchid-house, and hardwooded plants in, 232; flower garden in, 240; arboretum in, 242; kitchen garden in, 245

Fennel, 112 :

Fern collecting in Devonshire, 376

Fern house in February, 232; in April, 448 ; in May, 538

Fern Sumach, 375

Fernery, cool, climbers for, 333; my in- door British, 566; hardy, 377

Ferns: tree, old stumps of, 58; on the eastern Scottish Border, 457; native, and fern culture in Ireland, 477; filmy, climbing, 520; Allosorus crispus and other British, 652; from spores, 662 ; for baskets, 683

Fertility of oranges, 476

Fertilization of cereals, 136

Fertilizing melons and cucumbers, 591

Ferulas, or giant fennels, 499

Ficus religiosa, 435

Figs in midwinter, 204

Finsbury and Southwark Parks, 46

Fistulina hepatica, 458

Flavouring with leaves, 535

Flavyouring with seeds. 535

Flora in town, 658

Florida, picturesque springs of, 398

Florists’ flowers, 26, 158

Flower basket for vestibules, 446

Flower beds, effective, 586

Flower factories in Belgium, 691

Flower garden for December, 20; for January, 151; for February, 240; for March, 320; for April, 448; for May, 532; for June, 620

Flower garden: decoration, 562 ; fashions for 1872, 517; nature’s, 517; tobacco in, 277; young conifers in, 121

Flower-pot, a new and excellent, 27

Flower shows, early Irish, 680 (see Societies)

Flower vases, harmonies and contrasts in, 578; trumpet-shaped, 62

Flower-verses, 665

Flower gardens, modern, 71

Flower gardening, modern, 8, 479; of the present day, 440

Flowers, and fountains, 131; for the dinner-table, 137 ; under artificial light, 138; double, 152; for graves, 261; spring, a:garland of, 278; wild, for gardens, 279; early, 304, 441; early spring, 320 ; artificial, and their makers, 326; mountain, 330; early hardy, 375 ; flying, 367 ; of fashion, 430; and perfumery, 446; for decorating vases, on choosing, 470 ; for vases, on choosing, 523; for certain forms of vases, 578; dinner-table centre-pieces for, 631; winter, 699

Flying flowers, 367

Flying flowers and running water, 462

Fontainebleau—geometrical flower gar- dens, 617

Fontenelle and his asparagus, 62

Food for the garden, 219

Food of plants, 134, 138; of small birds, 568

Footpaths, Hnglish, 374:

Forcing : lilacs, 166 ; roses, a simple plan for, 462; Paul’s scarlet thorn for, 462 ; may, 502

Forest, pine, in the Jura, 332

Forest trees, culture of, 53; replanting, 220

Forests, of India, 179; effects of on climate, 572; of England, a sketch of the laws, courts and officials of the medieval, 654

Forget-me-not, 120

Fork, good digging, 22

Formal margin, 121

Foster’s apricot shed, 30

Fountains, 270; garden, movable, 82

Foxglove, the, 150

Fragrant flowers, 94

Frame, warm, 255

France, sea pine plantations in, 434:

French: paradise stock, 688; peasant fund, 225

Frijoles, 116

Fritillaria meleagris, 541

Frost, effect of on conifers, 169

Fruit, best kinds of, for a small garden, 106; aneglected, 188 ; dried, ourtrade in, 189; on railway embankments, 270; bees destructive to, 358; improvement in Canada, 536; at Combe Abbey, 560

Fruit-buds, preservation of, 106

Fruit-crops, injury to, 476

Fruit culture, profitable, 61 ; railway side, 206

Fruit eaters, parrots as, 430

Fruit farm, a Worcestershire, 61

Fruit garden: for January, 149; for February, 227; for March, 321; for April, 449 ; for May, 533; for June, 620

Fruit label, new, 270

Fruit picking in market gardens, 703

Fruit preserving jar, American, 36

Fruit syrups, sham, 469

Fruit thinning, 586

Fruit trees, the Author of ‘‘ Waverley ” on planting, 13; for ornament, 34; for crowing against an oak fence, 106; a new way to make, 123; seedling, how to induce to bear early, 124; on walls and espaliers, upright system of train- ing, 148; re-crafting worthless, 227; a new way to make, 228; for cottagers, 229; moss on, 296; January’s teach- ‘ng, 321; suckers, 439; arairage for, 476; orchard house, in May, 533; on walls, 587; summer pruning of, 611; overcropping, 638; on high and low land, 704

Fruit trellises, improved, 60

Fruit, wall, aspects suitable to the various kinds of, 20

Fruit walls, north aspect of, 61; wiring, 149; old, wash for, 439; glass and iron coping for, 508

Fruiterer’s baskets, law in reference to, 196

Fruits, food value of, 65; striped and yariegated, 123; new, of 1871, 177 seedling, 440 ; indoors in December, 39 ; outdoor in April, 449; outdoor in May, 533; best hardy, 660; thinning hardy, 682

Fruits and vegetables, tinned, 79

Fuchsias in the open air, 652

Fungi, edible,35 = -

v1

INDEX.

Boughs, overhanging, 342

Boulevard, new American, 46

Bouquet flowers, heartsease as, 493

Bouquets for the hand, 493

Bouvardia Davidsoni, 146

Box, odour of, 143

Brackets for plants, 581

Bramble leaves in winter, 582

Bridge, rustic, without nails, 52

British Columbian conifers, 464, 502, 551

Broad-leaved sea lavender, the, 702

Broccoli, 246, 301; protection of, 111; hard ground for, 274

Brooklyn, the new park at, 84

Broome’s (Samuel) memorial, 198

Brownea grandiceps, 547

Brussel sprouts, modes of cooking, 197

Buckinghamshire orchids, 499

Buckland, 28

Buffalo berry, the, 573

oe woly or American, destruction of,

Bulbs, instructions for the growth of, in windows, 83

Bulletins of a floral celebrity, 555

Bullfinches, 357, 444

Buphthalmum speciosum, 652

Barning bush, the American, 332

Butchers’ broom, with berries, 19

Buttercups and geese, 499

C.

CABBAGE, miniature Savoy, 116 Cabbages, preserving, 208 Cacti, hardy Mexican, 262; cultivation of, 483 Caladium esculentum, 585 Caladiums for room decoration, 631 California, the vintage of, 20; among the big trees in, 53; the tomato in, 208 Californian radish, 68; quail, 153; dye - pe 186; columbine, 608; wines, Calceolaria, 391; shrubby, 260, 456 Camellia, ontdoor cultivation of, 584 Camellia-house, tea-scented Noisette roses for, 166 Camellias, why they drop their buds, 635 ; and myrtles in Leicestershire, 543 Canada, snow apple of, 384; fruit im- provement in, 536 Cannas, 686 Canterbury bell, rosy, 608 Carbolic acid plant, 146 Carbolic acid v. moulds, 402 Carices, large Norfolk, 391 Carnations, tree, 64,119, 260, 683 Carnations and picotees from seed, 420; stake for, 518 Carol of seed-time, 385 Carrot pudding, 197 Case for sending growing plants to distant countries, 64 Castor-oil plant, 541 Caterpillar, gooseberry, 677 Caterpillars, hairy, 254; hemp versus, 445 ; and cauliflowers, 254 Cat’s-foot, the mountain, 687 Cats, how to keep out of town gardens, 114 Caucasian plane, 572 Cedar trees, a tale about, 195 Cedar of Lebanon killed by frost, 618 ; noble, 665 Celery, keeping, 712; prize, 8300; Simp- son’s collars for, 434 Cemetery, new, at Edinburgh; 217; Coventry, 594; at Philadelphia, 568 Cemeteries, 146 Central Park, New York, 24, 544, 639

Cerasus serrulata, 573 /

Cereals, fertilization of, 136

Chalk, trees and plants for planting on, 373

Chameerops excelsa, 479

Champignon, fairy-ring, 333, 383

Channel Islands, pears in, 384, 415, 535

Charcoal dust, use for, 469

Chatsworth, rockwork at, 50 /

Cheiranthus Marshallii, 653

Chemical fumes, damaging a crop by, 196

Cherry, double-flowering Chinese, 573 ; grafted on the laurel, 683

Cherry laurel v. aucuba, 466

Cherry plum, 107

Cherry tree, the Dyehonse, 321

Cherries, 13

Chestnut, great, of Mount Etna, 486

Chickens v. insects, 244

Chinese primroses, 261, 325; in winter, | 91

Chinese showy-flowered crab, 465

Chinese narcissus, 543

Chinese double-flowering cherry, 573

Chinese rice-paper plant, 627

Chiswick trial of peas, 628

Christmas : vase, 93 ; horticulture in Vienna at, 150; roses at, 305

Churchyards, our country, 713

City graveyards, desecration of, 109 ; parks, situations of, 177 ; mortality, 168 ; violets, 500

Cities, trees and plants in, 2

Clematis montana, 653

Clematises, hardy, 375

Clerodendrons, culture of, 615

Clianthus Dampieri, 368, 563

Climate, effects of forests on, 572 |

Climbers for a cool fernery, 233; for rafters and walls, 283

Climbing species of asparagus, 367; filmy ferns, 520

Clivia nobilis, 637

Cockchafer, 164; tenacity of life in, 358

Cocoa-nut groves, 250

Coffee, how to make the most of, 596

Cold, extreme, 322

Cole slaw, 197

Colocasia odorata, 323

Colorado produce, 116

Colosseum in Regent’s Park, 178

Combe Abbey, 559; landscape and water at, 559; trees at, 559; plant-houses at, 559; palm-grass at, 560; fruit at, 560

Common laurel a usurper, 129

Compass plant, the, 17

Conifers: planting, 54; young, in the flower garden, 121; effects of frosts on, 169 ; pruning of, 264, 393 ; hybrid, 357 ; Jeffrey’s British Columbian, 464, 502 ; in boggy soil, 573

Coniferous trees in Connemara, 571

Condurango root, 209

Connemara, coniferous trees in, 571

Conservatory, a small, how to heat, 110; in January, 145; in February, 231; in April, 448; in May, 531; Mr. Besse- mer’s, 170; Kibble, erection of in Glasgow Botanic Garden, 434

Conservatory, outside shading for, 502

Conservatories in the natural style, 181, 219, 260, 311; for cool orchids, 325

Convict gardening in India, 86

Cookery, the ‘‘ why”’ in vegetable, 653

Cooking Brussels sprouts, modes of, 197

Cooking the orange-milk mushroom, 596

Cool orchids for Conservatories, 325

Corn marigold, the, 502 /

Cornish strawberries and bush-fruit, 20

Cornwall, Market gardening in, 21

Cordyline indivisa, 15

Coronilla Emerus, 693

Cotoneaster for walls, 442

Cottage-gardens, Dutch, 48

Cottager’s garden, the, 333

Country churchyards, our, 713

Coventry cemetery, 594

Covering, hardening asphalte, 309

Cow Parsnip, the, 326

Cow Tree, the, 306

Crab, showy-flowered Chinese, 465

Cranberries, 440

Cratzgus cordata, 504

Creeping Myrtle, the, 324, 410

Crinum capense, 687

Crocuses, lost, 391

Cropped trees and architectural lines, 210

Crystal Palace Company, 112

Crystal Palace, rose show at, 624

Cucumber in the open ground, 627

Cucumber: smooth vars. of, soils for, manures for, 424; principles of culti- vation, 436; air and moisture for, upon dung beds, preparing the dung for, 469 ; dung and leaves for, forming the bed, 575; bed improved, 576 ; another kind of hot bed, 590; in brick pits, French system of making hotbeds, 590 ; planting of, 611, 665; ‘Marquis of Lorne,” 612; on walls, 665 ; cultivation of, 627; propagation of, 666 ; Russian way of dressing, 116; in moss, 424; Polish mode of preserving, 428; for seed, 665

Cucumber tree,‘ heart-leaved, 420

Cupressus sempervirens, 100; macro- carpa, 220, 330, 333

Currant tomato, 383

Currant trees, scale on, 350

Cuttings, mode of transmitting, 161 ; rose, 162

Cyclamen, culture of the, 501

Cyclamens, spotty, 462; the culture of, 699

Cydonia japonica, 573

Cypress: upright, 130; the Montery, 330, 333); as a hedge plant, 372

Cypripedium Calceolus, 305; candidum, 517

Cytisus nigricans, 504; black, 504; elon- gatus, 664

D.

DAFFODIL GARDEN, 455

Daffodil garden, my, 419

Daffodils, 391, 430, 458

Dampier’s glory pea, 368, 377

Daphne indica, 90

Darlingtonia californica, 396

Date tree, what it is to the Saharians, 322

Dear seed, 158

December : indoor garden in, 31 ; kitchen garden in, 41; flower garden in; shrubberies in, herbaceous and alpine plants in, 25; pits and frames in, rose garden in, 26; stove plants in, 31; greenhouses in, 32; orchid house in, 32; fruit garden in, out-door fruits in, 34; in-door fruits in, 35; arboretum in, 79

Deodar pruning, 264

Desert, sowing the, 598

Deserted favourites, 239

Destruction of trees in Kensington Gar- dens, 693

Devoniensis rose, 376 ; history of, 433

Devonshire, fern collecting in, 876; absence of mistletoe in, 436

Dianthus brachyanthus, 687

Dicentra eximia, 608

Dielytra spectabilis, 233

Digging-fork, good, 22 f

Dimorphanthus mandschuricus, 117

INDEX TO VOLUME

A.

ABELIAS, the, 46

Abies, 464; Menziesii, 155; canadensis, 195

Acacia humifusa, 73; Riceana, 116

Acanthuses, 303

Acer Negundo variegatum, 333

Achillea aurea, 586

Adanson, last years of, 186

Adansonia digitata, 240

Adiantum rubellum, 637

Adonis pyrenaica, 608

Adulteration, 344

AMthionema grandiflorum, 158

Agaricus procerus, 178; gambosus, 623

Agave ‘‘ telegraphica,” 51

Agaves, potting, 369, 462, 494

Ajuga alpina, 608

Albert memorial, Kensington Gardens, 341

Alligator pear, 104

Allosorus crispus and other British ferns, 562

Almond, dwarf, 503

Alocasia metallica, 146, 370

Aloe, American variegated, 679

Alpine forest Jand, the regeneration of, 710

Alpine garden, 497, 542, 562, 605; con- ditions of success in, 463

Alpine plants green in winter, 305

Alpine strawberry, 188

Alpines, 204; stove, 346

Alton Towers, 649

Alyssum olympicum, 608

Amarantus salicifolins, 71, 420

_ Amateur grape-growing, 61

~ Amateurs, advice to, 72

America, new parks in, 2; parks and pub- lic gardens in, 45, 107; great mortality among evergreens in, 664; horticultural toasts in, 412; peach trade in, 106; peach culture in, 206

American, burning bush, the, 332; black- berry, the, 349; sloe spirit, the, 402; sweet water-lily, the, 5; deserts, tree guides in, 22; and his gardener, 22; fruit-preserying jar, 36; new boule- yard, 46 ; variegated aloe, the, 679

Amberstia nobilis, 17

Ampelopsis tricuspidata, 8, 151

Amyegdalus nana, 503

Andaman Islands, timber forests of, 35-4

Anzctochilus culture, 92

Androsace lanuginosa, 51

Angels’ Hyes (poem), 714:

Annuals, 703; for spring, 686

Anomalous Grafting, 317

Anthurium magnificum, 146 ; Scherzeria- num, 14

Ants, 98, 568

Ants and aphides, 351.

Aphelandra culture, 312

Aphides, 568 ; their friends and foes, 211, 242, 253 5 and ants, 308

Aphis, bean, 212

Apple, derivation of the word, 704; maggot, remedy for, 9, 99, 528; gar- dens, miniature, 189; orchards, prun- ing, 347; Canadian snow, 384; worm trap, 592

Apples, choice on wire fencing, 414 ; root- erafting, 507; best dessert, 638

Apples and pears in orchard houses, 229

Apricot, shed, 35; disease, 106; prolific tree, 106; Sista, 147

April : conservatory, fern house, stove, orchids, hard-wooded plants, and indoor garden in, 448; fruit garden, outdoor fruits, flower garden, pits and frames, and rose garden in, 449 ; orchard house, peach house, vineries, pinery, and kit- chen garden in, 450; garden beauty in, 495

Aquatic flower blooming 204; plants hardy, 478°

Aquilegi ia formosa, 151

Arabis blepharophylla, 543

Aralia canescens, 561; japonica, 653; papyrifera, 17

Avaucarias, the largest in the British Isles, 504

Arboretum for December, 79 ; for Febru- ary, 242; for March, 333; for June, 621

Arches upon dinner-tables, 40

Architecture and foliage at Wilhelma, 5380

Architecture and nature, 400

Areca Catechu, 621

Arenga saccharifera, 483

Art of grafting, 64, 111, 122, 157, 200, 212, 233, 257, 275, 315, 334, 386, 406, 467, 508, 515, 595, 642, 675, 712

Artificial flowers and their makers, 326

Arundo conspicua, 377; A. Donax in the pleasure-ground, 391

Ashton-under-Lyne, public park for, 272

Asparagus, culture of, 339; climbing species of, 367; culture ‘of by the ancients, 385, 404 ; long, 405; for cutting, 631 ; plantations of, 712

Asphalte, covering, hardening 309

Asplenium septentrionale, 562

Aster longifolius var. formosus, 8.

Asters, planting, 653, 703

Astilbe japonica, 616

Aston, Lower Grounds, 602, 694:

Aswarby Park, grape-room at, 348

Aubrietias in pots, 567

Aucuba v. cherry laurel, 466

Aucubas, propagating, 446; miniature berry-bearing, 507.

Auriculas from seed, 234

Australian trees, acclimatisation of, 19 mahogany, 430

Autumn leaves, 470

Axe essential, 103; a magician, 124:

Azaleas, grafting, 64; Indian, soil for, potting, training, and treatment after flowering, 583

in January,

B.

BAMBUSA FALCATA, japonica, mitis, nigra, Quilioi, Simonii, violascens, viridi-glau- cescens, 69; edulis, 353; aurea, 606

Bananas and plantains, 396

Banksian roses, 608, 653

Baobab tree, 240

Bark-boring insects, 547, 567, 628

Basket plants, 460

Baskets, ferns for, 683

Baths, park, 158; sea, for London, 2

Bavaria, an old yew tree in, 333

Bean, Lima, 20; aphis, 212

Bearded trees of Texas, 571

Bedding: succulents, 455; spring, 563; out, 644; combined spring and summer, 687

Bedding plants, notes on, 252; spring treatment of, 389

Beech trees and lightning, 194

Beeches, large copper, 504

Bees, and brambles, 136; destructive to fruit, 358

Begonias, 91; winter blooming, 462

Belgium, flower factories in, 691

Benthall Hall: saxifrages, stonecrops, and houseleeks; pot culture of alpine plants; Ramonda pyrenaica as a pot plant; arrangement, &c., at, 620; new plants at, 626

Berberises, large-leaved, for the conser. vatory, 14; Darwinii, 633

Berlin, gardening in, 676

Berry Hill, kitchen garden at, 80; plant- ing and lake margins at, 143

Bessemer’s (Mr.) conservatory, 170

Betel-nut palm, the, 521

Big tree, the, 75, 421

Birds, in gardens, 444; 529; small food of, 568

Bird’s-nest fern, the, 651

Birmingham Botanic Garden, the, 602; exhibition, 670, 715

“Birmingham Saturday Half-Holiday Guide,” 691

Bitter willows as game coverts, 136

Blackberry, American, 3849; common, 610

Black eytisus, the, 504

Blackheath, 341

Blechnum brasiliense, 145

Blighted thorns, 466

Bocconia cordata, ¢ 606 ; japonica, 703

Bog-garden, the, 7, 28

Boilers, 199

Bois de Vincennes, the, 425

Boletus edulis, 35

Border-plants, tall, 95

Borghesi Gardens, “Rome, 634

Botanic Garden at Glasnevin, the, 305 : at Birmingham, 602

Botanic Gardens in the Regent’s Park, 234, 268, 494

Botanical ponies, 430

Bottling grapes, 189, 229, 270, 298, 350

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THE FIRST VOLUME OF “THE GARDEN,” IS DEDICATED BY ITS FOUNDER.

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THE ART ITSELF IS NATURE.—Shakespeare.

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WILLIAM ROBINSON,

AUTHOR OF “ALPINE FLOWERS FOR ENGLISH GARDENS,” “THE WILD GARDEN,” EDC.

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new terror to the lower regions. If anybody doubts the true cause of the terrible climate of our large cities, let him walk forth at three or four o’clock in the morning into the heart of one of them, —say, Endell-street, St. Giles’s, in November and December, when the fogs are at their worst. If he has any memories of the fog of the previous evening he will be surprised to see the street quite free of fog, the buildings not only visible, but perfectly clear in outline; and, strange fact for St. Giles’s—the air pure! Let him sally forth again at from half-past seven to half-past eight, and he will find a change ; the street is filling with a bluish foulness, the buildings losing shape. An hour later and the smoke, which we fancy would vanish, after passing up the chimney, has fallen down into the street, dimming the sight, and stinging us as we breathe it. In the more open spaces the effect is the same. When the chimneys have ceased to vomit for afew hours, the noble lines of the Thames Embankment stand out clear and bold; but a little before breakfast a new climate usually sets in. For a short time the sun is seen like ared lamp in the sky; but soon all is oyer, and very soon highly-civilized persons are steering themselves, as best they may, through a choking atmosphere, feeling about as appy as trout, in mud, and blaming our dear climate for it all!

It is not the climate, which has bred a noble race for ages, that we should blame, but our own complacent stupidity in resting content under an evil, which, as half the population of these islands is now gathered in towns, has a hurtful effect on the whole nation.

We find in the Times a letter from somebody who is actually bold enough to hope that the removal of this smoke curse of ours may be a “possible reform of the distant future,’ and who complains of having to “leave a suburban residence a few miles from the Bank in clear autumn sunshine, and to pass through gradually-deepening gloom into the lurid, orange fog of the City, there to struggle through his work by gaslight in a state of semi-asphyxia.”’

Poor fellow! Will none of our statesmen consider the millions who spend their nights as well as their days in such an atmosphere, and evenin much worse? For it should be understood that there are many parts of London much worse than the City, where, in consequence of the comparative absence of domestic fire-places, the air is usually much clearer than in such a neighbourhood as Lisson-grove.

It may be a difficult problem to solve, but surely there is no difficulty or no expense to which we could be put in the defeat of this smoke monster, for which we should not be abundantly repaid by its destruction. Lengthened days, or at least some of heayen’s light in those we have, and undefiled air, are surely blessings, to secure which we might well submit to any inconvenience. It seems to us that if questions were brought forward in the degree of their importance, the smoke plague of our cities would be one of the first before Parliament.

Trees and Plants in Cities.—I don’t know anything sweeter than this leaking in of Nature through all the cracks in the walls and floors of cities. You heap up a million tons of hewn rocks on a square mile or two of earth which was green once. The trees look down from the hill-sides and ask each other, as they stand on tiptoe, “What are these people about ?” And the small herbs at their feet look up and whisper back, “ We will go and see.’”’ So the small herbs pack themselves up in the least possible bundles, and wait until the wind steals to them at night and whispers, ‘‘ Come with me.” Then they go softly with it into the great city—one to a cleft in the paye- ment, one to a spout on the roof, one to a seam in the marbles over a rich gentleman’s bones, and one to the grave without a stone where nothing but a man is buried—and there they grow, looking down on the generations of men from mouldy roofs, looking up from between the less-trodden pavements, looking out through iron cemetery-rail- ings. Listen to them, when there is only a light breath stirring, and you will hear them say to each other, ‘‘ Wait a while!”” The words run along the telegraph of those narrow green lines that border the roads leading from the city, until they reach the slope of the hills, and the trees repeat in low murmurs to each other, ‘‘ Wait a while!” By-and-by the flow of life in the streets ebbs, and the old leafy in- habitants—the smaller tribes always in front—saunter in, one by one, very careless seemingly, but very tenacious, until they swarm so that the great stones gape from each other with the crowding of their roots, and the feldspar begins to be picked out of the granite to find them food. At last the trees take up their solemn line of march, and never rest until they have encamped in the market-place. Wait long enough and yon will find an old doting oak hugging a huge worn block in its yellow underground arms; that was the corner-stone of the state-house. Oh, so patient she is, this imperturbable Nature! —OLIveR WENDELL Hormes.

New Parks in America.—The following parks are now being or about to be formed in the United States:—Brooklyn, 500 acres ; New Britain, 100 acres, Ba™3,,@p 490 acres ; Chicago (two), 500 acres, neither of which. is yet commv.. wne,.and Philadelphia, 114

_ WHE GARDEN.

[Noy. 25, 1871.

acres, not yet commenced. The plans for Fairmount Park, Phila- delphia, have scarcely been completed yet, so that I cannot say when operations may be started there. Tomkins and Washington squares, in New York, have just been remaking. Union and Madison squares are also in course of re-construction in the same way, and Iam told that the squares in Washington are to be done in a similar way soon.

New York, Sept. 28, 1871. R. M.

Transplanting Large Trees in Paris.—Parisian horticult urists are now engaged on a transplanting experiment, ona large scale, with a view to replace the fine trees of the Champs Elysée, which war and revolution have recently destroyed. It will be the boldest attempt ever made in France in the removal of full-grown trees; and it is thought that the precautions adopted, which have necessitated a large outlay, will ensure complete success to this bold attempt to restore the pleasant groves of the Champs Elysée to their original beauty. If the result should be as expected, it will be very gratifying to see the extensive gaps among the trees of that favourite pro- menade satisfactorily filled up by others, in every respect equal to those destroyed.

Metropolitan Improvements.—The Metropolitan Board of Works intend to apply to Parliament tor powers to effect improvements in the following localities, -either by widening the existing rincipal thoroughfares or constructing new streets :—High-street and Lower East Smithfield, Wapping ; High-street, Shore- ditch ; Old-street, towards New Oxford-street ; Harrow-road, and Newington- butts. It is also proposed to widen Serle-street and effect improvements near that street and Cook’s-court. Parliament will be asked in the ensuing session to authorize the construction of a sub-way under the Thames, commencimg at the south-west corner of the ornamental ground adjoining the Victoria Embank- ment, and immediately to the eastward of the Temple station of the Metropolitan District Railway, and terminating on the opposite side of the river near the junction of Princes-street with the Commercia -road,

Sea Baths for London —A project for supplying London with sea water has been started. It is proposed by a company about to be incorporated, to pane the water from the neighbourhood of Brighton by means of nme reservoirs anc ten conduits and pumping stations? The company propose, further, to construct public and other baths, and to supply sea water to any parish or place within the limits of the metropolitan district.

HARDY CACTI.

For several years past, the hardiness of Opuntia Rafinesquit in the climate of London and Paris has been a subject of remark, and various persons in England and in northern France have testified to its hardiness. The fact, however, that it stands and grows well in a London back-garden, and deprived to a great extent of the sun, is as much proof as we need in that respect. This hardy species resists much greater cold than we eyer have in Britain, and it is probable we shall find that half a dozen or more species of cactus are quite as hardy as it. Along the line of the Pacific Railway you see cacti abundant in some places—in districts frosty and silvered with snow when I passed over them last November, and on the flanks of the Wassatch Mountains, near Salt Lake City, deeply covered with snow during the winter. It is desirable, in gathering the small mountain plants, and in sitting down on the ground, to look well for a small, poignantly prickly cactus, with round stems, which abounds there, and which communicates a peculiarly acrid sting to all soft, fleshy parts that touch it. I gathered this in company with astraguluses and other plants we usually term alpine. In the eastern and western States of America, very cold in winter, as everybody knows, there are three hardy opuntias—O. vulgaris (the common prickly pear), which goes as far north as New England; 0. Rayinesquit, in Wis- consin and Kentucky; and Q. missouriensis, in Wisconsin and towards the great plains. And from what one sees along the Pacific route, it is very likely a greater number of cacti go north along the Rocky Mountains’ dry plains and sierras than we find on the eastern side of the continent. It is very likely we shall some day have quite a group of dwarf hardy cacti keeping company with the houseleeks on our rock-gardens, and rivalling them in hardiness. They should be planted on the drier parts of the rock-garden, on dry sunny banks, on the edges of old walls, old bridges, ruins, &c. They will also thrive on borders, but are most appropriately placed in the positions above named. W. R.

- -

Obsolete Names of Plants.—Some botanists seem to consider it a meritorious act to rescue a forgotten name from oblivion, and look upon such discovery as being of almost as much benefit to science as the detection of some overlooked specific character. _ Such authors appear entirely to forget that names are merely arbitrary terms to represent the plants to which they belong. The rule that, when a species is already known by two or more nanies, the earliest given of these is to be adopted, is agreed to solely as a means of attaining unanimity in nomenclature ; but the revival of an obsolete appellation by which no one knows the plant is only producing, instead, of avoiding, confusion, and should be discouraged to the utmost.— B. B. Symp, in English Botany.

Bap Heo Se a bila RS ARIK

Nov. 25, 1871.]

THE GARDEN.

““This is an art, Which does mend nature: changes it rather: but THe Arr 1s Nature.’’—Shakespeare.

All communications for the Editorial Departinent should be addressed to Winn1Am Ropinson, THE “ GARDEN ” Orrice, 37 Southampton Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. All letters referring to Subscriptions, Advertisements, and other business matters, should be addressed to THE PUBLISHER.

The Name and Address of the writer are required with every comunica- tion, though not for publication, unless desired by the writer. Letters or inquiries from anonymous correspondents will not be inserted.

All questions on Horticultural matters sent to ‘‘ THE GARDEN ” will be answered by the best authorities in every department. Cor- respondents, in sending queries, are requested to write on one side of the paper only.

Readers who may find it dificult to procure the munbers regularly through the newsagents, may have them sent direct from the office, at 19s. 6d. per annun, or 9s. 9d. for sin months, payable in advance.

PUBLIC GARDENS.

THE PATHWAY TO NOBLE NATIONAL GARDENS.

Ty large cities ike London, New York, or Paris, where thousands of acres are already rescued from our mighty deserts of slate and brick, the question cf how to treat them so that they may be of fullest value to the public, not only as fields of health, but as schools of delightful instruction, is one of great import- ance. The public parks near no large city that we have seen, re- mee seut a tithe of the beauty and interest of the yegetable king-

om of which they are capable, under the system to be presently indicated. We take into consideration, first, their vast extent ; second, their variety of soil and surface; third, the large sums spent annually for their keeping. Everywhere in them we see vast surfaces almost totally neglected, or only garnished with a few common-place trees; everywhere the fullest evidence that no thought is given to the production of noble, permanent, and distinctive features. Sometimes, indeed, a favourite spot in one is embellished at great expense during the summer months with tender plants, while the remainder of its surface is usually wholly uncared for. This is something like embellishing a man fluttering in rags with a costly button-hole bouquet. But the radical fault, everywhere strikingly apparent, is monotony in regard to materials used. A number of trees become popular, “and they are planted everywhere in about the same proportion. Thus, we everywhere find about the same type of vegetation ; and the capabilities of our parks as grand national gardens are quite undeveloped.

The system we propose, and the one certain to give us the noblest series of public gardens the world has ever seen, is to treat all the public parks and gardens of a great city as a whole, and to establish in each a distinct type of vegetation. For example, we might devote one city park chiefly to noble de- ciduous trees; another, suburban one, as Richmond, to evergreen forest trees; another, to the almost countless flowering de-

@ ciduous trees and shrubs that are the glory of the grove and copse in all northern and temperate countries. Or we might treat the subject geographically, and haye a small square or park with British trees, and shrubs, and plants; another of Huropean, another of American, another of Siberian, and so on. This plan does not imvolve the remoyal of other types of vegetation. On the contrary, their presence would often be necessary to contrast with those to which a park or garden “night be chiefly devoted. In all our parks, therefore, the improvements suggested might be carried out without dis- turbing any important subjects. And, even if it were deter- mined to devote a park wholly to the vegetation of one country, no one need doubt that the highest effects could be produced ‘by it alone who remembers what scenes we witness in our lanes and woodlands, from eyen four or five kinds of ative shrubs and trees. We could by the system we advocate define for each superintendent in what direction his efforts hould chiefly tend; give each an entirely distinct aim, and

THE GARDEN. 1

thereby free him from paltry rivalry with his fellows m the matter of “bedding plants,” '&c. He could then take up a Family, Order, or Flora, and develop its beauty and variety to the completest extent of our knowledge! In the vast ex- panse of our public gardens, there is not one interesting and important branch of arboriculture or horticulture which we could not deyelop in a way hitherto unexampled. On our’ botanic gardens already in existence (most of them not large enough for the proper grouping and arrangement of one single family of trees, with sufficient interspaces to permit of these being seen to advantage) the system would haye the best results. It would relieve our botanic gardens of the necessity of cramming every available plant or tree into a small space, and permit of their curators devoting sole attention to the many tribes of plants which require special and continual care ar renewal. :

Generally our present botanic gardens give no more idea of the variety, beauty, and majesty of vegetation, than the fountam basin does of the wild tossing of a wind-tortured sea. No botanic garden in existence gives any worthy expression of the vegetation of even the cold and temperate clime vegetation of Europe alone! What do we see of the beauty and character of any one large family of trees by planting them all at regular intervals over a plot, or in the various ways we see them arranged in botanic gardens? The common way with botanic gardens is well, if we have no higher object than to procure specimens to illustrate the grammar of the nomenclature men have given plants. But if our aim be to show the in- exhaustible beauty and dignity of the vegetable kingdom, we must disentangle ourselves from such small notions. And, clearly, the way to do this is to treat our vast series of gardens (both botanic gardens and parks) as a whole; stamp on each some distinguishing feature—trom the smallest square with a complete collection of Tvyies or Hawthorns, to the noblest park adorned with the trees of a hundred hills.

Finally, though the subject suggests other points of interest, let us consider what a noble school of instruction the parks of London, or those of any other great city, might in this way become for every planter and every garden-lovyer. ‘The whole might be made a colossal experimental ground, in which every question in connection with arboriculture might be thoroughly tested. In every direction distinct types of vegetation would be met with, instead of the “universal mixture” now everywhere seen, and which so soon and so thoroughly trains the eye to take no- more notice of trees or plants than of any individual railing-spike round one of our squares. The contents of no botanic garden now in existence would be worthy of mention compared with the noble results we could attain in this way. It is not, like many of the changes we long for in towns, impossible to carry out from want of means. The adoption of it would at once tend to make the expenditure of every shilling spent in our public gardens go toward a valuable result, and by it we should soon have national gardens in a far nobler sense than any hitherto m existence. ;

1

THE SMOKE POISON.

Witt nobody deliver us from the perils of smoke ? Eyery year our cities grow vaster, and the great pall of “ blacks” is ever widen: ing! To hope to arouse public attention to the magnitude of the evil, by pointing to the thousands of plants that are always perishing from it, would be hopeless, considering that its pernicious effects ol — our own lives do not seem to be taken the least notice of. London and all our large cities are always under its ban ; but its most detests able aspects are most apparent on those still, frosty, autumnal and winter days, which in the country are so clear and sunny. On these, there being no breeze to brush away the outpourings of the innumer- able chimneys, the whole settles down in the streets like death on livingmen. On those days the glorious sun is darting its beams into the wide and horrid cloud, powerless to shoot a ray through its depth.

Not the least curious thing about this great but avoidable plague. is that both foreigners and natives put it down to the climate.

M. Taine speaks of the woefully-depressing influences of the climate. Doubtless there are many better ; but certainly the climate of London is quite as agreeable as that of Paris or northern France. The clouds of smoke make the difference. In consequence of being contented to live ina sea of the refuse of our fires, we possess the privilege of having our fairest, stillest. ~ __<suy winter days turned into foulest nights, in which one ‘s sufied with vapours that would add a

Nov. 25, 1871.]

= Lee TWO} PATE Ss:

Amone the many original rockworks I have seen, those shown __ by the accompanying cuts deserve being handed down to future ages. They show some of the foolishness which ‘ rock-works” display. The hideous wall-like arch in the Hammersmith gem was, no doubt, _ originally planted with rock-plants, &c., by somebody who imagined _ they would grow thereon. The horizontal strata beneath the bolder crks cliffs in the public garden example are well worthy of study. These Bs ' }

pat by Rockwork” in London public garden.? _ detestable examples will serve to show what childish and stupid

notions of rock-gardens have up to the present time existed in _ gardens. If the purblind love of the picturesque is gratified by

BY Such abominations as these, how much pleasure may we not hope to

Rockwork in Villa at Hammersmith.

__ give when the true and simple way of making a rock-garden is

_ generally adopted! The labour and the “ genius” expended by the _ unfortunate persons in whose poetical brains such scenes as the pre- - ceding are conceived, and whose hands build them, would be precious if rightly directed. Are these “rockworks” suggestive of anything _ lovely in this world? Of all foolish things done in gardening that _ betray the trail of the serpent, this is the most foolish. A weary _ spinning away of the soul and emptying of the purse to produce _ something offensive to nature and man! With one cartload of stones _ abetter effect could be produced in ten minutes than by all the

ee Single half-buried Stone surrounded by Alpine Plants.

~ rockworks of the above type yet created! Nay, with one stone as _ Shown in the accompanying cut. Such a stone may be very appro- _ priately seen peeping above the turf, near the lower flanks of the _ rock-garden, or where the ground is about to break into bolder rocks orstrata. With a dozen stones, we succeed with our tiny rock-garden _ on the margin of a shrubbery. ____ The following illustration well explains ourmeaning: an irregularly- _ sloping border, with a few mossy bits of rock peeping from a _ Swarming carpet of Sandworts, Mountain-pinks, Rock-cresses, - Sedums and Saxifrages, Arabisés and Aubrietias, with a little com- ay of fern-fronds sheltered in the low fringe of shrub behind the _ mossy stones. This is a rock-garden which anybody could carry out, and which would offend nobody. As the first illustration is _ sketched in a botanic garden, it may be well to point out the ex- _ ceeding impropriety of tolerating such scenes in a public garden = even of the meanest sort! "Granting that means were warting for _ anything better, their presence is inexcusable. Absurdities of this ___ kind should be removed! It were surely better to do nothing at all

THE GARDEN. 3

than thus to sow the seeds of vicious taste in the minds of visitors to our publie gardens. In some of our public and private gardens want

ns 4

Rock-garden on margin of shrubbery. of means is given as an excuse for the presence of the hideous pock- marked-potato-pit-like masses of rockwork that disfigure them. The plan now recommended is as much less expensive than these, as it is less offensive !

WALL PLANTS.

Some plants, like the wall Linaria, the Wallflower, and Snap- dragon, are so fond of old walls that we see them everywhere thereon, but there is generally no adequate notion of the great number of plants that will thrive on walls. I have no doubt whatever that at least 400 species of cultivated rock and alpine plants would thrive well on old walls and ruins if sown thereon. Nor must it be supposed that a moist district is necessary, for the Pansy shown in the accompanying cut grew on a very dry brick wall at Kew—the brick wall be- hind the narrow border for herbaceous plants. It sprung forth at a foot or so below a coping, which prevented it from getting much or any rain, and one would scarcely have expected a Pansy to have existed in such a position. It not only did so, but flowered well and continuously. No doubt the seed fell in the chink by chance. ‘Those who possess old brick or other kinds of old walls would do well to sow on them the seeds of various rock and alpine plants, and also where there are mossy ‘chinks, with a slight aapcat of mould, to insert small plants in autumn. ‘The silvery Saxi- frages would do well planted thus, while they might also be sown with almost the certainty of success. Leaving out the few common wall plants mentioned at the beginning of this note, the following are among the most likely to succeed of plants easy to obtain :—Corydalis lutea, Arabis arenosa, and A. petraa, Draba in great variety, Ionopsidium acaule, Reseda odorata, Gypsophila in variety, Tunica Sawifraga, Dianthus cesius, and D. petreus, Lychnis alpina, Arenaria balearica (moist sides of walls), Sedum in great variety, Sempervivum in great variety, Sawifraga in great variety, particularly the silvery or Aizoon section, Belliwn in variety, Campanula small kinds in variety, Erinus alpinus. All the above may be sown in August or September, or in spring. This short list is confined to small plants. Among larger ones the common Centranthus ruber (Red Valerian) and its varieties do quite as well on old walls or ruins as the Wallflower, the Stock, or the Snapdragon; but these are not well fitted for association with the dwarf alpine plants, however attractive on high walls, old bridges, ruins, &e.

Pansy on dry brick wall.

THH GARDEN.

[Noy. 25, 1871.

EXHIBITIONS.

FLORAL DECORATIONS.

AtrHoucH the present generation is not so wasteful of time as were the Athenians of eighteen centuries ago, yet the desire for novelty seems not to have decreased in the interval. The fashion of our times exhibits an insatiable longing for the opportunity of seeing “some new thing,” rather than of talking or hearing about it. The Greeks were gossips and chatterboxes, while we are sightseers. Now, if flower shows are to continue to be attractive, the necessity for novelty must be a more grave consideration with their managers than it has been of late. People will not go to see the same thing over and over again.

Horticultural exhibitions, in their widest meaning, are displays of garden products of all kinds. Now garden products may be divided into two distinct classes, viz., the useful and the ornamental, the necessary and the luxurious, the eatable and the uneatable. Of these two divisions, that which concerns the mouth is unquestionably of more vital importance than that which pleases the eyes only. Yet, as visitors go to these exhibitions to see and not to taste, it follows that, in order to render them attractive and self-supporting, those branches of horticulture which affect the inner man must not have so much prominence given to them as those branches which interest the organs of sight and smell. Hence it is that partiality for par- ticular branches of horticulture induces people to prefer calling such exhibitions ‘flower shows.” And here I would like to refer to the ridiculous plan which some societies haye of calling themselves “horticultural and floricultural,” as if floriculture were not included in horticulture.

But to return to the attractive portions of a flower show. There appears to me to be many novelties which might advantageously be introduced, and particularly as regards the application. of plants and “flowers to decorative purposes. Up to the present time the metro- politan societies have not gone beyond offering prizes for groupings of plants, as if in conservatories, and of flowers, &c., for dining-tables, boudoir-tables, and bouquets; and in all the schedules that I have seen, the explanations of what the prizes were offered for, and of what restrictions were placed on the exhibitors, have been far from satisfactory; and hence, to a great extent, the dissatisfaction in many cases with the award of the judges, as well as the diversities in the opinions of the different judges; for it is not an uncommon thing for the same exhibitors to compete at different shows with the same display, and for one to be successful at one show and at the other to be ‘‘nowhere,”’ while at the following show this decision is reversed.

Take, for example, prizes offered for 'the decoration of a dinner- table. In order that competitors may be placed upon equal terms, detailed information respecting the following questions should appear in the schedule :—The size of the table should be fixed; the number of diners should be stated; the question of its being a dimner by day- light or after dark should be settled; if after dark, whether the table is to be lighted from the walls or ceiling, or whether by lights placed on the table, and thus constituting, and being considered as, a part of the decorations; whether fruit is necessary, optional, or pro- hibited; whether growimg plants (which it would be better to designate as ‘plants with roots,” as distinguished from what is commonly understood by the expression, ‘‘cut flowers’’) are neces- sary, optional, or prohibited; whether any dishes are to go on the table, or the dinner is to be served @ la Russe ; whether the exhibitor is, or is not, required to leave space (fifteen inches) round the margin of the table for the plates and glasses; whether a supply of plates, knives, forks, spoons, decanters, curaffes, ice-dishes, and wine-glasses, is required or prohibited ; whether the exhibitor is expected to pro- vide a table-cloth, and if so, of what size; what time will be allowed for arranging ; whether the exhibitor will be allowed or forbidden to use any vases or other objects for ornament, which are not required for the flowers or fruit ; and last, not least, let it be made perfectly clear that the prizes are not offered for the best arranged dinner- table, but for the best arrangement of garden-products suitable for the decoration of a dinner-table. The occasion upon which such a display is permitted is one specially set apart for the advancement of garden- ing in all its branches; it is not a fine art exhibition, but a horti- cultural one. Hence the arrangement and grouping of the flowers, foliage, and fruit ought always to have primary consideration; and on no account should any deficiencies in this matter be considered to have been made up for by the beauty of Eliington’s stands and Cope- land’s dessert-plates, or Phillips’s glass arches and plateaux.

This may appear to be an unnecessarily long list of doubts to be cleared up before competitors can start on equal terms; but it will only be thought so by those who have not paid much attention to the subject. All gardeners know €uvx constantly the wording of schedules is misunderstocd and differently interpreted, even in the

matter of exhibiting half-a-dozen plants; the gardening periodicals afford frequent evidence of complaints under this heading. If the managers of flower shows, and framers of schedules, are liable to cloudiness and fogginess in such simple matters, it is the less to be wondered at that their ‘specifications,’ in the more recently- introduced branch of floral decorations, are not so intelligible and explicit as they ought to be. Many a man with an eye “for form can without difficulty pick out the best-shaped horse at a fair, when he would be at a loss to know how to explain to a friend all the reasons which had operated in leading him to the conclusion at which he had arrived; and he would probably look considerably aghast if some enthusiastic appreciator of his correct judgment were to suggest to him that he should “write a book about it.” And I must confess that those parts of schedules affecting “table decorations,’ which have come under my notice, haye too often impressed me with the belief either that the framers conld not clearly express themselves, or else that they did not understand what they were writing about.

And now a word or two about certain novelties, which I think might well be introduced at flower shows. Floral decorations may, conveniently for my present purpose, be divided under the three headings of ‘‘ personal,’’ ‘‘ domestic,” and ‘“ ecclesiastical.”

Commencing with personal decorations, and giving, as in duty bound, place awe dames,let me mention wreaths and sprays for the hair amongst the first objects for which competition might be inyited. Sprays are also sometimes worn upon dresses at evening parties. The demand for head-dresses in Covent Garden is very large. So also is the demand for coat-flowers, also called button-holes. “Of these astand containing a dozen, if nicely arranged, would well merit a prize, and much competition might be expected for stands of these.

Turning next to domestic decorations, the following subjects suggest themselves:—Sideboards in a dining-room, buffets or standing supper-tables, doorways, grates and mantelpieces, the end of a room for an orchestra; each of these might be suitable subjects for prizes. So also might be a portion of oné of the series of long tables used at public dinners, arranged (as they so rarely are now) so that every one may see the “gentleman who is speaking.”

_Upon decorations ecclesiastical I must touch but very briefly, merely mentioning that competitions for fonts, doorways, arches, screens, scrolls, crosses, &e., if decorated with natural flowers, could

not take place in a more suitable and appropriate place than at a

flower show. Ween:

THE GARDEN IN THE HOUSE, ~

CULTURE OF PLANTS IN ROOMS, DOUBLE WINDOWS, &c.

In country or in town there is no more interesting amusement than

the culture of plants indoors! And if so now, how much more will it be when we haye in dwelling-houses the large number of plants that may be well grown therein! We have as yet but a very imperfect knowledge of the number of species that will thriye in the dry air of rooms; there are probably thousands of the natives of hot and arid countries which will do so. Comparatively few have as yet been tried. The present is the first of a series of excellent articles from the German of Dr. Regel, of St. Petersburg, where the indoor culture of plants is carried to a degree and with a success of

which we have no adequate notion in this country. This culture is

as yet in its infancy in this country and on the Continent, though it is far better understood in some parts of the Continent than with us. Before we proceed to more special instructions concerning the culture of plants in rooms, we shall first make some general obser- yations on those places or parts of dwelling-houses which can either

be used for the cultivation of plants or which may be adorned by

them in a tasteful and durable manner. Hyeryone who wishes to

occupy himself with this mode of culture, whether the means at his”

' disposal be great or small, should be careful not to select windows

which face the nor th, as in such a case it is absolutely vain to expect that the attempt will be attended with any permanent or satisfactory results. The best aspect is a south one, where the sun has free access during the entire day, as rooms are the better adapted for this mode of culture in proportion to the length of time they remain under the influence of the solar rays. seldom to be obtained; but where a choice can be made, one should be selected which faces the south, east, or west, so that at least for

some part of the day the sun, even when he is nearest the horizon in”

winter, may shine freely upon it. The longer he ean do so the better adapted the house will be for room culture. An excess of solar light can be regulated by means of shading, &c., while a deficiency of it cannot be supplied by any means whatever. Whoever desires to convert a room into a sort of winter-garden, by means of suitable ornamental plants, should choose for this purpose a corner room

In towns suitable houses are ©

A,

2 a

Noy. 25, 1871.}

THE GARDEN. 5

ees TT S——__“—_——oqo—o_0qnl)lN4,},._————.

which has windows on both sides, and is more or less exposed on both sides to the sun. The larger and higher the windows, and the lighter the room, the more favourable will it be for the culture of plants. Light-coloured paper, or light colouring on the walls, is also advantageous in this respect. Dwelling-rooms, which are generally warmer and more dusty, are less suitable for this kind of cylture, and for decoration with evergreen stoye-plants, than reception-rooms, the temperature of which in winter averages from 55 deg. to 60 deg. Fahr. However, some kind of vegetation will be found to thrive in almost every kind of apartment, and in those that are kept dry we may have numbers of Mesembryanthemums and other succulents, if _nonght else. Corridors and frost-proof chambers, which are more useful for wintering greenhouse plants, should be light and sunny, and should moreover be furnished with thermometers, so that their temperature may be known. During continuous cold weather they should be heated just to the degree which will exclude frost. Care should also be taken to guard against the admission of cold draughts when opening the doors in frosty weather. In very severe climates double doors will be necessary. By not attending to these last two particulars, entire collections of in-door plants are often lost in a short time. ’ (To be continued.)

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

NOTES MADE IN “THE TIME OF ROSES.” By 8. Reyyoups Hote.

Eyeryzopy knows that, no long time ago, a public notice _ was set up by one of the stewards upon an Irish course, warning the world, that if the horses were. not punctually at - the post, the races would proceed without them; but only some of us know that, in the season by courtesy called - summer of 1871, we rosarians, who race for the Queen’s

Plates, that is, for the silyer cups of Her Majesty the Queen

of Flowers, have been rose-showing without our roses. We have been racing on our hacks, and just as the spectators were thronging from the ground, our beautiful thorough-breds came upon the scene.

I mean that, with some few exceptions in our southern and western shires, the best flowers have bloomed on our trees after the wars of the roses were lost and won. <A severe winter, followed by an ungenial spring, so crippled the weak and kept back the strong, that in our midland and northern districts hardly a rose appeared in its integrity before the

_ second week in July; and in the flowers brought to our ex- _ hibitions from a milder climate, there was seen only here and _ there in its full development the grace and glory of the rose. Once checked in its growth, once chilled by vernal frost, no bud ever reaches perfect rosehood. It may produce an attractive flower; but in size, or symmetry, or colour, or foliage, there will be defect. The bloom which Celebs cuts _ for his betrothed, and Benedict for his bride, the rose which is four inches in diameter, and has not a petal sullied or out of _ place, has known no sickness nor stay. And soit has happened _ that we have gone abroad to the shows with our first roses more _ or less discoloured and deformed, and have surveyed at home _ anabundance of perfect flowers. The hay which we have taken to market was in quantity small and in quality coarse, but the

“ edish’ ‘has been magnificent.

Rose-growers of England, who live at home at ease, you have not, I can assure you, an adequate appreciation of the * anxieties of those who go forth with their blooms in boxes. a For two or three days before a rose-show, the exhibitor is _ “roving for ever from flower to flower” (gay pastime for bees, and butterflies, and lithe young lovers of the rose, but trying to parties who are rising fifty, and weighing sixteen stone), _ wondering which will be ready, and which will not; now mt to retard, now blowing to educe, a bloom; collecting oe

*

and culling his moss; arranging his boxes; writing names

oo ae and, on the eve of the exhibition, cutting his _ Yoses. See him! with a flower in his right hand, and a flower _ in his left hand, and a flower held between his teeth, and with __ his two eyes vainly essaying to gloat on twenty others at once Pe —see him, with the last night’s ink upon his fingers, and last _ night's beard upon his chin, for he has risen at three in the _ morning, and ah out much as he rose—see him, tearing _ backwards and forwards, to and fro, as though he had backed

.

-

himself to fill a thousand boxes in a thousand hours—see him, now standing in cold despair before that Charles Lefebvre, which yesterday was a miracle, but now returns his dejected stare with an “eye” about the size of a sixpence,and now flushed with a smile, roseate, as he sees for the first time a glorious Pierre Notting, pendent in purple beauty beneath its liberal leaves.

And then the journey: the horrible apprehension which always postpones itself until you are three miles from home, that you have left something, you know not what, behind; the agonising possibility of being too late for the train; the stone deafness of guards and porters to your shrieks of “ keep level,” and their constant appearance at either end of your boxes, in the position of persons playing see-saw; the cabinan, who does not seem quite sure as to his route, and the horse who does not seem quite sure as to his footing; the unpacking, the jostling, the staging; the well-meant but maddening queries of the bystanders flocking around, “Is’nt that Marie Beauman too far gone?” and “ Haven’t you got a better Maréchal Niel?” Then, finally, “the waiting for the verdict ’—not always Solomon’s, not always just and wise.

Wherefore, remembering these solicitudes, I was glad to rest in my bower, and surveying thence my roses thankfully, now invite you, my reader, to share my thoughts.

First, in my annual astonishment and admiration at the supreme beauty of the rose—in my wonderment why this flower should hold such an excellence above all flowers as we find in no other genus or species of created things. There prevails, by unanimous assent, no such superiority among the nations, in the animate or inanimate world. We English are fully convinced that we are the cream of creation; but the verdict must be “ Not proven,” so long as the neighbours fail to see our close affinity to the cheese. Adsop and others have crowned the lion king. There is to my eyes more of majestic dignity in the horse, more of beauty in the antlered monarch of the waste, greater powers of administration in the subtle wisdom of the fox. Nor have I observed any recognition of royalty in the behaviour of the other animals before the so-called king of beasts; but have noted, on the contrary, in the me- nagerie of Wombwell a levity of conduct, more especially striking in the deportment of the monkeys, which no subjects could have exhibited around and before the throne. ‘The diamond, you say, outshines all other gems: there are some who love the emerald and the opal more. But we are all at one, florists or not, as to the Royal Supremacy of the Rose. I will make no comparisons. No true gardener compares one flower with another, loving all too well to disparage any; but while he finds in each, from a Myosotis to a Magnolia, enough and more than enough of beauty to exhaust his power of appreciation, he will tell you that their Queen is the Rose. We are loyal toa man. We may and do differ as to the Belle of the Court; whether Lelia or Dipladenia, Allamanda or Ivova, Stephanotis or Eucharis, Erica or Hedaroma, Lily or Viola, be tairest of the fair ladies-in-waiting, but we have no dissension in whose hand to place the sceptre.

(To be continued.)

The American Sweet Water-Lily (Nymphea odorata). —These pleasant hills are not of the monotonous if rich prairie. ‘These English-like hedgerows that border good winding-roads have little in common with those of Western Canada, where you can never go any- where but in a painfully straigh line. These pretty villages have not the primly meanair of the young American town, but a grateful, home- like look, and have little gardens and large trees. These quiet village- greens instantly remind one of the pleasantest parts of a small island on the other side of the Atlantic. Such were my thonghts last autumn as a manly-looking young fellow (as he sat by me and talked I could scarcely realise his belonging to a people with another name) drove me, by pleasant rolling woods and large, silvery, pine-fringed lakes, to Mr. Hunniwell’s charming place at Wellesley, Massachusetts. New England indeed, but very like Old England, with the exception perhaps of the golden rods and asters, that make such an effective mixture of blue and gold in the copses and by the roadsides. Sud- denly we came to a lake, that shone like steel under the clear Indian- summer sun, and ran far back to slopes and bays, guarded by hosts of funereal-looking pines. Here and there onits bosom, farand near, were dotted beautiful large water-lilies, white as snow, like fairy white-winged ships alone or in little fleets, each surrounded by a

6 ! THE GARDEN.

- (Nov. 25, 1871,

flotilla of green boats. The English water-lily P No, but very like it. It is the sweet American water-lily, so like Nymphea alba that in the distance one thinks it our own queenly water-lily. Nymphea odorata differs from our own white water-lily in bemg sweet-scented, and in having narrower petals, but the flower is quite as fine, or finer, measuring as much as five inches and a half across, and the leaves large and handsome. JI know no plant more worth our attention, more worthy of a place beside our own water-lily, or of naturalisation in our ornamental waters.—Field.

Dipsacus laciniatus.—The subject of our illustration is a bien- nial plant, a native of Europe and Siberia, as easily raised as the common fullers’ teasel, and a very effective plant, quite distinct in aspect, too, from the things usually seen in our flower-gardens. It is useful for grouping with the freer-growing plants like the castor oils, &e., or for filling up vacancies in groups of hardy perennials

with fine foliage, or for placing a few feet within the margin of a

shrubbery or mass of American plants. The treatment given to.a half hardy annual will suit this Dipsacus perfectly, and it may be

— Ee

Dipsacus laciniatus.

placed out with the earliest bedding plants. It is hardy enough, but as it is only an:annual or biennial, its hardiness does not save us the trouble of raising it annually; so it may as well be raised with the half hardy bedding plants and the like. The foliage is usually fuller and larger halfway up the stem than is represented in our illustration. Itis one of the most valuable and easily raised of the hardy plants frequently, but not happily, termed sub-tropical. The plant figured was sketched in Hyde Park this year.

The Wild-Garden.—When on a botanising excursion in the west of Ireland lately, I looked in at Rockingham, near Boyle, where some matters Yelating to the wild-sarden pleased me much. Adjoining the garden, there is a low fence wall, built with brick. It is a kind of sunk fence, one face of the wall only appearing, the other being covered with earth, in consequence of the ground inside being con- siderably higher, which causes the side seen to be always damp. From one end to the other, it was densely covered with Aspleniwm Trichomanes, which had fronds upwards of a foot in length in many instances. ‘The effect produced by such a mass of this elesant fern,

growing with such luxuriance under the circumstances described, seemed to me almost magical. The tops and portions of the faces of the garden walls were covered with masses of Grammutis Ceterach in many places, which, the gardener stated, they had constantly to eradicate, in order to keep the trees clear of it. Another pretty and partly natural object attracted my attention in the domain of Rockingham, namely, a bridge built over an arm of the great lake there, with water-worn limestone, which abounds in that neigh- bourhood. The ends of the slabs of stones were only hammered square, so as to make them fit firmly together; both faces were left in their curious, undulating, natural state; besides, the parapets — and coping were of the same material. This bridge, covered winh a beautiful drapery of ferns, and with the natural projections of the stones appearing at intervals among them, had a very picturesque and pleasing effect, such as I believe could easily be imitated im the making of artificial bridges in wild-garden scenery; hence one of the reasons I made a note of it. When at Sligo, I yisited the domain of the late Right Hon. John Wynne, who was himself a good Irish botanist, as well as a lover of horticulture. I found he had been in the habit of introducing many American and other ornamental bog-loying plants through his extensive and naturally- beantiful domain. I have never before seen such plants as Gaultheria Shallon, G. procumbens, the Pernettyas, &e., growing in so natural a condition among the long heath and mosses as they do there. I expected to find Hpigewa repens had also been tried, but could see no trace of it, though I have no doubt that that lovely plant would do as well there as it does in the Canadian forests. ' Glasnevin. D. Moore.

PLANTING HARDY ORCHIDS, CHOICE ALPINE PLANTS, &c. ‘

TERE is a mischievous or rather murderous way of planting almost every kind of small plant, which is particularly re- eretable in the case of hardy orchids, which have roots easily injured, and of all rare hardy plants. I refer to the making of a hole for the plant, and after a little soil has been shaken over the roots, pressing heavily with the fingers over the roots and near the neck of the unfortunate subject. What is meant will — be understood from fig. 2, if the reader assumes there is a little — soil between the fingers and the roots. Where the roots are not all broken off in this way, many of them are multilated; or

; 2, E

those near the collar of the plant are thrust deeper into the earth. Not unfrequently plants perish from this cause. The right way is, after preparing the ground, to make it firm and level, and then make a little cut or trench, as in fig1. The side of this trench should be firm and smooth, and the plant placed against it, the roots spread out, and the neck ot the plant just at the proper level, as in fig. 1. Then a good deal of the fine earth of the little trench is to be thrown against the roots, and as much lateral pressure applied as may be necessary to make the whole quite firm. Once the subject is carefully planted, as much suriace-pressure as you like may be given. In this way not a fibre of the most fragile plant will be injured. This, of course, only applies to subjects not planted with balls, and, without balls, is the best way to plant.—W. R. 4) Tea

Ivy Borders.—Well aware of the many positions in which these may be used withthe best result, we had no idea till lately of the capital effect they produce when used as margins to beds on grass lawns. In this case one would haye thought the verdant carpet of turf sufficient, and so if is, if the subjects fill the bed properly and come flush to the margin; but, with the bare earth more con- — spicnous than the bedding-plants, as is so often the case early in the summer, the belt of fresh ivy, rising as it does several inches above the level of the earth, effects the greatest improvement. Near at hand this is not soevident, but when a little way off, the nakedness of the earth is hidden by the ivy, and the flowers — peep above it, the whole seeming well furnished. Ivy edgings deserve far more attention than they at present obtain, and they may be used in scores of positions where they are neyernowseen. The best kind is the Irish; but where many edgings are made, it would be very desirable to produce some variety by using other healthy green-leaved kinds; and the variegated ones, too, should be attractive, though no charm of theirs can ever equal the unmatched verdure of the Irish ivy in early summer. Beside it all other leaves of our hardy plants _ seem washed out or feeble stains.—W. : a

Window Gardening for Young Ladies.—Don’t plant yourself at the ~ window in curl papers. By careful choice of situation and attention to aspect, young ladies may, by means of window gardening, successfully cultivate every variety of the sheepseye (Ovis oculus ardens), and conyert coxcombs from the single to the double variety, with great suceess,—Punch’s Almanac, :

4

Nov, 25, 1871] THE GARDEN. 7

THE BOG-GARDEN.

Tne bog-garden is a home for the numerous children of the wild that will not thrive on our harsh, bare, and dry garden- borders, but must be cushioned on moss, and associated with their own relatives in moist peat soil. many beautiful plants, like the Wind Gentian and Creeping Harebell, grow on our own bogs and marshes much as these are now encroached upon. But even those acquainted with the beauty of the plants of our own bogs have, as a rule, but a feeble notion of the multitude of charming plants, natives of northern and temperate countries, whose home is the open marsh or boggy wood. In our own country we have been so long encroaching upon the bogs and wastes that some of us come to regard them as exceptional tracts all over the world. But when one travels in new countries in northern climes, one soon learns what a yast extent of the world’s surface was at one time covered with bogs. In North America day after day, even by the margins of the railroads, one sees the vivid blooms of the Cardinal Flower spring erect from the wet peaty hollows. Far under the shady woods stretch the black bog-pools, the ground between so shaky that you move a few steps with difficulty. One wonders how the trees exist with their roots in such a bath. And where the forest vegeta- tion disappears, the American Pitcher plant (Sarracenia), Golden Club (Orontium), Water Arum (Calla palus- tris), and a host of other hand- some and inte- resting bog-

_ plants,cover the round for hun- eds of acres with perhaps an occasional slender bush of Laurel Mag- nolia (Magnolia glauca) among them. In some parts of Canada, where the pain- fully-long and straight roads

Cypripedium. Trillium. are often made pe on

Sarracenia, Helonias, Pinguicula,

bright sun, and dancing in the breeze? No one worthily, for no one knows. For many mountain-swamp regions are as yet as little known to us as those of the Himalaya, with their giant Primroses and many strange and lovely flowers. One thing, however, we may gather from our small experiences, that many plants commonly termed “ Alpine,” and found on high mountains, are true bog-plants. This must be clear to anyone who has seen our pretty bird's-eye Primrose in the wet mountain-side bogs of Westmoreland, or the Bavarian Gentian in the spongy soil by Alpine rivulets, or the Gentianella (Gentiana acaulis) in the snow ooze. We enjoy at our doors the plants of hottest tropical isles, but many wrongly think the rare bog-plants, like the minute Alpine plants, cannot be grown well in gardens. Like the rock-garden, the bog-garden is rarely or neyer seen properly made and embellished with its most suitable ornaments. Indeed, bog-gardens of any kind are very rare, and only attempted by an individual here and there, who usually confines them to the accommodation of a few plants found in the neighbouring bogs. I will now pro- ceed to point out how these may be made with a certainty of success.

In some places naturally boggy spots may be found which may be readily converted into a home for some of the subjects to be named here- after. But in most places an artificial bog is the only possible one. It should only be made in a picturesque part of tive grounds. It may be asso- ciated with a rock-garden with goodeffect, or it may be in a moist hollow, or may touch upon the mar- gins of a pond or lake. By the margins of streamlets, too, little bogs may be made with excellent taste. A tiny streamlet may be diverted from the main one to flow over

through woody Tur Boc-Ganrpey. the adjacent

swamps, and

where the few ‘scattered and poor habitations offer little to _ cheer the traveller, if a lover of plants, he will find conser-

vatories of beauty in the ditches and pools of black water beside

the road, fringed with the sweet-scented Button Bush, witha

profusion of royal and other stately ferns, and often filled with _ Masses of pretty Sagittarias.

Southwards and seawards the bog-flowers become tropical in size and brilliancy, as in the splendid kinds of herbaccous _ SHibiseus, while far north, and west, and south along the ~ mountains, the beautiful Showy Mocassin flower (Cypripedium _ spectabile) grows the queen of the peat bog and queen of hardy _ orchids, Then in California, all along the Sierras, you see a number of most delicate little annual plants growing in small e mountain bogs long after the plains have become quite

peed, and annual yegetation quite disappeared from them. _ But who shall record the beauty and interest of the flowers of _ the wide-spreading marsh-lands of this little globe of ours, from those of the vast wet woods of America, dark and brown, and hidden from the sunbeams, where the fair flowers only meet the eyes of water-snakes and frogs, to those of the breezy uplands of the high Alps, far above the woods, where the little bogs teem with Nature's most vivid jewellery, joyous in a

gras s—irriga- tion onasmall scale. No better bog than this can be devised, and none so easily made. Another very good kind could be made at the outlet of asmall spring. It was in such little bogs I found the Californian Pitcher plant in dry parts of California, where there were no realbogs. Insome of these positions the ground will often be so moist that little trouble beyond digging outa hole to give a different soil to some favourite plant will be needed. Where the bog has to be made in ordinary ground, and with none of the above aids, a hollow must be dug to a depth of at least two feet, and filled in with any kind of peat or vegetable soil that may be obtainable. If no peat is at hand, turfy loam with plenty of leaf-mould, &c., must do for the general body of the soil; but as there are some plants for which peat is indispensable, a small portion of the bog-bed should be com- posed entirely of that soil. The bed should be slightly below the surface of the ground, so that no rain or moisture may be lost to it. There should be no puddling of the bottom, and there must be a constant supply of water. This can be sup- plied by means of a pipe in most places—a pipe allowed to flow forth over some firmly-tufted plant that would prevent the water from tearing up the soil. Conpvuctor.

(To be continued.)

8 THE GARDEN.

[Nov. 25, 1871.

RECENT FLOWER-GARDENING.

TO THE EDITOR OF “THE GARDEN.”

Srr,—Our old nursery song says :— “Mary, Mary, quite contrary!

How does your garden srow?P _

With silver-bells, and cockle-shells,

And houseleeks all of a row.” May not this warning rhyme of our infancy go down to posterity with “Miss Muttet who sat on a tuffet,” and was alarmed by a “ spider who sat down beside her’ (which shows the youthful mind how foolish it is to be afraid of harmless insects, and so “lose their curds and whey”); or, again, with “the Old Woman who lived in a shoe” (which in its moral is Malthusian) ? Can we not, sir, extract a moral and preach a short sermon on this piece of wisdom of our ancestorsP I think so. I think that a clever person might make a homily which would even reach Mr. Ayrton’s heart, and although his name is most certainly not “Mary,” he is decidedly “contrary ” im many ways. The line referring to “ houseleeks all of a row,’ obviously refers to a recent monstrosity in gardening to be seen to any extent in Hyde Park and elsewhere. ‘There, for the first time, have I seen houseleeks, which in their natural grouping are like a beautiful irregular constellation of suns, put “allin a row” on mud, round flower-beds, without an inch wrong between them. This is “ taming nature ” with a vengeance. We must remember, however, that the great verse quoted at the head of this letter was composed more, probably, than one hundred years ago, when there were gardens —there are none now,—and when houséleeks were not put in a row. Looking at it in that light we may say with the immortal Chiggle, as quoted by an American gentleman in “ Martin Chuzzlewit,” that “it was a pre-diction, cruel smart.” We have not come to cockle-shells yet in our public gardens, but we must wait and hope; we shall not be long without them if we go on steadily developing im our present direction.

I most strenuously protest, sir, iz foto, against this new ribbon-gardening, as being utterly inartistic, utterly false to nature, and, three times out of four, utterly false in colour. Their arrangement is either empiric or traditional. As an example of the traditional method, look at the ordinary arrange- ment of scarlet geraniums and yellow calceolarias with an edging of blue lobelia. Is that beautiful? I, for my part, cannot undertake to say; but it is certainly fashionable. I should be disposed to ask if the present head-dress of the ladies is beautiful, and I should receive the stale, stupid, old answer that there is no disputing about tastes. I say that there is such a thing as good taste and bad taste, and that the further you depart from nature the nearer you get to bad taste. If a lady choose to wear her hair aw naturel, or to loop it up na natural and sensible way, she is in good taste, and will find that her head looks like that of the Venus de Medici; if she makes it the size of a bushel-basket with false hair, she is in bad taste, though she may be in fashion. So with flowers planted in rows: nature never plants in rows. It were better to get a strong man to cast a bushel of potatoes about, and to plant where each falls. However, sir, as I have cash enough potatoes about for this week, I will leave off before one of them comes back on me. I hope soon to begin my second parallel against the monstrous fortress of fashion; at present I have only broken ground. Henry Koyesrey.

NOTES AND QUESTIONS ON FLOWER-GARDENING.

Aster longifolius (var. formosus).—There is perhaps no genus that, while containing a number of valuable autumn flowering border-plants, contains more species of a weedy and useless character than the large group bearing the generic title of Aster. Next to A. bessarabicus—sometimes erroneously called ‘ sramdiflorus”—in fact, on a par with it as to beauty, stands the above-named species, or rather variety. I am scarcely prepared to say that its specific title of “‘long-leayed” is a yery appropriate one,—as this character is nob at all marked either in the radical or cauline leayes; and were it not that it has been referred to this species on the very best authority, I should have been disposed to question it. Under ony circumstances, it is a wonderfully beautiful variety, and one that no selection of herbaceous plants should be without. What the

.open night and day, unless in very seyere weather, keeping the temperature

original species is like I know not, beyond the fact of its being of a tolerably ancient date, and deseribed as haying white flowers and growing three feet high, whereas this has a densely arranged ray of florets of the most lovely warm rose-coloured tint imaginable; __ but beyond this it has another quality, and one that would eyen render it valuable for conservatory decoration, and that is, itmight be mace to fill an hiatus between the ordinary summer denizens and the Chrysanthemums, or still better, perhaps, in association with the latter. In order to grow it for this purpose, about the month of April the young shoots should be removed and placed in a slight bottom heat. They will strike freely and rapidly after they are established, and once pinched back they may be shaken out of the pot and separated—each

plant being planted in a sunny situation, say twelve inches apart, re-

ceiving, of course, a good watering immediately after. They will soon take to their new quarters, and by the month of September, or the beginning of October, each of them will form a pyramid about fifteen inches high and twelve inches through at the base, covered with bloom from top to bottom, and with the still further advantage that all the blooms expand together. If lifted carefully, and placed inmoderate- sized pots, they may then be remoyed to the conseryatory or ereen~ house, where their plebeian origin will be lost sight of in admiration of their intrinsic beauty. I received this same Aster last summer,” under the name of ‘“‘ Madame Soynuce,” which is, no doubt, of Continental origin. I have grown it for some four or five years, and haye given it the above name. In conclusion I might add that, when grown undisturbed for two or three years, it attains a height with us of nearly three feet, and gets bare below, thus detracting — from the beauty it presents when cultivated as I have above described.

Botanic Gardens, Hull. J. C. Niven.

Ampelopsis tricuspidata.—Of this remarkable and loyely plant it is wholly impossible to speak too highly. Withont doubt, it is one of the most desirable of all climbers for a rock, wall, tree, or wooden fence. It requires no fixing or nailing, but attaches itself perfectly close by means of short filaments (tendrils), which expand at their ends into a star-like group of suckers, scarcely remoyable — from the surface, to which they most tenaciously cling. The roundish leaves are densely imbricated, lapping over each other, often 3 inches’ to 3} inches in diameter. In spring and summer they are of a lively citrine colour, changing in autumn to the most luminous deep crimson, but the portions lapped over remain colourless. Its growth is most rapid, and it bears exposure to the fiercest rays of the sun, and brayes the winds and frosts of winter; it rarely requires pruning, as all portions cling close to the surface. The wonderful mass of rich and yivid colour which it produces all through October and part of November, is truly glorious. This species is far more desirable than Aimpelopsis hederacea, or Virginian creeper, the leaves of which, immediately they attain their crimson hue, and, often when still green, are scattered by winds or frosts; those of A. tricuspidata are retained longer than those of most climbers. It is deciduous, like all the family of vines, and the flowers are inconspicuous. One of — miy specimens coyers a considerable portion of the lofty stone wall of — the fern-house and brick buttress (which face south-west and west), and when seen from a distance associated with the scarlet-berries of the Pyracantha it has a truly marvellous effect. It is certainly one of the most4mportant acquisitions ever made to our series of hardy climbers, and does honour to the memory of the late Mx. John Gould Veitch, who introduced it from Japan. Cuttings of ib strike readily.

Glen Andred. « E. W. Cooxz. 9

The Verbena in America,—I see, by English papers, that cultivators on your side of the Atlantic lament the difficulty of obtaining a healthy young stock of this useful bedding plant. In America the Verbena is grown by hundreds of thousands, as every cottager plants a dozen or so of it each year; and the plants, under bad treatment, are just as[subject to disease here as with you. The proper way of managing them is to commence with, say three orfour small healthy plants ; one plant would yield all the cuttings required for stock, if they did not amount to more than afew thousands of one variety, but plant, say three or four, to make sure, in any openrich spot in the kitchen-garden orreserye- ground, Plantearlyin May. A moderate frost will not injurethemif hardened off properly before turning out. They will require no more attention beyond that of stirring the soil and keeping down weeds. About the middle of August they should he from two to four feet across, and rooted from all the first-made joints. Cut them close down to the ground, and throw over whatremains a, little fine rich soil, after loosening the ground with a fork, andifvery dry giving a good soaking of water. This last would, however, not be often necessaryin : England. Ina few weeks’ time the old plants will be covered withnice soft young shoots, which will be just right for cuttings, As rezards propagating _ Verbenas, they can be struck in pans, boxes, orin any other way preferred, the _ only thing to keep in mind being to have the house or frame in which theyare __ placed as cool as possible, and to afford shadeifrequired. Westrikeourcuttings in clean sand placed on propagating-benches, and our climate isusually toohot for such cuttings until about the end of September. In England, however, the nights are cool earlier in the season. This year our first batch of cuttings was potted off in five days from the time of putting in the enttings; but I would prefer allowing them eight days to root. We pot them in two-inch pots, place —

them at once in a house slightly shaded for a few days, and then letthem be

; 5

; ;

a

rather below 40 deg. than above that point on cold mghts. If required; several

Noy. 25, 1871.] THE GARDEN. 9

cuttings may be taken from each plant by November, and others at a few weeks’ interval, until planting-out time, the latest batch being the best for stock plants. We strike the cuttings in winter and spring in a night-temperature of 50 deg., and place them as soon as potted in some cold house. Never let them get very dry; dust with sulphur if a spot of mildew appears, fumigating with tobacco once or twice a week. This latter is very essential. To it in a great measure, I owed my success in cucumber-growing ten years previously to my leaving England.—Jawers Tartry, South Amboy, New Jersey, United States.

INSECTS, BIRDS, DESTRUCTIVE -- ANIMALS, ETC.

HURTFUL INSECTS.

No one will dispute that those whose business or pleasure it is to cultivate a garden would be the better of some knowledge of the in- sects that prey on its ornaments or products. The amount of ignorance that prevails on the subject of insects is surprising. Frequently we find all insects regarded as alike noxious. Were the whole class under trial before the majority of persons, the verdict would infallibly be that of the Scotch juryman, ‘‘ Hang them a’.” Not many weeks since, as we passed an individual digging, we saw him suddenly step out, and bring his foot down with crushing emphasis upon a poor beetle that caught his eye. ‘“ Why did you do that ?” said we. ‘It is a black beetle’ was the reply, as much as to say it

2 is a condemned outlaw. We turned upon him and were about to say, “That beetle was one of your friends; its mission was to prey upon the grubs and slugs that destroy your produce. For one of them that you can kill, that beetle would have consumed hundreds.” But ere we had opened our lips, we saw from the expression of his countenance

___ that to undeceive him, and extract from his mind the rooted prejudices which had prompted the action, would be no easy matter, so we saved ourselves the trouble. Butif we are hopeless of im, we expect much good from making known in a paper like THe GARDEN all the im. portant facts in connection with the insects destructive to vegetation, and the best modes of preventing their ravages so far as the present state of our knowledge will permit. It is our intention to figure every injurious species in its various stages, and thereby

‘ lead to a much more general knowledge of the subjects themselves. _. Entomology in England does not form part of any course of study.

_ On the Continent there are Professors of Entomology, and in America (where it cannot be said that the practical money value of any com- modity, whether goods or knowledge, is of no account) there are paid ‘State Entomologists, whose office it is to devote themselves to the study of the hurtful insects of the State to which they belong, and to supply information regarding them to its inhabitants, by answering queries or otherwise. But although with us neglected, the study of our hurtful insects is a very important subject. The more ‘we learn the more we see that our property often lies at their mercy ; and, as has been well proved in America, it would be good economy in the long run to be at the expense of obtaining and diffusing knowledge of their habits, and of the best modes of prevent- ting their ravages. Although no effort is made here to supply this want, it onght, nevertheless, to be supplied ; and as men become wiser,

_ we may reckon that it will be supplied. Meantime, we are determined

to see what the press can do to remedy wants in this way. ‘To assist “us in the*work we thus undertake we solicit the co-operation’ of our a4 readers and subscribers, begging them, whenever they meet with any

; noxious insects, to transmit them to us for study and elucidation.

We shall not spare expense where nécessary for the exact portraiture

of every species where required; and as we hold it useless to do work already thoroughly well done by others, we shall avail ourselves of their labours, and they shall, in all cases, be duly acknow- ledged. The Entomological Department of THE GARDEN will be under the care of Mr. Andrew Murray, F.L.S., whose most instructive and useful collections of insects illustrating economic entomology, at the

South Kensington Museum, are a sufficient guarantee, if none other

existed, of his peculiar fitness as a guide in this matter.

,

+ Remedy for the Apple Maggot.—The following American t _ xemedy for this terrible pest to fruit-growers is the most successful __- yet made known, and well deserves the attention of our fruit-growers. + We find it fully and well described by W. Riley, in Moore’s Rural New Yorker. It is known as the bandage system :—‘ This is best accomplished by a bandage fastened around the trunk of the tree below _ the branches, so as to intercept the worms. The natural habit of ah. orm is to spin its cocoon under the loose bark of the tree upon _ which it was born, and the philosophy of the bandage-system is, eee ‘the worms in quitting the fruit, whether while it is on the tree or on the ground, in search for a cozy nook in which to spin

up, find the shelter thus afforded just the thing. and in ninety-nine cases ont of a hundred they will accept of the lure, if no other more enticing be in their way. Hay bands have been used for this purpose, but cloth of one kind or another, tacked to the tree or fastened with

string, has advantages over the hay bands, as, when taken from the tree, it can be passed through a wringer, or steeped in hot water, and the insects may thus be more expeditiously destroyed, and the cloths used again. They must surround the tree below the branches. Every man must, of course, decide for himself, according to the extent of his orchard, and the facility with which he can procure rags or cloth, whether they or the hay bands will be the cheapest and most expedient. A good bandage, ready made, is greatly needed in the country, and if some enterprising firm would manufacture canvas strips about six inches wide, lined on one side with four inches of tow, cotton wadding, or some other loose material, and would put it upon the market at a reasonable price per yard, there would be an unlimited demand for it. Such strips would last for years, and could be cut of any desired length, drawn around and tacked. As regards time, the best advice that can be given is to have the bandages on the trees about a week after the first Wilson’s Albany strawberries are ripe. It is of no use to put them on earlier with a view to entrap the moths, as I am convinced that they cannot be entrapped in sufficient numbers to make if pay. The bands should be removed, and the insects destroyed, at least once a fortnight from this time till the apples are all off the tree. Of course the bandage-system is a preventive measure, not a remedy, and the beneficial effects of this system will not be felt till the year following.”

Rabbit-proof Plants.—The following list of plants reported to be avoided by rabbits is prepared from notes in the Field. Perhaps some of our readers may be able to add to them, and perhaps others will have found some of the present list anything but “rabbit. proof” :—

Tritoma Scilla Elder Tris Woodruff Ligustrum vulgare Winter aconite Monkshood Symphoricarpus racemosus Narcissus Muscari ’ Yucca gloriosa Asphodelus albus Roses Berberis Darwinii Solomon’s seal Primrose in var Syringa persica and yul+ Lily-of-the-valley Arabis garis Ornithogalum Anemone coronaria Weigelia rosea Fuchsia. o japonica Deutzia scabra Columbine Aubrietia Ruscus aculeatius Poppy Violets ». Yracemosus Honesty (Lunaria) Pansies Lycium barbarun Phlox in var. Canterbury Bells Androsemum officinale Periwinkle (large and Hollies Hibiscus syriacus

small) Mahonia aquifolium Artemisia Abrotanum Lilies (common orange Common and Irish yews Cineraria maritima

and white kinds) Laburnum Stachys lanata Dog’s-tooth violet Lonicera in var Euonymus

Destroying Grasshoppers.—An Adelaide newspaper recom- mends the following method of destroying the grasshoppers, which in some seasons commit great depredations in various parts of the colony :—*‘ The plan is to sow borders or rows of the common larkspur in gardens; in vineyards it might be sown between the vines. The larkspur has a very pretty flower, and the leaf is so green that it attracts the grasshoppers at once, and, when eaten, is sudden death tothem. I have seen them lying dead by thousands under the larkspur borders in the gardens in Adelaide.” |The writer adds that he has adopted this plan for years with much success. If this be so, what good news for the Mormons, who have been almost reduced to poverty by grasshoppers during the past few years.

The Woodpecker, so absurdly accused of attacking healthy trees, is an indefatigable destroyer of hosts of insects injurious to vegeta- tion, 4nd especially of ants. ‘‘Last summer,” says M. Aime, “TI was walking in my park, when I noticed a woodpecker look around to see if he were observed, and then lie down as if dead and stretch out his tongue at full length. Now and ther he drew it in: near him was an ants’ nest. The ants, supposing him dead, swarmed over his tongue, intending to make a meal of it, whereas they fell a prey to the wile of the bird.” -

The Money-Tree.—The speculation has sometimes crossed my mind, in that dreary interval of drought which intervenes between quarterly stipendiary showers, that Providence, by the creation of a money-tree, might have simplified wonderfully the sometimes perplexing problem of human life. We read of bread-trees, the butter for which lies ready churned in Irish bogs. Milk-trees we aro assured of in South America, and stout Sir John Hawkins testifies to water-trees in the Canaries. Boot-trees bear abundantly in Lynn and elsewhere ; and I have seen, in the entries of the wealthy, hat- trees with a fair show of fruit. A family-tree I once cultivated myself, and found therefrom but a scanty yield, and that quite taste- less and innutritious. Of trees bearing men we are not without examples; as those in the park of Louis XI. of France... . - Not to multiply examples, I will barely add to my list the birch-tree, in the smaller branches of which has been implanted so miraculous a virtue for communicating the Latin and Greek languages, and which may well, therefore, be classed among the trees producing the neces- saries of life—venerabile donum fatalis virge. That money-trees

10

existed in the golden age there want not prevalent reasons for believing. Wor does not the old proverb, when it asserts that money does not grow on every bush, imply a fortiori that there were certain bushes which did produce itP Again, there is another ancient saw to the effect that money is the root of all evil. From which two adages it may be safe to infer that the aforesaid species of tree first degenerated into a shrub, then absconded underground, and finally, in our iron age, vanished altogether.—J. R. LOwExx.

THE ARBORETUM.

THE YELLOW PINE. Pinus PoNDEROSA (DovuGmas).

Tuts is one of the noblest of the trees that make up the great fir forests of the West, and of which the merits and importance are very insufficiently known im this country. It not only thrives in the genial climate of the mountain slopes of California and Oregon, but also spreads far into the arid desert towards the east, and crests the mountain tops im the Utah region, spreading from the Colorado River far and wide throughout the Rocky Mountains, its northern limit beimg as yet undetermined,

“Near or distant,’ says Dr. Newberry, in describing the journey of his party from the Pitt River to the Columbia, “trees of this kind were nearly always in sight; and in the arid and really desert regions of the interior basin, we made whole days’ marches in forests of yellow pine, of which the absolute monotony was unbroken either by other forms of vegetation, or the stillness by the flutter of a bird or the hum of an imsect. The volcanic soil, as light and dry as ashes, into which the feet of our horses sank to the fetlocks, produces almost nothing but an apparently unending succession of large trees of P. ponderosa.” Again, in the Pacific Survey, treating of the country between the Cascades and Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains, we read: ‘The climate is everywhere characterised by the absence of moisture, which, with the ex- ception of the mountain summits that project aboye the general level, gives to the surface a character to which the name of desert has not been imappropriately applied. The general aspect of the botany of this region is made up of three distinct elements. Of these the first is represented by the grassy *plaims which border the streams flowing down from the mountains. On these surfaces grow a considerable variety of annual vegetation, in its general character not unlike that of the Sacra- mento Valley. The second of these botanical phases is that of the sage plains—surfaces upon which little or nothing else than clumps of Artenvisia will grow. The third is formed by forests of yellow pme (P. ponderosa), which apparently finds on these arid surfaces its most congenial habitat. It sometimes happened to us that, durmg the whole day’s ride, we were passing through a continuous forest of these yellow pine trees, im which scarcely a dozen distinct species of plants could be found. The yellow pine, as it grows in these sterile regions, is anobletree; and, though never rivalling the gigantic sugar pine in its dimensions, it claims among western pines the second place. At M’Cumber’s we saw many of this species six feet and even seyen feet in diameter three feet from the ground; and near the base of Mount Jefferson, in Oregon, I saw one which was twenty-five feet in circumference at the same height.” i

Inhabiting such a vast region of country, and living under such striking varieties of conditions, now in alpine meadows, and now in hot, gravelly plains, as is the case im Mendocino County, California, there is great variety found im the form and size of the tree, and even in the quality of its timber. Professor Bolander informed me that there was a remarakable difference in the size of the cones; those in a dense forest beimg very small, while those of isolated trees standing in alpine meadows, or on open mountain sides, are from four to six times larger. Everywhere on the Californian mountains it. may be seen, and, im fact, usually it is the commonest tree in the mighty. forest region running through California and Oregon northward. On the Sierras, it usually grows at cleya- tions. of from 1,500 to 9,000 feet, and it attains a height of from one hundred to two hundred and fifty feet. ;

The port of P. ponderosa is somewhat more spreading than P. Lambertiana, though far less so than P. Sabiniana. Where the last two species grow together, the contrast in form is very

THE GARDEN.

[Nov. 25, 1871,

striking, as is also the colour and character of the foliage. The wood of the yellow pine is generally highly resinous, and, though heayy, is brittle and less yaluable than that of the sugar pine. Like the “pitch pe” of the Hastern States, it is, however, sometimes of excellent quality, contaming little resin, soft and tough. The yellow pine exhibits a tendeney to twist, which is very noticeable in a forest of these trees, the grain of trunk and branches being often seen coiled into the closest possible spiral. The bark of the yellow pine affords one of its most noticeable and distinctive characters. It is light yellowish-brown (cork colour), and is divided into large plates, four, six, or eight inches in breadth, which are flat and smooth, and enable one to distinguish the trunk of this tree at a considerable distance. The plates of cork-like bark are made the repositories of acorns by the woodpeckers, and it 18 a very common thing to see large numbers of these trees having the bark of the trunk cut into a honeycomb by thickly- set holes as large as thimbles, or as thickly studded with inserted acorns. The colour of the leayes is a dark yellow green, and readily distinguishable from the deep blue-green of P. Lambertiana, or the light blue-green, or glaucous hue, of P. Sabiniana, The successive appearance and decadence of clusters of leaves at the ends of the branches, give to the smaller ones a beaded character, which distinguishes it from all other western pines. The smaller branches, and especially the central shoot m young trees, are strongly marked with the scales of the fallen leaves, closely resembling in some cases the leaf scars of the lepidodendroid fossils of the coal period. The cones of P. ponderosa are from three to six inches in length, ovoid in form, the bosses of the scales bearing small acute recurved spines. The cones grow singly or in clusters of from two to four, generally at the extremities of the smaller branches, and are not pendent, as in the group of pines to which P. Lambertiana and P. strobus belong. ‘The seeds are somewhat larger than apple seeds, and form the principal subsistence of seyeral lands of birds. f In England the young trees’are of rapid and robust growth, quite hardy, and of noble aspect; the branches are few, in regular whorls, horizontally placed, robust and more or less flexed, with the lower ones inclined to assume a somewhat drooping habit as the tree becomes old. The lateral branchlets — are somewhat slender, more or less drooping, and growing im various directions; while the top or leading shoot is often more than an inch in diameter, and of very considerable length. The buds, bluntly domed, with a prominent point and full of resin; the leayes are thickly set on the branches in threes, ~ from eight to ten inches long, rather broad and straight, but twisted at the base, with persistent sheaths one inch Jong and smooth when young, but much shorter and shrivelled on the older ones. This kind of pine is very subject in England to be attacked by the small pine beetle (Hylurgus), which destroys the young shoots by boring in their centres. ~ ahi We shall be glad of information as to the progress this tree

‘is making in various parts of the country. The following are

the names of the places to which Douglas’s plants were sent:— Dropmore, Chatsworth, Hlyaston, Carclew, Woburn, Bay- — fordbury, Bicton, Croom, Trentham, Belsay, Wltwich, Bear Wood, Boyton, Redleaf, Chipstead, Beauport, Carlton Hall, Haddo House, and Hopetoun House. i ; Our engraving, by Mr. Whymper, is from a noble photo- graph brought from San Francisco by the Conductor, and taken in the Yosemite Valley by Mr. Watlans. Fe Grorer Gorpon, A.L.S.

Planting Trees.—After all, the most encouraging things I find in the treatise De Senectute are the stories of men who haye found new occupations when

| growing old, or kept up their common pursuits in the extreme period of life.

Cato learned Greek when he was old, and speaks of wishing to learn the fiddle or some such instrument (fidibus), after the example of Socrates. Solon learned something new every day in his old age, as he gloried to proclaim. Cyrus

pointed out with pride and pleasure the trees he had planted with his own ~ ie

hands. Iremember a pillar on the Duke of Northumberland’s estate at Alnwick, with an inscription in similar words, if not the same. That, like other country pleasures, never wears out. Noneis too rich, none too poor, none too young, none too old, to enjoy it. There is a New England story I haye heard more to the point, however, than any of Cicero’s. A young farmer was urged to set out some apple-trees. ‘‘ No,’ said he, *‘ they are too long growing, and I don’t want to plant for other people.” The young farmer’s father was spoken to about it, but he, with better reason, alleged that apple-trees were slow and life was fleeting. At last some one mentioned it to the old grandfather of the young farmer. He had nothing else to do, so he stuck in some trees. He lived long enoues “ drink barrels of cider made from the apples that grew on those trees. —O, W, Hormes.

Nov. 25, 1871.) THE GARDEN. . 18

Nov. 25, 1871.)

THE GARDEN.

13

NOTES AND QUESTIONS ON FRUIT-GARDENING,.

Cherries.—It would be very interesting if we could settle the question whether lime in the soil is good or bad for cherries. I have come to the conclusion that it is injurious. Some years since, Mr. Rivers recommended chalk for stone fruit, and I procured a truck- load from Ipswich to experiment with. A small proportion of chalk was added to the soil, in which a number of cherries was potted, con- sisting of a large number of varieties, and almost every tree became unhealthy. Whilst the question as to the cause was occupying my mind, I happened to drive through a part of Derbyshire, near Dale Abbey, and remarked some of the finest cherry-trees I ever saw, loaded with very large crops ; indeed, the trees at a distance showed quite red with the enormous crop of ripe fruit.- The land is on the millstone grit, and the soil must be almost destitute of lime in every shape, because the foxglove and bracken (Pteris aquilina) are every- where common. What I want to discover is whether cherries are known to flourish on a soil containing much chalk or lime. It is not enough to know that lime is or is not present in the formation in which, or rather above which, cherries flourish and attain a great

size, but whether the surface soil contains lime or not. I have known an oolite soil almost destitute of lime for several feet, and turnips unhealthy in consequence ; and it is well known some so-called chalk soils are benefitted by dressings of chalk.—J. R. Pearson (Chilwell).

Pears grafted on Apple Stocks.—Is it true, as is asserted and reiterated every day, that pears cannot be grafted on apples with any chance of success ? Have any important experiments been made on a sufliciently large scale to allow of an opinion of any bis ged being formed on the subject? We think not. Experiments have been limited to the grafting of only a few kinds, and, from the results of these, absolute consequences have been inferred for oll cases. We do not question the truth of the failures; what we deplore is that from these failures too general and sweeping conclusions have been drawn. We have at the Museum two cases which support us in our condemnation of the exclusive character of the rule. One of these cases is a specimen of Beurre de Malines, which is at this moment covered with very fine fruit; the other is a Beurre se or Fondante des Bois, which, this year, is also loaded with splendid fruit.

ese trees, which are handsome and vigorous, and the very clean bark of which shows a perfect condition of health, were grafted on the Doucin in 1856. This was not done by accident, but from our desire to prove the truth of the asserted incompatibility of the organism of the two trees, and we mention it here in order torurge the repetition of the experiment on a larger scale and in different localities, for we cannot two often ce nea that over-generalisation shonld be avoided, and also that we should only form our opinions from facts, especially in matters of horticulture, since experiments which fail in one ynee Sometimes succeed in another. The following is our notion of what should be done :—Take fifty varieties of pears, and graft two of each kind by shield- puting, and two more by cleft-grafting. We recommend the two methods to be tried, as there are cases in which these two operations are followed by entirely different results. This may appear singular, but so it is —M. Carnizrr, in Revue Horticole.

The Author of “Waverley” on Planting Fruit-Trees.—Reading the other day for the first time Sir Walter Scott's ‘ Antiquary,’’ I was struck with a age at the commencement of the fourth chapter, in which Mr. Oldbuck points out to Lovel the method of planting frnit-trees adopted by the monks: of old, and which plainly shows that the idea therein manifested, so far from being modern, is almost as ‘‘old as the hills.’ Our two friends moved through a little orchard where the aged apple-trees, well loaded with fruit, showed, as is usual in the neighbourhood of monastic buildings, that the days of the monks had not always been spentin indolence, but often were devoted totheir gardens. Mr. Oldbuck failed not to make Lovel take notice that the planters of those days were possessed of the ‘modern’ secret of preventing the roots of fruit-trees from penetrating the subsoil, and compelling them to spread in a lateral direction, by placing paving-stones beneath when first planted, so as to interpose between their fibres and the subsoil. Sir Walter writes of this idea as being a ‘‘ modern” one in his day. We have had plenty of writers who have also claimed it as a modern one in our day.—A. D.

THE INDOOR-GARDEN.

THE ODOURS OF ORCHIDS.

Some years since, M. Riviére, head-gardener at the Luxembourg in Paris, commenced some observations on the odours of the orchids under his care, with respect to which he communicated new and interesting, but unfortunately few, facts to the Horti- cultural Society of Paris. He was kind enough, sometime after- wards, to supplement this communication by a letter to myself in July, 1866, which contained many singular remarks. Amongst these he mentioned the circumstance that Cattleya bulbosa (or C. Walkeriana) emits an odour of vanilla in the daytime and

the scent of an iris at night. He required further experiment, _ however, to verify this statement. Since that time I have received no communication from him on the subject ; but from my own

- __ investigations I haye learnt that nothing is more common than to

ss __ meet with similar phenomena in many exotic orchids. The follow-

me notes are the first-frnits of the experiments which I am now making, the further results of which shall be published in due course. They refer exclusively to winter-flowering kinds, which I have studied from January to the beginning of March :—

Aerides Fieldingii +, sweet odour of pansies in the evening, and the same in the morning, with a sharp after-flavour. ’

Angrecum eburneum: a sweet and faint odour, undefinable in the morning, but decidedly like that of seringa in the evening.

Cattleya bogotensis : an odour of gilliflower in the morning, and of primroses in the evening.

Cattleya Chocoensis (new species) : a sharpish odour of Reine Claude plums in the morning.

Cattleya Eldorado: an odour of roses in the evening only.

Cattleya elegans: a faint odour of tuberose in the morning, and a strong one of gardenia in the evening.

Cattleya quadricolor : an odour of vanilla, in the morning.

Cypripedium: all the kinds which I have observed, to the number of six, are scentless, with the exception of C. Sch/imi, which in the evening exhales an odour of violets, and in the morning the scent of primroses.

Dendrobium densiflorum: a very faint, irregularly intermittent perfume, some- times scarcely perceptible.

Dendrobium glumaceum: odour of lilac in the evening, and of heliotrope in the morning.

Dendrobium nobile: odour of grass in the evening, of honey at noon, and a faint primrose scent in the morning. ;

Epidendrum culnerum : an odour of carnations in the morning ; scentless in the evening.

Lelia anceps: a sweet primrose scent, in the morning.

Lycaste grandiflora: an odour of newly threshed corn, in the morning.

Lycaste lanipes: slightly sweet in the morning.

Mavillaria nigrescens : a2 very decided odour of melons, in the morning.

Odontoglossum angustatum integrum ; a faint odour of lilac, in the morning only.

Odontoglossum cristatum : a faint odour of spirma, in the evening.

Odontoglossum Lindleyanum: a goatish smell, in the morning only.

Odontoglossum nevadense : an odour of eau sucre mixed with orange-blossom in the morning, and a faint trace of of spirsa in the evening.

Odontoglossum pulchellum : a sweet odour of vanilla, in the morning.

Odontoglossum triumphans: varies rouch according to the varieties of the plants.

some are quite scentless, especially in the evening; others haye an odour of pansies, but most frequently emit a more or less strong scent of cimicifuga.

Oncidium cucullatum : & sweet odour of violets, in the morning.

Oncidium leopardinum: a faint perfume in the morning, and a very sweet odour of vanilla in the evening.

Oncidium odoratissimum : an odour of lilac in the morning, and of elder-flowers in the evening.

Phalenopsis Schilleriana: a delicate perfume of roses in the evening, and a stronger one of lily-of-the-valley in the morning.

Pilunna fragrans : an odour of vanilla in the morning, and of narcissus in the evening. It varies much in sweetness, and is sometimes scentless, according as the plant has been brought from Peru or from the Sierra Nevada of New Granada,

Schomburgkia gloriosa: a faint odour of solanum, in the evening only.

Vanda gigantea: an odour of iris in the evening, and of perfumed leather in the morning.

Tanda suavis: a constant perfume of gilliflowers.

Vanda tricolor ; odour of gilliflower, much stronger in the morning than in the evening.

By the term ‘morning’? I mean from 6 to 8 o’clock A.M., and by “evening” from 6 to 7 o’clock p.m. My observations have been conducted during fine, bright, sunshiny winter weather, and in places where the temperature ranged from a minimum of 45 deg. to 50 deg. to amaximum of 65 deg. to 75 deg. Fahr. I would recommend those who are desirous of making experiments in this direction to take into account the condition of the atmosphere and weather at the time of making their experiments, and to note the difference in the results of observations made in different localities. Amongst these singular facts, which it would be at present premature to attempt to classify or explain, I may mention that all the Cattleyas exhale very different odours, and that these plants (the species of which are few, but the varieties innumerable) present almost as great a diversity in the perfumes as they do in the colours of their flowers. Vanda gigantéa also exhibits a striking coincidence in its thick leathery flowers and the smell of leather which they emit. Lastly, the intermittent odours, the exhalation of which cannot be explained as the result’ of the application of greater heat, or of any other apparent cause, inasmuch as the times at which they manifest themselves are very variable and uncertain, afford ample matter for reflection and interesting investigation. Ep. ANDRE.

Griffinia Blumenhavia.—tThis is the best of the stove bulbous plants from tropical America yet introduced; producing a graceful head of rose-striped, pendent flowers of surpassing beauty. The leaves, which are of a drooping character, are about a foot in height, and of a dark glossy green. Being a winter flowering-plant it is of great value at that season in a decorative point of view. The best soil for it is turfy loam, intermixed with a little sand. Experience has proved to me that none of these bulbs like manure ; and when the drainage is good they are best kept growing all the year round, as they are apt if allowed rest to start afresh badly. The best situation for them is as near the light as possible, with a moist atmosphere. Six bulbs in a six-inch pot make a good clump. If permitted to go to rest they should be started in bottom heat, which is required more to maintain a regular amount of moisture than for the sake of the heat. This particular species was introduced to our gardens some four years ago, and well deserves to have a place in every stove.—J.C.)

In the culture of flowers there cannot, by their very nature, be anything solitary or exclusive. The wind that blows over the cottage porch, sweeps over the grounds of the nobleman ; and as the rain descends over the just and the unjust, so it communicates to all gardeners, both rich and poor, an interchange of pleasure and enj ent; and the gardener and the rich man, in developing or exhancing a fruitful flavour or a delightful scent is in some sort the gardener of everbody else.—CHartEs DICKENS.

14

THE GARDEN.

[Noy, 25, 1871,

“Water Sparingly.’—How often is this advice given as autumn approaches, and how often, too, is it severely practised by many! I say, never water sparingly; when you water, water thoroughly. Do not be persuaded that by withholding water from the roots of a plant you thereby hasten its maturity, you may force it to shed its leaves; but, on examination, you will find its buds green, its bark shrivelled, and its roots far from being in a healthy condition. We may be told we must hasten the ripening process, in order to give time for rest, I would rather give shorter time for this so-called rest; it is of very little consequence compared with the proper ripening of the buds and roots. The best helps for ripening with which I am acquainted are heat, light, and air, with a comparatively, but not too, dry atmosphere. A great deal can be done by the remoyal of superfluous immature shoots, so as to admit light to every leaf that is left, and by withholding stimulants early, but never by withholding water from the roots. How much fuel is wasted in winter, and how many disappomtments are caused through trying to force into growth apparently ripened fruit-trees; how puny the shoots are when they do appear, after weeks of hard firing; the flowers, too, are weak and im- perfect; they are then said to set badly, the fact bemg that there has been but little to set, simply because when the tree had its most important function to perform, viz., perfecting its flower-buds, it was checked by having its supply of water limited.

Longleat. Wx. Taytor.

ANTHURIUM SCHERZERIANUM.

THs is one of the most brilliant and yaluable stove-plants ever introduced. The singular form and intense although not gaudy colour of its flowers, accompanied by gracefully-curyed foliage, and lasting, as they do, in good condition for eight or ten weeks, render it a most valuable plant. It is found in Guatemala and Costa Rica, probably in the hill district, as I find it does much better with cooler treatment than it is often subjected. With me the plant is never quite at rest; it is kept in a house, the night temperature of which, from the beginning of Noyember to the end of February, runs from 50 dee. to 55 deg., with arise of 6 deg. or 8-deg. by day, during which season it receives less water than in the more active period of

erowth, when the night temperature averages from 60 deg to 65 deg.,

and 70 dee. to 75 deg. by day, with a copious supply of water over- head and at the roots. This latter at once points to the necessity of a porous material to grow it in, as well as ample drainage. I use two parts best fibrous peat, sueh as orchids delight in, broken about the size of pigeons’ eges, wit all earthy particles sifted out, to one part clean sphagnum, with :{liberal admixture of broken croecks and

silyer sand ; potting quite 14dsely, the whole material in a condition —

Ot arm PEN

\ Specimen of Anthurium Scherzerianum (4 feet in diameter).

to let the water run through it like a sieve. Its roots cling to the side of the pot like an orchid, hence the necessity of using material that wall not often require renewing ; as, however carefully the opera- tion of potting is performed, the roots get a good deal mutilated. Tn re-potting, I break the pot with a hammer all round and get the pieces as carefully off as I can; then I take a bucket of tepid water, in which I gently move the ball until all soil is washed out ; many of the crocks being held as firmly by the roots as if it were an orchid.

Those are not disturbed. I then take a pot four or six inches larger than the one previously used, half filled with drainage, in which I place the plant well up in the centre of the pot, and gradually work the new soil amongst. the roots without pressing it so as to injure them, and then give alittle water. But for about a month afterwards Iam careful not to give too much, until any roots that haye been injured haye had time to heal. Its*principal enemies are brown scale and thrips ; the former seems thoroughly at home upon it, and thrives amazingly. The thrips get in the spathes as soon as they begin to open, and disfigure the flowers, if not dislodged. I use the sponge diligently for the scale, and the syringe for the thrips, as soon as the

flowers begin to open, which, from their strong leathery texture and —

the natural liking the plant has for water, does not injure them in the least. Always keep the plant slightly shaded in bright weather.

There are seyeral forms of this plant, more or less attractive. There-

fore it behoyes those who purchase plants to make sure they obtain the right one, which is much larger in its leayes and flowers, and more intense in colour than the others. The inferior forms and small plants often seen convey a very imperfect idea of what the plant really is, as compared with a large well-grown specimen of the best variety, although the larger variety does not yield near so many flowers at any one time as the smaller one. ‘A plant we have here, of the best variety, is now four feet through, and when exhibited in May last at the Crystal Palace it had on it twenty-four perfect flowers, the foot stalks of which were two feet long, and some of the spathes measured 54 inches long by 34 inches broad.

Southgate. T. Bares.

’

THE LARGE-LEAVED BERBERISES FOR THE - CONSERVATORY.

Tue chief improyement required in all our large conservatories is the planting out of various plants of noble port which will furnish the structure with refreshing yerdure and stately forms at all seasons. Thus arranged, immeasurably better effect may be produced than at present when the conservatory so often depends entirely on the plant- houses. A few dozen handsome flowering-plants here and there in such a house would furnish a loyelier effect than could be obtained by any means on the older and too common principle. But everything depends on the judicious selection of the plants to be thus permanently planted. If subjects are used which, like some of the acacias, will quickly run up to the roof, then good bye to all good effect. Hardy

v7 = A rate HS is SFY) or = x “a or SEN Se ae 9 Ake

Berberis nepalensis (grown in cool conservatory).

palms, hardy tree and other ferns, and Dracwnas, &e., are the sort of plants we should seek. The New Zealand flax, too, and its varieties and allied forms, always low yet always stately, I have also noticed producing a capital effect on the Continent in conseryatories. But no plants are more suitable for planting out im the borders of the conservatory or winter-garden than the noble large-leayed berberises,

Nov. 25, 1871.]

THE GARDEN. 15

of which the accompanying figure represents B. nepalensis. These remarkable plants, so often seen in a starved and dwindled condition about London and in various parts of the country, find in a cool house of any kind the very conditions they delight in, and whosoever will plant them therein will soon be rewarded with as noble foliage, as rich crests of bloom, and as stately a port, as we can find combined in any plant. In districts where these fine plants do well in the open air, it would not be so wise to use them in the conservatory, but in the numerous: places where the berberises, going by the name of B. Bealii, nepalensis, japonica, &e., are sickly dwarf shrubs, they may, with the greatest advantage, be employed in the conseravtory.

The Drynarias.—The excellent plan of planting out exotic ferns on picturesque banks, &e., to the hothouse is becoming more popular every day; when well done, its effect is of the most satis. factory kind. The arrangements should not as a rule be confined to ferns. Noble Arums, such as may be seen in the Arum house at Kew, and the single Monstera, add greatly to the charms of the

ferns. But where ferns alone are used, much improvement may be effected by selecting distinct and noble types to contrast with the large and small ferns in cultivation. Among the nobler kinds of stemless ferns we know nothing more worthy of attention than the Drynarias, forming as they do such huge leaves and noble nest-like erests. For rocky or elevated points the species figured (D. morbillosa) and D..coronans are superb.

Cordyline indivisa.—This is perhaps the noblest of all the

greenhouse Dracena tribe, especially when well grown, its long and golden-striped leaves having a peculiarly rich and unusual appearance.

Tt is a native of New Zealand, and consequently requires cool or greenhonse treatment; but many cultivators, in their haste to get

large plants, subject it to stove treatment, and then, no matter how fast it may grow, it will die off much faster—and that without any apparent cause; no sooner is it subjected to cool treatment, and gets an extra supply of cold water, than it perishes. The best treatment is the following: Procure a nice healthy plant in a four-inch pot early in spring, and, if the roots are fresh and healthy, remove it at once into an eight-inch pot; but if they are not strong, then a six- inch pot will be sufficient for the first shift. The most suitable compost is fibrous peat and loam in equal proportions, broken so as to pass through the meshes of a half-inch sieve, but with the fine portions sifted out. To the rough pieces add an eighth of potshreds and charcoal, broken to the size of peas, and sufficient sand to make the whole perfectly porous. Let the pots be perfectly clean, and drain them thoroughly. In potting, take care to keep the base or collar of the plant well rounded up, and press the soil as firmly as if you were potting a heath or epacris. Place thé plant in a warm and shaded part of the greenhouse, and water cautiously until such time as the plant starts into free growth, and then a copious supply may be given. If the plant gets into free growth, a second and perhaps third shift may be given during the season; but it will not be ad- visable to shift later than the end of July, as it is important that the pot should be full of roots before the winter commences. As the light decreases, gradually diminish the supply of water, so that the plant may be kept comparatively dry during the winter. The best situation for the plant through the winter will be a dry shelf, where there is a free circulation of air, but no cold draughts. In such a situation, with judicious attention, the Cordyline will grow on for years.—A,

NATURE’S GARDENS. NIAGARA.

Tue earth is indeed one vast garden with great drought- parched patches and snow-robed regions here and there, but there are some scenes in which the various elements are so boldly or pleasingly combined that it seems as if Nature herself had planted her a garden. ‘he noblest of Nature’s gardens I have yet seen is that of the surroundings and the neighbour- hood of the falls of Niagara; before seeing it, I did not think

Bird’-eye view of Islands above the Falls of Niagara

of Niagara as anything buta huge waterfall. Grand as are the colossal falls, the rapids and the course of the river for a con- siderable distance above and below possess more interest and beauty. Accounts of the noise of the falls are much exagge- rated; their sublime beauty no pen can describe.

As the river courses far below the falls, confined between vast walls of rock, the clear water of a peculiar light-greenish hue, and white here and there with circlets of yet unsoothed foam, the effect is startlingly beautiful quite apart from the falls. The high cliffs are crested with woods; the ruins of the great rock-walls, forming wide irregular banks between them and the water, are also beautifully clothed with wood to the river’s edge, often so far below that you sometimes look from the upper brink down on the top of tall pines that seem aenintatied in size. The wild vines scramble among the trees, many shrubs and flowers seam the high rocks; in moist spots here and there a sharp eye may detect many-flowered tufts of the beautiful fringed gentian, strange to European eyes, and beyond all, and at the upper end of the wood-embowered deep river-bed, a portion of the crowning glory of the scene—the

16

falls—a vast cliff of ilumimated foam, with a zone towards its upper edge as of green molten glass. Above the falls the scene is quite different, a wide and peaceful river carrying the ‘surplus waters of an inland sea, till it gradually finds itself in the coils of the rapids, and is ‘soon lashed into such a turmoil as we might expect if a dozen unpolluted Shannons or Seines were running a race together. A river no more, but a sea un- remed. By walking about a mile above the falls on the Cana- dian shore this effect is finely seen, the breadth of the river helping a poor Britisher (whose rivers are “creeks,” if he only kmew it) to carry out the illusion. As the great waste of waters descends from its dark grey and smooth bed and falls whitening into foam, it seems as if tide after tide were gale-heaped one on another on a sea strand. The islands just above the falls enable one to stand in the midst of these rapids where they rush by lashed into passionate haste; now boilmg over some hidden swellings in the rocky bed, ov, dashing over greater but yet hidden obstructions with such force that the crest of the up- lifted mass is dashed aboutas freely as a white charger’s mane ; now darky falling into a cavity seyeral yards below the level of the surrounding water, and, when unobstructed, surging by in countless eddies to the mist-crested falls below so rapidly that the drift wood dashes on swift as swallow on the wimg. Un- disturbed in thei peaceful shadiness, garlanded with wild vine and wild flowers, the islands stand in the midst of all this fierce commotion of waters—below, the vast ever-mining falls; above, a complication of torrents that seem fitted to wear away iron shores, there they stand, safe as if the spirit of beauty had in mercy exempted them from decay. Several islets are so small that it is really remarkable how they support vegetation, and one bold-looking thing, no bigger than a washing tub, not only holds its own in the yery thick of the currents just above the falls, but actually bears a small forest, including one stricken and half cast-down pine. It looksa home for Gulliver in Brob- dingnagian scenery. Most fortunate is it that these beantifully verdant islands and islets occur just above the falls, adding immeasurably to the effect of the scene. Magnificent it would have been without them, but their presence makes Nature seem as fair as terrible in her strength. To be continued.

Tf VE,. se OLUrsS Es ROR Dy:

we

THE TRU MUSHROOM.

THE question is. frequently asked, are there any infallible rules for-~distmeuishing the true mushroom from all other fungi? and, if so, what are the crucial points of distinction? First, and foremost, the true mushroom (Agaricus campestris) is invariably found amongst grass im rich open pastures, and never on or about stumps, orin woods. Many cases of poisoning have occurred owing to the supposed mushrooms beimg gathered

Was x Mn,

Section of the trne Mushroom.

from stumps or in woods; it is true there is a certain variety found in woods and woody places (A. silvicola) ; but, as far as amateurs are concerned, it is best left alone. A second very good point is the peculiar, tense purple-brown colour of the spores (which-are analogous to seeds); the ripe, and fully-

THE GARDEN.

will they thrive in all countries with a warm summer,

(Noy. 25, 1871.”

mature mushroom, derives the intense purple-brown colour (almost black) of its gills,from the presence of these innumerable coloured spores. To see these spores, and so become acquainted with the peculiar colour, remove the stem from a mushroom, and lay the upper portion, with the gills lowermost, on a sheet of writing-paper; m a few hours the spores will be deposited inathick, dark, impalpable powder. Several dangerous species, at times mistaken for this mushroom, haye these spores umber- brown, or pale umber-brown, in colour, and belong to Pholiota or Hebeloma. In the accompanying figure is shown a vertical section of the true mushroom, which differs (when the colour of the spores is taken into consideration) from almost all other agarics, and certainly from all poisonous ones. One of the principal points to be observed is the distinct and perfect collar at C, quite encircling the stem, and the edge of cap at B, overlapping the gills; im some poisonous allies, as 4. wrugino- sus (generally found on and about stumps), this rmg is reduced to a mere fringe, and the overlapping margin is absent, or reduced to a few mere white flecks or scales. Lastly, the gills never reach or touch the stem a, for, on inverting a mushroom, a blank space will be seen all round the top of the stem where the gills are free from the stalk. There are innumerable varieties of the true mushroom (and of the horse-mushroom), but all are equally good for the table; sometimes the top is white and soft, like kid-leather; at other times it is dark-brown and scaly. Sometimes, on being cut or broken, the mushroom changes colour to yellow, or even blood-red; at other times no change whateyer takes place. But, observe, the mushroom always grows in pastures; always has dark purple-brown spores; always has a perfect encircling clothy collar; and — always gills which do not touch the stem, and a top with an overlapping edge. W. G. 8.

THE TOMATO. f ‘

In Europe the tomato is occasionally used; in America it is as ~ indispensable as bread. From the hot States round the Gulf, and from sunny and genial California, where it grows as freely as groundsel does in England, to the Canadas and the Northern States, where it must first be raised in heat, as with us, the tomato is a blessing to the country. No other product is so popular with all classes, high and low, and probably none so wholesome among the many things there used. For months, in summer and autumn, it may be gathered fresh. It shares the fate of peaches, pears, and oysters, and is preserved in tins for winter use, so that practically it is obtainable all the year” round. Stewed, baked, as sauce, or in soup, eaten raw as a salad, or with sugar, in all these ways itis good. It would be worth while crossing the Atlantic for the sake of a tomato-salad, if one could not enjoy that luxury in England. In eyery country enjoying a higher temperature than that of England, the tomato should be grown abundantly as a common garden or field crop ; and eyen where, as in northern England, you cannot even ripen tomatoes against walls, they may be easily grown in empty frames, &c., unused in summer; and, once plentiful, every child would learn to relish a food so wholesome and so excellent. It is scarcely necessary to point out the vast extent of territory in the colonies of England in which the tomato may be grown as well, and found as useful and important an article of food, as in the most fayoured parts of America. There can be little doubt that Americans haye much for which to thank the tomato. Such quantities of unwholesome and indigestible matter, in the’shape of sweet cakes and sweets of all kinds, condiments, &c., are eaten there, that one might suppose it indispensable to resort to simple, healthful food by way of corrective; and the tomato saves society from the effects of a miserably unjwise system of gastronomy. Ae

Philanthropic travellers would do well to scatter a few tomato-seeds on their way through hot and temperate desert countries, for, in the absence of kitchen and cook, few things would be more acceptable to’ the hungry wanderer. Away from towns in Canada or the States—in places, it may be, many miles from a