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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAR.
Vou, XXXIX, 1933-36.
» «tea Aatics
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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
HB Fournal of Zoology
IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.
EDITED BY LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Pu.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, ann Dr. K. JORDAN, F.R.S.
ViOr POOR, 1933-36.
(WITH TEN PLATES.)
IssuED AT THE ZooLocicaAL Musrum, ‘TRING ’
PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, Litp., LONDON AND AYLESBURY 1933-1936
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XX XIX (1933-3 6).
co
MAMMALIA. Two new subspecies of Mammals from Angola. Jane St. LecEr
AVES.
On Fregetta Bonaparte and allied Genera (Plates [V-IX, and 2 text-figures) Grecory M. MatHEews ; , 5 : ; a é “
A check-list of the order Procellariiformes. Grecory M. Marunws
On a hitherto unknown fauna of Montane Birds in Central Madagascar. Finn SatomMonsen
Addition to a check-list of the order Procellariiformes. Grecory M. MatHrews COLEOPTERA. Further records and descriptions of Anthribidae collected by Mr. F. C. Drescher on Java. Kari Jorpan A a 6 . : °
Three Genera of Erotylid Coleoptera new to the African fauna. GILBERT J. ARROW : :
Notes on some Lamellicorn beetles from South and East Africa, with deserip- tions of new species. Ginprrt J. ARROW
Neue Staphylinidae aus Angola. Max BrrNuavEr The Anthribidae of Mauritius (with 13 text-figures). Kari JORDAN . Descriptions and Records of Oriental Anthribidae. Kari JORDAN .
Anthribidae from South America and Africa. Kari JORDAN .
LEPIDOPTERA. 5
On the Geometrid Genus Phrygionis Hbn. L. B. Prour
On the distribution and synonomy of the Adelpha of Para (Plate I). ArrTHUR Hat . :
Some generalizations on Adelpha, a Neotropical Genus of Nymphalid Butterflies of the group Limenitidi (Plates I and II). A. Mites Moss
Notes on the Genus Lymantria Hbn. (Lymantriidae), with descriptions of New Species (Plate IIT). C. L. Cottenrerre .
On some Aethiopian Arctiidae (Lepid.) (with 11 text-figures). Karn
JORDAN : New South American Geometridae. L. B. Provur . New species and subspecies of Geometridae. L. B. Prout ; : The Lymantriidae of Kwang-Tung (S.E. China) (Plate X), C.L. Connenrerrrn
On the Sabulodes (Lep. Geometridae) of the Monastica Dogn. Group. L. B. Prour : : : : : 5
New Geometridae from Mast Java. L. B. Prour Some new Arctiinae. Lord Rothschild. Two new African Syntomidae (with 2 text-figures). Karu JORDAN
On two South African Charaxes (Lepid., Nymphalidae). Karu Jorpan
v
PAGES 251—252
34—54 151—206
207—215
253
86—89
253—256
257—260 261—267 275—291 311—325
326—329
9 10—11 12—20 21—33 80—85 90—98
99—136 137—150
292—293 330— 333
vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIX (1933-36).
SIPHONAPTERA. PAGES
1. Siphonaptera collected by Mr. F. Shaw Meyer in Mandated New Guinea
(with 8 text-figures). Kart JORDAN. - ; : 2 : 55—61 2. Records of Siphonaptera from the State of New York (with 2 text-figures).
Kart JorpAan . é : c : 6 3 - : ¢ 62—65 3. Descriptions of Siphonaptera (with 7 text-figures). Karn JORDAN . 66—69 4. A-survey of the classification of the American species of Ceratophyllus s. lat.
Kari JORDAN. 3 2 cs ; “ : c : : 70—79 5. Megabothris rectangulatus Wahlg. 1903, a Flea new to Britain (with 6 text-
figures). Mrrtam RorHscHILD . é : 0 : j - 270—274 6. Siphonaptera from Congo Belge (with 7 text-figures). arnt JORDAN . 294—299 7. Siphonaptera from East Africa (with 7 text-figures). Karn JORDAN . . 3800—304 8. Some Siphonaptera from South America (with 9 text-figures). Kari
JORDAN 5 : ‘ ; é é 0 6 : 2 - 3805—310
VERMES.
1. Preliminary Note on the Trematode parasites of Peringia ulvae (Pennant)
1777. Mrrtam RovTHscHicp . 2 : : o : : . 268—269
INDEX . : : A ; : 5 : : : : : . 335—349
PLATES IN VOLUME XXXIX.
PLATES J-II. Lepidoptera (Adelpha).
PLATE III. Lepidoptera (Lymantriidae). PLATES IV-IX. Aves (Fregetta and allies). PLATE X. Lepidoptera (Lymantriidae).
Vil
a]
[a> Fama > Wii» He «= a» = = ng» i = = Ls ©}
ERRATA.
. 56, line 6 from below read Thomas instead of Thomat.
. 61, line 1 from above read gracilentus instead of gracilior.
. 66, line 4 from above read Echidnophaga instead of Echidnophage.
. 69, lines 1 and 28 from above read Atyphloceras instead of Atyploceras. . 71, line 5 from above read sclerified instead of selarified.
. 75, line 2 from below read gilvus instead of gilous.
. 76, line 5 from above delete “ at.”’
. 78, line 20 from above read bakeri instead of enderleini.
. 81, in explanation of Figs. 22 and 23 read indeterminata instead of indeterminate. . 82, line 18 from above read Camerun instead of Camerum,
. 83, line 9 from below read nigropunctata instead of migropunctata.
. 242, line 25 from above Hyperthaema instead of Hyperthema.
. 245, line 14 from above read Hemihyalea instead of Hemihyalia.
viii
ZOOLOGICAL.
AH Journal of Zoology.
EDITED BY
LORD ROTHSCHILD, Pu.D., ¥.R.S., Dr. ERNST HARTERT, anp Dr. K. JORDAN, F.RS.
Vout. XXXIX.
No. 1. Paars 1-98.
Tssvep Octoprr 23RD, 1933, at THE ZooLocicat Musxum, Trine, ,
PRINTED BY HAZELI, WATSON & VINEY, Lrp., LONDON AND AYLESBURY. 1933.
VoL. XXXIX.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
EDITED BY
LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.
CONTENTS OF NO. I.
1. ON THE GEOMETRID GENUS PHRYGIONIS HB. i 4 s . Louis B. Prout s 1—9 °
2. ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND SYNONYMY OF THE ADELPHA OF PARA (PLATE 1) . Arthur Hall. ; 10—11
3, SOME. GENERALIZATIONS OF ADELPHA, A NEOTROPICAL GENUS OF NYMPHALID BUTTERFLIES OF THE GROUP LIMENI- TIDI (PLATES I and I). SSC «Sev. As Miles Moss 1220
4, NOTES ON THE GENUS LYMANTRIA HBN. (LYMANTRUDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES (PLATE Ill). : . C. L, Collenette ; 21—33 5. ON FREGETTA BONAPARTE AND ALLIED
GENERA (PLATES IV-IX) . ; : . Gregory M, Mathews 34—54 6. SIPHONAPTERA COLLECTED BY MR. F. SHAW
MEYER IN MANDATED NEW GUINEA . Karl Jordan. . ‘ 55—61 7. RECORDS OF SIPHONAPTERA FROM THE
STATE OF NEW YORK : : : . Karl Jordan . : 62—65 8. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA . . Karl Joydan . ‘ 66—69
9. A SURVEY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE AMERICAN SPRHCIES OF CERATOPHYLLUS s. lat. ? : ' 3 § . Karl Jordan . ; 70—79
10. ON SOME AETHIOPIAN ARCTIIDAE (LEPID.) Karl Jordan . : 80—85
ll. FURTHER RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF ANTHRIBIDAE COLLECTED BY MR. F. C. DRESCHER ON JAVA j a . Karl Jordan . ‘ 86—89
12. NEW SOUTH AMERICAN GEOMETRIDAE. .. Louis B. Prout ; 90—98
Vol. XXXIX. OCTOBER 1933. No. 1.
ON THE GEOMETRID GENUS PHRYGIONIS HB. By LOUIS B. PROUT.
aces attractive genus has apparently received much less attention than
might have been expected. In arranging the material in the Tring Museum, I have found several forms unnamed or wrongly determined and have been compelled, for my own guidance, to make some preliminary investigations. The present article, though not claiming to be a thorough systematic revision, embodies the principal results of these investigations and may, it is hoped, pave the way for some more exhaustive work.
The genus Phrygionis was erected by Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 307) for cultaria Hb. and two non-Geometrids, and was legitimately restricted by Warren (Nov. Zoot. i, 399) to cultaria.1 Hulepidotus H.-Sch. (Samml. Aussereur. Schmett., i, 28, 41), admittedly a transcription (inaccurate) of Hulepidotis Hb., was based on a confusion of politia Cram. (now Nepheloleuca) with polita Cram. (now Phrygionis) and has no possible standing. Byssodes Guen. (Spec. Gén. Lép., ix, 399) is purely a synonym of Phrygionis, its author having, as usual, ignored the Verzeichniss of Hiibner. I have little doubt that Druce will prove to have been right in merging with it (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., ii, 98-100, Byssodes) the group of white species, with longer tail to the hindwing, exemplified by platinata (Guen., Spec. Gén. Lép., ix, 33; Oberth., Ht. Lép. Comp., v, fig. 482) ; but as this has been provided with a separate generic name (Ratiaria Walk., 1861) and represents a distinct section, I have abstained from introducing it into the present study—the more so since its inclusion would have led me still farther afield into systematics, perhaps even to an exploration of the whole of the so-called Palyadinae.
It is curious that Warren, in the article above cited, has transferred Phrygionis to his Urapteryginae, while correctly indicating (t.c., p. 403) that the subfamily Palyadinae—tribe of the Geometrinae in the comprehensive Lederer- Meyrick system—“ is characterized by the absence of the frenulum.” Guenée, whom Warren approximately follows, places it correctly in the Palyadinae, and I surmise that Warren was misled as to the affinities by the remarkably Ourap- teryx-like colour and markings of the Ratiaria section. The phylogeny of the great Geometrine stirps—if indeed it be even a single stirps—is still very obscure,
1 Butler’s use of the name in 7’r. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 30, is fortunately entirely non- restrictive.
1
2 Novirates ZooLtogicaE XXXIX. 1933.
but I suspect that the Palyas group has arisen from the Cabera group by the loss of the frenulum.
Phrygionis is recognizable at a glance by its facies, in particular by the metallic proximal edging of the pale transverse bands and the partly metallic subterminal or terminal spot in front of R* of the hindwing; but the entire structure is pretty homogeneous. Face nearly smooth, or with small cone. Palpus shortish-moderate, upcurved. Tongue well developed. Antenna of 3 shortly (only in flavilimes and sumptuosaria more) bipectinate, the pectinations neither continuing to the base nor to the apex. Legs long and slender. Thorax and abdomen not crested; abdomen in ¢ provided, except in flavilimes and sumptuosaria, with a pair of hair-pencils arising from near base of 6th tergite. Wings ample, smooth-scaled, except for the somewhat raised metallic markings ; forewing smooth-margined, SC from cell, anastomosing with C, SC*~ stalked from much before end of cell, SC* separating long before SC? ; hindwing bent or shortly tailed in middle ; humeral angle strong, frenulum wanting, C (after its strong basal angulation) approximated to SC to near middle of cell, then rapidly diverging, SC? separate, R* entirely wanting, M’ separate.
A few of the species were known to the old authors, but their naming was on the whole very unfortunate. Of the pre-Guenée names, only argentata Drury (Ill. Nat. Hist., ii, Index and p. 25, t. xix, fig. 2, 1773, Jamaica) and cultaria Hb. (Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 307, nom. nov., pro politata Stoll) are even potentially valid. Phalaena polita Cram. (Uitl. Kap., iii, 152, t. 276F, 1780, Surinam), though described as a ‘‘ Phal. Geom.” and indexed as polyta, must, according to the present methods of registration, be considered as preoccupied by Phalaena (Noctua) polita Cram. (op. cit., ii, 35), the indexing being presumably a misprint, not an intentional escape from homonymy, and the original spelling being retained by Stoll (Hssai, p. 26, No. 51); Ph. decorata Fb. (Spec. Ins., ii, 256, 1781, Jamaica) was a homonym, but I believe also synonymous with argentata Drury ; Ph. politata Stoll (Aanh. Uitl. Kap., p. 1438, t. xxxi, fig. 4, 1790, “‘ Suri- nam ”’) was a misspelling and misidentification, being assumed to represent the g to polita Cram., but it received a valid new name from Hiibner (see above). Curiously enough, this last-cited figure, like Guenée’s paradoxata, looks Antillean rather than South American, perhaps least unlike a badly coloured, badly shaped representation of argentata Drury, with postmedian line too proximal and the orange border of the hindwing narrowed a la cruorata ; indeed I have no know- ledge of any continental Phrygionis which has both the metallic spots of the hindwing placed on red patches, and this is one of the few characters on which the description and the figure are quite explicit. I can only suggest, therefore, that the figured specimen was of uncertain origin and that the words “ and inhabits Surinam ” were added to the description on the assumption that it was conspecific with polita Cram.
The Cuban species subsequently figured as cultaria (Hb.-Gey., Zuir. Lxot. Schmett., iv, 34, figs. 751-2, 1832) was obviously not that of the Verzeichniss, but may well be a small 2 of the one that was later named sororcula by Warren, or possibly a dull fratercula. The “ cultaria Geyer ’’ with which Strecker compared his argentistriata, whatever it was, was certainly not “vera’’; perhaps it was the common and widely distributed species which has generally been called privignaria or paradoxata (incolorata Prout subsp.).
Even Guenée’s two “ new species ” (1858) are more than ordinarily unhelpful
Novirates ZootocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 3
in our quest of a stable nomenclature ; his Byssodes paradoxata (Spec. Gén. Lép., ix, 400, “ Brésil (?) ’ being a curious little g, unlike any other specimen which I have seen, the confluent red marking of the hindwing so Antillean that I suggest it may be a lost Haitian species close to sororcula Warr., just possibly a form of sororcula1; his B. privignaria (t.c., p. 401, Martinique) a lost ¢ from coll. Marchand not identifiable with anything now known either from the West Indies or elsewhere. He does us a service, however, in providing a new name politulata (t.c., p. 400) for the preoccupied polita of Cramer ; although he cites “ politata Cram.” in mistake for polita and discusses Stoll’s figure before Cramer’s on p. 401 (doubtless because it was the ostensible $), the application of his new name is unequivocal, for he heads the species ‘‘ Byssodes politulata Cram.,”’ and it is well known that with him in such cases the new name is credited to the original author (cf. No. 161, “ Sicya sublimaria Harr.’’).
The subsequently described species are more straightforward, although sororcula Warr. has not yet reached our British collections, so far as known to me. The following is a chronological list (original generic designation added when this was not Phrygionis) :
1861. appropriata Walk., List Lep. Ins., xxii, 619 (Byssodes) (Mexico).
1861. metaxantha Walk., op. cit., xxiii, 828 (Ratiaria) (Bogota) (pr. f.).
1876. argentistriata Streck., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., xxviii, 152 (Florida).
1882. cerussata Grote, Pap., ii, 101 (Byssodes) (Florida) (pr. syn.).
1882. obrussata Grote, Can. Ent., xiv, 111 (err. pro cerussata).
1886. sumptuosaria Moschl., Abh. Senck. Ges., xiv (3), 69, f. 25 (Byssodes) (Jamaica).
1904. modesta Warr., Nov. Zoou., xi, 91 (Minas Geraes).
1905. cruorata Warr., Nov. Zoou., xii, 345 (Dominica).
1906. fratercula Warr., Proc. U.S. Mus., xxx, 499 (Cuba) (argentistriata subsp. vel syn.).
1906. sororcula Warr., t.c., p. 500 (Cuba).
1907. flavilimes Warr., Nov. Zoou., xiv, 260 (Carabaya).
1910. incolorata Prout, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1910, p. 286 (“‘ paradoxata subsp.’’) (Buenos Aires).
By an extraordinary series of mischances, the most widely distributed (and by far the commonest) species has not yet received a legitimate name, with the exception of incolorata Prout, given to its southern race as recently as 1910. It has been consistently labelled privignaria by Schaus and Warren, as well as by Druce in the “ Biologia ” collection, but apart from disagreements with Guenée’s description (colour and shape), it does not seem to occur in the West Indies proper, i.e. apart from Trinidad ; on geographical and other grounds I considered myself safer in identifying it with paradoxata Guen., but the type of the latter has not justified my determination. I therefore see no alternative to the imposi- tion of a new name, though I shall be only too glad if it can be demonstrated that Stoll’s figure (t. xxxi, 4) is a representation (almost incredibly bad) of the species under discussion, which is well known from Surinam, or that this does occur on Martinique and that Guenée’s indication of the forewing shape (“ un peu coudées ”’
1 Since this was written I have, through the kindness of Prof. E. B. Poulton, been able to examine the Oxford Museum Phrygionis and find 2 99, one without label, the other “ So. Domingo,”
agreeing perfectly together and only differing from Guénée’s type in their rather larger size; my suspicion is thus thoroughly confirmed.
4 Novirates ZooLtocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
between R? and M') means next to nothing—or “ supérieures ” here a misprint for “ inférieures ’—so that one of the derelict names may be rehabilitated.
Phrygionis incolorata restituta subsp. n.
“ Phrygionis privignaria Guen.” Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het., ii. 92 (1892) (nec Guen.). “ Phrygionis paradoxata Guen.” Prout, Tr, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1910, p. 286 (1910) (nee Guen.).
Differs from 7. incolorata Prout (l.c., p. 287), as indicated, by the presence on the hindwing of a narrow orange band (or thick line) outside the silvery line which bounds the postmedian band distally, also a more or less developed terminal line of the same orange tint. From all the South American Phrygionis it is readily distinguished by the purer grey colour (a little darker and less yellow-tinged than in argentata), the complete series of metallic spots at proximal edge of hindwing band, and the fine yellow rays which run inward from the said band along the veins. Hindwing at least as weakly angled as in politulata Guen.
Mexico to Rio Janeiro, very generally distributed except at high altitudes. Type 3 from San Esteban, Venezuela, in coll. Tring Mus.
The following species and forms likewise require naming.
Phrygionis moeschleri sp. n. “ Bulepidotus paradoxata Guen.,” Méschl., Abh. Senck, Ges., xvi, 245 (1890) (nec Guen.),
Paler than cruorata Warr. (1905), of which it may probably be a race (about the colour of argentata) ; forewing otherwise very similar to that of cruorata, inner band a little more sinuous, outer band perhaps broader ; hindwing with the outer part of the band somewhat broadened, the white line which bounds it distally rather clear, the terminal orange markings a little less reddish (more approaching the colour of those of argentata), more interrupted at SC? and at R'.
Porto Rico, the type @ in coll. Brit. Mus., ex coll. Méschler.
Phrygionis gemmea sp. n.
32, 31-40 mm. Nearly always smaller than argentata (Drury, 1778), hindwing with the angle at R® appreciably blunter. Ground-colour purer grey without the suspicion of yellowish which is discernible in argentata. Forewing with the yellow bands a little paler, the antemedian more sinuous, approaching the form of that of argentistriata Streck., the postmedian a little broader, with the metallic costal markings of its centre generally less developed but with its white distal line nacreous (in argentata dead white). Hindwing with the band similarly broadened, the fine contained posterior line slighter than in argentata, the metallic spots close to midtermen accompanied by less of the red shading, in particular without any connecting them distally, the spots, indeed, being set on a more definite projection of the pale colour of the band than in argentata.
Jamaica, not rare, the type g in Mus. Tring.
The determination of Drury’s very crude figure would be a matter of some difficulty but that it represents a 9 of extreme size (“almost 1} inch”’); the basal yellow band of the forewing is omitted, as also the red accompaniment of the spots of the hindwing, the wing-shape is quite inaccurate and the postmedian band very inexact ; but the antemedian and the strong costal mark in middle of postmedian favour the larger species. The type must, I suspect, have been in bad condition.
Novirates ZooLtocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 5
Phrygionis dominica sp. n.
2,40 mm. Near argentata Drury and gemmea Prout (supra), wings perhaps a trifle narrower, the hindwing with termen decidedly more gibbous than in the © of either (some $3 of gemmea approach this shape), but not actually pointed at R® as in argentata. Forewing perhaps slightly less pale than in either ; antemedian as in argentata ; postmedian even broader than in gemmea, or at least broader in its anterior half, its white distal element not appreciably nacreous. Hindwing with the dividing line of the yellow band very well developed, the orange band which succeeds the outer silvery line well developed, in anterior half not subinterrupted (as in argentata) nor subconfluent with the orange terminal line (as in gemmea), the posterior half much weaker, chiefly proximal to the silvery line ; metallic spots close to termen both accompanied by red shading proximally, the posterior one less small than in gemmea, their red terminal con- nection (compare argentata) wanting.
Dominica, 1 9 in coll. Brit. Mus.
This should be very near the lost privignaria of Guenée, especially if the forewing of that was malformed or badly described ; but the white of the forewing is not nacreous and both the spots of the hindwing are surmounted with red ; moreover, I should not call the ground-colour “ café-au-lait.”
Phrygionis sestertiana sp. n.
32, 40-41 mm. Closely similar to politulata Guen., which it evidently represents in British Honduras. Ground-colour a little less grey, more inclining to light pinkish cinnamon or pinkish buff, the transverse metallic markings more bronzy, bands of forewing slightly more oblique, the distal white element of the postmedian narrowed ; in addition to the two characteristic longitudinal streaks (before and behind SC® of the forewing) there is a much shorter one between R? and R? near (but not reaching) the termen.
British Honduras, a pair in Mus. Tring, the type 3 from Orange Walk, 1917.
Phrygionis stenotaenia sp. n.
3g, 41 mm.; 9, 42-44 mm. Rather larger than politulata Guen., darker, a little warmer, the orange tint of the apical region of the forewing consequently rather less differentiated ; hindwing more angled (tailed), about as in appropriata Walk. ; longitudinal silvery marks of forewing as in politulata ; bands extremely slender, almost as warmly coloured as in appropriata, the postmedian at least as oblique as in sestertiana, without the distal white element, that of the hindwing considerably nearer the termen than in appropriata ; metallic markings between subbasal and antemedian of forewing close to costa perhaps less developed than in politulata ; tail-spot of hindwing considerably less small; hindwing beneath with the terminal dark band as strong as in appropriata, but narrower.
Carabaya, S.E. Peru: La Oroya, 3,100 feet, September 1904, type 3, August 1904, allotype 9, both in Mus. Tring (G. Ockenden). Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 1926 (J. Steinbach), a 9 in the same collection.
As Ph. s. isthmia subsp. n. I describe a provisional race from Panama, the 3g expanding 42-43 mm., perhaps slightly narrower-winged, the postmedian on the forewing slightly less oblique, on the hindwing less approximated to termen, the tail-spot of the hindwing with same red edging proximally. The type 3, in addition, is a little darker (duller) than s. stenotaenia, both above and beneath,
6 Noviratres Zootogicar XXXIX. 1933.
and neither example shows any metallic scaling proximally to the postmedian of the hindwing in front of R%, as is the case in both the Carabaya stenotaenia, though not in the Bolivian.
Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,000-3,000 feet (type); Caldera, a more stenotaenia-coloured 3, with the postmedian of the forewing less extremely nar- rowed than in any other known example of the collective species ; both collected by Champion and left undescribed by Druce.
As Ph. s. miura subsp. n. I describe another provisional form (? sp. div.). Size and shape of forewing about as in s. stenotaenia, hindwing slightly less tailed than in the other forms, merely with a moderately sharp angle (approaching a right angle) at R*. Ground-colour a little darkened, but warmer (more cinnamon- tinged) than in the type of s. isthmia, postmedian line about as in s. isthmia, tail- spot of hindwing smaller—sometimes almost as small as in politulata Guen. Underside rather dusky, with the darker border of the hindwing rather broad but vague.
Guatemala: Tamahu, Vera Paz (Champion), type 9, discovered in Druce’s series of appropriata Walk. Honduras: La Cambre (J. Lienhart), a rather worn ¢ in the Joicey collection.
Phrygionis modesta marta subsp. n.
39, 40-48 mm. Generally larger than m. modesta Warr., somewhat paler and less fawn-coloured, the “‘ luteous ’’ marginal area of the hindwing in con- sequence better contrasted, metallic markings on the whole a little stronger, especially the “‘ tail-spot ’’ of the hindwing.
Colombia: Onaca, Santa Marta (C. Engelke), the type series of 7 fg, 6 99 in coll. Tring Mus. ; Sierra del Libane, Minca and Don Amo (Magdalena) (H. H. Smith), in coll. Joicey, a good series.
Phrygionis amblopa sp. n.
3, 39-49 mm.; 9, 47-49 mm. Near appropriata Walk. (1861), particularly in the shape of the hindwing and its rather large tail-spot. Much duller, especially the hindwing—forewing with less fawn suffusion, hindwing without any orange suffusion distally ; postmedian band nearly always very narrow, sometimes almost obsolete, its colouring pale, only becoming orange-tinted on posterior half of hindwing ; antemedian of forewing just appreciably curved or bent at SM?, postmedian more oblique than in appropriata, thus diverging more from antemedian, that of the hindwing slightly more distally placed than in the ally ; fringes almost white; the anterior silvery half-line close to termen of hindwing slenderer and less white than in appropriata, tail-spot with the non- metallic part red or red-brown, not black. Underside paler but equally dull and devoid of any orange suffusion.
Santa Catharina, S. Brazil: Jaragua do Sul, 12 gg, 3 29 (including the type 3) and Neu Bremen, Rio Laeiss, 1 g, all in Mus. Tring, received from F. Hoffmann.
A series in various collections from Castro, Parana, and one or two from Sao Paulo (EK. D. Jones), oftener small and with slightly more of the ground-tint of appropriata, together with a less narrow postmedian band, must be provisionally referred here, probably a race, but the two smallest Santa Catharina gg share
Novirates ZooLtocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 7
with them these characters, while the only small Santa Catharina 9 is of the extreme amblopa form and the largest ¢ from that locality is an extremely handsome broad-banded aberration, while the series furnishes some transitions. I therefore treat the variations as individual, although the possibility is not excluded, in view of the enormous richness of the Neotropical Geometrid fauna, that we may be dealing with two distinct species.
17. 18.
The range of the forms, so far as I have yet recorded, is as follows :
. Ph. i. restituta Prout. Mexico to Rio Janeiro.
Ph. i. incolorata Prout. Sao Paulo to Paraguay and Buenos Aires.
. Ph. moeschleri Prout. Porto Rico. . Ph. cruorata Warr. Dominica.
Ph. argentata Drury (= decorata Fb. = ? ? cultaria Hb. [politata Stoll, err. det.]). Jamaica.
Ph. gemmea Prout. Jamaica.
Ph. privignaria Guen. Martinique.
Ph. dominica Prout. Dominica.
Ph. sororcula Warr. (= ? cultaria Hb.-Gey. [nec Hb.]). Cuba.
Ph. paradoxata Guen. Haiti.
. Ph. a. argentistriata Streck. Florida, Bahamas.
Ph. a. fratercula Warr. (? syn.). Cuba.
. Ph. sestertiana Prout. British Honduras. 2. Ph. s. stenotaenia Prout. §.E. Peru, Bolivia.
Ph. s. isthmia Prout. Panama. Ph. s. miura Prout (? sp.). Guatemala, Honduras.
. Ph. politulata Guen. Trinidad, Guianas, Pernambuco, Bahia, E. Bolivia. . Ph. m. modesta Warr. S.E. Brazil, Paraguay, Entre Rios.
Ph. m. marta Prout. Colombia.
. Ph. amblopa Prout. §S. and §.E. Brazil. . Ph. appropriata Walk. Mexico to W. Ecuador.
form. metawantha Walk. Bogota, N.W. Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, ? Costa Rica (trans.).
Ph. flavilimes Warr. Peru.
Ph. sumptuosaria Moschl. Jamaica.
The following key will give a clue to my interpretation of the forms ; a very
few of the puzzling ‘‘amblopa”’ of S.E. Brazil develop traces of the silvery longitudinal streaks of the politulata group, but otherwise I have found the key workable for all the material examined.
Lf
2.
3.
Forewing with termen elbowed in middle : . privignaria Guen.t Forewing with termen not elbowed in middle . : 2 Metallic longitudinal streaks in cellules 6 and 7 of
forewing . 3 No metallic longitudinal eae in cellules 6 aad 7 of
forewing 5 Postmedian band narrow, mibadt matte citalye: 3
hindwing tailed : - : . stenotaenia Prout, Postmedian band broader, on forewing white distally ;
hindwing not tailed. : 5 : - : 4
1 Teste Guenée ; unknown to me.
8 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
4, A short additional metallic streak in cellule 5 of
forewing . : . sestertiana Prout. No short additional even! gene in pelfale 5 of forewing . . politulata Guen.
5. Hindwing rarely ealeds on band male sellow or eaten lescent, tail-spot with non-metallic part reddish or
very small i : ; : ‘ : : 6 Hindwing tailed, its band predominantly bright orange, tail-spot with the non-metallic part black . 16 6. Postmedian of forewing with metallic edging distally (5 metallic lines) ; . sumptuosaria Méschl. Postmedian of forewing aout meballie pies distally (at most 4 metallic lines) : 7 7. Band of hindwing emitting yellow vein- aprons proximally : ‘ 8 Band of hindwing not emitting yellow: vein- apes proximally : ‘ : ; 15 8. Antemedian band strongly Senne at fold : 5 9 Antemedian band not or scarcely incurved at fold. 11 9. Darkish cinnamon-drab, silver line of hindwing bor- dered distally with orange . : . argentistriata Streck. Not cinnamon-drab, silver lines of hindwing i! thus bordered . ‘ 10 10. Band of hindwing yellow as far as the silvery outer line : . gemmea Prout. Band of hindwing sale arava rallow (anausae the metallic proximal spots) : . moeschlert Prout.? 11. Hindwing with midterminal spots red, distally con- fluent (V-shaped or L-shaped) . 0 . paradoxata Guen. and (subsp. ?) sororcula Warr. Hindwing with midterminal spots not so é : 12 12. Band of hindwing yellow as far as the nacreous outer line . P ; 13 Band of hindwing only ee ais Garou the metallic proximal spots) : . 14 13. Hindwing anteriorly with orange enna blotohes . argentata Guen. Hindwing anteriorly with orange subterminal broad band and terminal lines. : . dominica Prout. Hindwing anteriorly without eraniet or Romie with subterminal and terminal lines. : 4 . ‘tncolorata Prout.
and subsp. restituta Prout. 14. Darker, at termen of hindwing with the anterior
orange band-like ; ; : . cruorata Warr. Light, at termen of hindwing with the anterior orange macular. : , : c : 5 . moeschleri Prout.?
‘ If fratercula Warr. is separable racially, I have not sufficient material before me to give absolutely constant differences ; ; perhaps an intensification of the dark markings is significant, at least as regards the fine outlines of the yellow vein-streaks of the hindwing and the hindmarginal spot which bounds the antemedian distally on the forewing.
2 This species is keyed twice, on account of the equivocal form of the antemedian band.
Novitatrs ZooLogicAE XXXIX. 1933.
15.
16.
hile
Dark grey, hindwing tailed, tail-spot large, predomi- nantly reddish . :
Less dark, hindwing Rimetiip bene ions -spot nell wholly metallic . ; 5
Yellow of fringe encroaching on sfena areca edged with blackish; metallic spots of hindwing continuing forward to sc: . : :
Yellow of fringe rarely encroaching on wings, proxim- ally not edged with blackish; metallic spots of hindwing ceasing anteriorly at radial fold
Orange band of hindwing suffusing proximally, also tinging the underside
Orange band of hindwing not or eeeeeliy eafrasing proximally and not tinging the underside
amblopa Prout.
modesta Warr.
flavilimes Warr.
7p (f.) metaxantha Walk.
(f£.) appropriata Walk.
10 Noyirates ZootocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND SYNONYMY OF THE ADELPHA OF PARA
By ARTHUR HALL, F.E.S. (With Plate I, figs. 19 and 20)
HE account of Adelpha in Seitz’s work, although the fullest yet published, contains a number of errors, so that a revision of the whole genus is desir- able ; but it is only possible here to deal with the species found near Para. Although the Rev. A. Miles Moss modestly claims in the article here following to have taken or bred only twelve species, he has in fact obtained thirteen, two of which appear to be new. Another species not yet found by Mr. Moss is in the British Museum from Para, bringing the number up to fourteen :
(1) A. mesentina Cramer (1779).—Characteristic of Guiana and the Amazon, ranging to the lower slopes of the Andes and to Colombia. As a perfect insect it has not much resemblance to any other species, so that the similarity of its early stages to those of A. delphicola is surprising.
(2) A. cocala Cramer (1782).—Occurs in various forms throughout the whole of Tropical America. The Para race is typical.
(3) A. pseudococala sp. nov.
G2. Nearest to A. cocala Cramer, but larger; proximal edge of band of forewing more deeply incised at the junction of veins 3 and 4, this character being still more obvious on the underside ; the inner of the two postdiscal series of bluish white spots beneath more sharply defined, as are also the discal spots of forewing. Types from Para in the collection of the Rev. A. Miles Moss ; also taken by me at Mabaruma, N.W. British Guiana, and a Q in the Tring Museum from Iquitos.
We have hitherto taken this to be a slightly aberrant form of A. cocala, but the discovery of the early stages by Mr. Moss seems to prove its distinctness.
(4) A. cytherea Linné (1758).—A very common and widely spread species, generally in swampy places at low elevations.
(5) A. thesprotia Felder (1867).—This variable species, ranging from Colombia to Guiana and 8. Brazil, has been strangely misidentified by Fruhstorfer in Seitz ; he places the name under A. melona, with which it has nothing whatever to do, and describes the true thesprotia as A. euboea, with which it has also nothing to do. The type of thesprotia in the Tring Museum is a female agreeing well with those bred by Mr. Moss and closely approaching the form figured by Seitz as fabricia.
(6) A. delphicola Fruhstorfer (1910).—It is not easy to separate this species from A. thesprotia, so that the wide difference in its early stages as discovered by Mr. Moss is of particular interest.
(7) A. jordani Fruhstorfer (1915).—Hitherto only known from Peru and Bolivia. The Parad form is almost certainly a subspecies, but as we have only seen females from that locality and only males from the Upper Amazon, we are unable at present to separate it.
(8) A. phliassa Godart (1819).—This is another characteristically Amazonian
Noviratres ZooLtocicarE XXXIX. 1933. 1l
species, but ranging to Trinidad and 8. Brazil ; to it belongs euboea Felder (1867) as individual form or synonym.
(9) A. iphicla Linné (1758).—The most widely distributed and commonest species of the genus, but apparently not so abundant at Para as in most localities.
(10) A. melona Hewitson (1847).—Almost confined to Guiana and the basin of the Amazon and never very abundant. With the possible exception of meridionalis we are unable to recognise the forms separated by Fruhstorfer.
(11) A. serpa Boisduval (1836).—This highly variable species extends from Mexico to Brazil in many forms. Parad specimens do not seem quite to agree with any of the named forms, but come nearest to the typical race from Rio de Janeiro.
(12) A. paraéna Bates (1865).—Commonest in Guiana and on the Lower Amazon, but also found as a rarity in Peru. This species differs from A. serpa chiefly in wanting the white spot in cellule 3 of the forewing. It is nearly always found in company with A. serpa and was treated by Fruhstorfer as a form of it, so that Mr. Moss has again done good service in proving the distinctness of its early stages.
(13) A. mossi sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 20).
9. Nearest to A. velia Felder (1867) (Pl. I, fig. 19), but larger. On the forewing the fulvous band is of the same shape as in velia, but a little broader and much longer, extending to the middle of cellule 1b, the white band reaching only to the middle of that interspace and shading more gradually into the fulvous area. On hindwing the white band is about as broad as in velia, but has its proximal edge slightly excavated in cellule 6 (individual character ?), and there is no yellow spot at anal angle. Underside: median white band of forewing broader than in velia, especially anteriorly, the spots in 5 and 6 extending to the bases of those interspaces, whilst in 4 there is only a linear blue-grey spot at the base ; white discal spots 2-4 distinctly separated ; admarginal linear spots of hindwing narrower, but sharper, the submarginal spots less well defined, the brown spots proximal to them more oval.
Expanse: 104mm. Type: 1 9 taken at Para by A. Miles Moss.
(14) A. malea makkeda Hewitson (1871).—This species has not been met with by Mr. Moss, but the type is said to have come from Para. A. malea Felder (1867) is a very rare and little-known species, the typical form of which was rather badly figured by Felder and still worse by Seitz, the latter’s figure being named leuceria on the plate. The species belongs, at least in outward appearance, to the group of A. erotia Hew. and its allies, but the white band of the hindwing is bordered distally by a yellow band of about equal width; in the type specimen the white band is also clouded with yellowish, a character which has been exaggerated in the figures of Felder and of Seitz so as to give the appearance of a wholly yellow band, but in a specimen taken by me at San Esteban, Venezuela, the two colours are sharply separated. In a further form, A. malea heraclea Felder, the type specimen has on the hindwing a white band with only a few yellow scales on its distal edge, and there occur also specimens without any yellow scaling at all, a fact which probably misled Fruhstorfer when he placed it in a group entirely different from malea, but the forewing and underside of both wings are quite similar.
12 Novirates ZooLtogicaE XXXIX. 1933.
SOME GENERALIZATIONS ON ADELPHA, A NEOTROPICAL GENUS OF NYMPHALID BUTTERFLIES OF THE GROUP LIMENITIDI.
By THE REV. A. MILES MOSS, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.
(With Plates I and IT.)
Ne with the three recognized groups of the genus Papilio in South America,
or the more compact, but very extensive, subfamily of the Heliconiinae, so does the genus of Adelpha run into a very large number of species, which, as butterflies, bear the most confusing resemblance to one another in many instances. So much is this the case with two at least in Para, that they will almost assuredly be passed over by the collector who has not studied their early stages, or be found in his collection confounded under the name of one species. Nothing short of a long series of bred specimens, of e.g. Adelpha thesprotia and delphicola, would enable one to point to some small features of difference, sufficiently con- stant to be pronounced specific. With caught or worn specimens the difficulty of determination is of course increased. And yet these two butterflies, so extra- ordinarily alike, to take but one instance out of many others that might be adduced, show the most unmistakable differences from one another throughout their early stages. Their food-plants are very distinct, the colour and markings of their larvae, and, still more important, the whole character, length and dispo- sition of their spines, are entirely different, while finally their resting posture in the last instar, and the strange-shaped pupae, are found to be in the greatest possible contrast.
This is truly remarkable, for in the genus Papilio, for example, the exact reverse holds good. There is no confusion possible between the butterflies of P. anchises and P. echemon, but their larvae are extremely similar ; both feed on identical species of Aristolochia, and I defy anyone, who may chance upon this type of pupa in nature, to predict with any degree of certainty whether, on emergence, it will turn out to be P. aeneas, anchises, echemon or neophilus. I merely name four out of a much larger number of allied species which are similarly identified in their early stages, but whose specific distinction as butterflies cannot for one moment be questioned.
With 12 species 1 of Adelpha, upon which I wish to record my recent observa- tions, only two pairs of grown larvae (one on a tree, the other on a creeper, and very distinct as pairs) might possibly be confused at that stage, and only one of those pairs, viz. delphicola and mesentina, as pupae, for I have done so myself on the one and only occasion when the emergence of mesentina caused me surprise and pleasure mingled with regret that, when possessed of several larvae and pupae from Cecropia, I had noticed no differences, supposing them all to be delphicola. It so happens that these two are very distinct as butterflies. For the rest, there is no excuse for mixing them up, because they are utterly unlike both as larvae and pupae and proceed from altogether dissimilar food-plants.
My special object is to direct attention to the kind and extent of these curious divergencies of form and habit.
1 Cf. p. 10.
Novirates ZooLocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 13
Though I had lived some thirteen years in Para, and had caught varied speci- mens of Adelpha from time to time, I had not studied the genus with that parti- cular degree of interest and enthusiasm bestowed upon certain other groups of butterflies and moths. I knew that we had several distinct species, but it was only in the early part of 1925 when I got my copy of Seitz bound up, examined the beautiful figures of more than 100 forms given on 5 of its plates, and read Fruhstorfer’s 22-page article, that I realized there were so many species, and that very little beyond the mere record of the locality of the butterfly was known about them. The author enumerates some 60 species together with something like 267 local or geographic races, at present considered to be subspecies only. I gather, moreover, that the whole are limited to the tropical region of the American continent and its adjacent islands, 31 species having been obtained in Central America, while but a meagre 13 of the 60 are recorded for the Amazon.
Here surely was scope for some research, especially as little or nothing was known of early stages and food-plants beyond the general information contained in the following passage, page 511 of the text: ‘‘ The larvae of Adelpha, as far as they have become known, generally resemble the larvae of Limenitis ; some have branched spines, in others they are altered into short hairy caruncular cones. The head is set with short spines. The pupae are, according to Dr. W. Miiller, of a peculiar shape, with 2 horns on the head and broad wing-edges, mostly of brown colour with more or less metallic lustre.’”’ All this I have found to be perfectly correct, so far as it goes, and it applies admirably to three species, namely cytherea, pseudococala and cocala, but it is far too brief and general to be of much use, or to be considered a worthy scientific account of a group of larvae and pupae whose salient feature is its great diversity rather than conformity to any one standard plan or pattern.
I determined therefore that no further time should be lost in trying to estimate the strength of Para’s contribution in Adelpha towards the 13 species recorded for the entire Amazon ; and in this I was so fortunate that in less than six months I had found 11 species, and bred 10 of them from the larvae. With most of them this has several times since been repeated, occasionally even from the egg, when a female butterfly has been observed in the act of ovipositing.
This experience has led me to the conclusion, already emphasized, that these apparently similar butterflies are in reality far more distinct than has been supposed, and moreover that if I can find 11 kinds straight away in the immediate vicinity of Para, it is highly probable that there are more than 13 species through- out the length and breadth of the Amazon.
Of my 12 species, cytherea is undoubtedly the commonest hereabouts, as elsewhere, but I cannot say that any of the others are really abundant, and some, in association with their restricted food-plants, are distinctly scarce and difficult to obtain.
On the other hand, judging by the number of months in the year in which I have now by diligent searching been able to find a few recently hatched larvae (the egg-stage only occupying some six days), I conclude that there must, at least in some cases, be a fairly constant succession of broods.
In two only of the early stages is there a great outward similarity between the species of Adelpha, viz. the straw- or greenish-yellow honeycomb-patterned and hairy egg, and the small, rough, tapering, dark-brown larvae in their first and second instars. These invariably cling by invisible silken threads to the
14 Noviratges ZootocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
denuded end of the midrib of a leaf, and are marvellously obscured by resem- blance to their surroundings of brown debris, consisting of their excrement and tiny scraps of leaf, cut and retained by a strand of silk.
This habit, in which both colour and form combine to afford obscurity and protection, is of course well known with many species, but I may mention in passing that it is markedly reproduced by the tiny larvae of Siderone, Zaretes, Hypna and Anaea, and even by the young of Prepona species, often providing a ready clue to their whereabouts.
I cannot doubt, however, that if one knew exactly what to look for, even then these young larvae of Adelpha would afford sufficient points of specific difference from one another under the lens. Though still brown, but of a lighter tone, in the third instar, I think I am correct in saying that some distinction, in all the cases that have come under my observation, is apparent to the naked eye.
My next observation is the unhappy one that, notwithstanding all this wondrously elaborate system of protective resemblance to surrounding objects, predatory attack and parasitism are by no means thwarted, but seem ever to prevail in Para on the most extensive and distressing scale. So far as I have observed, it is only in the earliest stages of the larvae that these two dangers exist. Of course a sudden gust may occasionally dislodge these tiny creatures, or heavy rain wash them from their perches ; but from the very numerous instances where it is apparent, from the extent of its feeding, that all has gone well with the little caterpillar for a few days, and yet no caterpillar is now to be found, I am con- vinced that it has been carried off bodily, possibly by some small Dendrocolaptid bird, but more probably, allowing for its position at the tip of a leaf, by some marauding ant or wasp, both superabundantly in evidence here at all times. It is just worthy of note that, instead of adapting itself to its environment, it very skilfully constructs an environment adapted to itself, and even then, alas, often fails.
All my experience supports the view that it is only in the very earliest days of their larval history that they are in grave danger of being “ stung” by tiny Hymenoptera, and possibly up to the third instar by Diptera, for it is during these stages that I have taken the majority of my larvae. They have then always appeared sound and well, but subsequent developments have in only too many instances proved that the damage had already been done. When found later, they have generally proved immune, and have certainly been fortunate enough to pass their infancy unobserved by the small wasp, whose destructive larva always shows up just prior to the second moult of the Adelpha. Here, generally at the extreme tip of the midrib of its leaf, it rests motionless, and, after failing in its appetite for a few days, there is found in its place a little oval cocoon firmly attached with more or less of its host’s skin adhering. This cocoon in the case of cytherea is ochreous and very minute; from thesprotia, cocala and jordani it is black with a couple of encircling white belts (very similar to one produced from the larva of Cidaria reticulata in England), and, by com- parison with the former, so big that the maggot must have entirely filled the little caterpillar’s body. It is surely a marvel how so minute and slender a creature as the newly hatched larva of Adelpha can thus have been pierced by the ovipositor of the parasite, or even found by it at all.
In the case of thesprotia, for one lucky find of a larva that has escaped, I suppose that on the average I discover, or produce later, a dozen parasitic cocoons,
Novirates Zootocican XXXIX. 1933. 15
noting another twenty places where the little larva has very obviously been at work on a leaf (sometimes three or four on a single plant), but has entirely vanished,
From the perfectly formed pupa of thesprotia, when reared under protection from quite young larvae, I have on at least five occasions bred a single Dipteron about the size of the common house fly, the maggot appearing several days after the pupation of its host, and sliding down to earth from the perforated or burst shell on a fine string of slime. It is again obvious that the damage was done in early days, but also that the dipterous larva has taken rather longer to mature, while its internal feeding has not in any way till now hindered the delicate perform- ance of ecdysis on the part of its doomed host. A. delphicola is likewise troubled, and doubtless every single species of the genus, for I have frequently had just the same experience with other butterfly genera like Danais, Heliconius, Caligo, Opsiphanes, Prepona, etc.
Returning, however, to the subject of relationship, I have a few generaliza- tions to make, some of which are sufficiently important to claim the close atten- tion of systematists, who, by a careful examination of certain hitherto unsus- pected points of likeness or dissimilarity between the species in their early stages, may perhaps be led to modify the existing order and grouping of the butterflies of this difficult genus. It is just possible that a few unexpectedly close relation- ships may thus be established, while others at present confused, or regarded as near of kin, may be found to be more distantly related than was supposed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE NOTES OF EARLY STAGES.
1. A. cytherea (PI. I, fig. 2; Pl. Il, fig. 1)—When young dark brown, on midrib among brown debris at tip of fresh leaf. With growth on upper side of leaf, contorted with both ends elevated. Now in two shades of brown, when on the stem or near flower-head easily mistaken for a part of the plant, and so passed by. The commonest species.
2. A. pseudococala (PI. I, fig. 1; Pl. II, fig. 2).—Identical in form, attitude and position with the foregoing ; a degree larger, and greener at both extremities. Common.
3. A. cocala (PI. I, figs. 3, 4, 5; Pl. II, fig. 3)—Though more erratic and seasonal in appearance, the above holds good as a general description of the larva in regard to its form, contorted attitude and position on its food-plant. When young and dark brown apparently identical ; with growth rather more ornate, greener, spines thicker, more curved and mossy, reddish in centre with a touch of white and pink below in a series of oblique lateral stripes. This and the two former species reproduce Limenitis sibylla on honeysuckle in many details to a remarkable degree. Larva sometimes on the outermost leaves of a branch above one’s head, more often, from 3 to 6 in number, on the lowest leaves near the ground of a small seedling of Hmmotum.
4. A. thesprotia (Pl. I, fig. 13; Pl. II, fig. 4)—Young larva dark brown, as with all other species noted, on the bared midrib of leaf among its own debris and suspended scraps. Generally on small plants near the ground in heavy shade. Of all species most often ‘‘stung’’ by hymenopterous parasite. In third instar media dorsal area light brown; in fourth still brown, but more heavily spined, and sits erect. In final instar entirely grey, but with very numerous, thick-set and short spines. It now never elevates its extremities,
16 Novirares Zootocicar XXXIX. 1933.
but lies flat on the upper surface of a leaf with its head segments turned com- pletely round, like Acronycta megacephala (the Poplar Grey) of Europe.
5. A. delphicola (Pl. I, fig. 10; Pl. II, fig. 5).—In early life exactly like the foregoing in appearance and habits, but with this species often out of reach on the outermost leaves of the lower branches of some Cecropia or Bombax above one’s head; sometimes on saplings only a few feet from earth. Very often robbed by predatory foe. With growth sits on upper surface of leaf with extremi- ties much elevated, a combination of light and dark brown with exceptionally long thin spines, branched out into fine spikes at the tip, and recumbent when at rest. Sometimes pupates among its own leaves.
6. A. mesentina (PI. I, figs. 11 and 12; Pl. II, fig. 6).—So far found only ona small tree of Powrowma (Imbaiiba rana or branca), and so similar to the preceding species in larva and pupa that no special observations were made. This is most remarkable. For, while no one could possibly confuse the two butterflies, the features which they share in common as larvae subsisting on the same food-plant, and developing a highly specialized pupa-form with an exaggerated dorsal cowl, are surely significant of a closer relationship than is accorded to them in Seitz, where Fruhstorfer separates them by 25 intervening species, and even places them in different groups !
7. A. melona (PI. I, figs. 6,7; Pl. Il, fig. 7)—Exactly like the rest in early days in appearance and habits; the larva generally within reach, and readily obtained by searching the Malanea creepers on tree-trunks. With growth the larva admirably imitates the green-grey rootlets of its plant, and when mature, with its thick green spines bunched together in an elevated posture, looks like nothing but a fragment of detached moss on the upper surface of a leaf.
8. A. serpa (PI. I, figs. 15, 16; Pl. II, fig. 8).—As with others in early life, the young larva being found on bushes or the lower boughs of at least 3 distinct species of Miconia trees. Not rare, but seasonal in appearance. (Puzzle: Where is it all the rest of the time ?) Full-grown larva dark green, the prominent spines on segments 3, 4, 6, 11 and 12 strongly developed, curved and recumbent at rest. In this position it assumes the attitude of A. thesprotia, lying flat on the leaf, with the head segments turned, looking very oily, and resembling nothing so much as the fresh “ dropping ” of a bird. The spines on segment 6 are very bushy and dark green, the belt behind the bifurcated black-striped head, together with the anus and the other prominent spines being of an ochreous hue.
9. A. iphicla (Pl. I, fig. 18; Pl. I, fig. 10)—The larva found once, on Ourouparia guianensis ; very similar to that of A. cytherea, the two species evidently being closely related, as is also shown by the pupae. The butterfly has occasionally been taken at Para, in my garden and even in the house, appar- ently attracted by the debris in the hen yard.
10. A. phliassa (Pl. I, fig. 14; Pl. Il, fig. 9)—Throughout life very dark. When at rest the grown larva contorts by elevation of the extremities. In the final instar the colour is nearly black, besprinkled with a few fine white dots. A lateral oblique dash of pink and white marks the posterior segments. Spines strangely varied in character, but not very long or prominent. A common species, but seasonal in appearance.
11. A. jordani (Pl. I, figs. 8,9; Pl. Ii, fig. 11)—When young dark brown like all the rest, and in similar positions, either on small bushes or on the lower
Novitates ZooLocicaE XXXIX. 1933. Vii
branches of trees growing on forest paths that are not too sun-scorched. Leaves eaten at the tip in the approved fashion of the genus have often been observed well above one’s head. In such a position a female of this butterfly was observed depositing ova on July 3, 1926, on a tree in the Bosque, Para. Too often have the little larvae been robbed by bird, wasp or ant, and so the species remains rare, and is the most difficult of all to obtain. With growth the larva assumes a uniform plain dull green colour like the leaf. Beyond the usual double dorsal series, it has no other spines or ornaments. Its spines are thick and short by comparison with other species, more uniform in character and length, all being orange to the base and crowned with black spikes. Though the butterfly of A. jordani shows many features of likeness to several other species, its pupa is remarkably different from all the rest, being white with tar-black spots and streaks, reminding one strongly of Thyridia themisto.
12. A. paraena (Pl. I, fig. 17; Pl. II, fig. 8, borrowed).—The caterpillar is very different from that of A. serpa, being much brighter green and having none of the spines orange.
In Utinga, the region of Para’s water supply, there are several broad and shaded avenues, well-stocked with the saplings of two Rubiaceous trees,—(1) Isertia longifolia, with groups of very long, smooth and opposite leaves of spatu- late form and bunches of coralline red and white flowers.—(2) Remijia amazonica, with equally long but lanceolate and velvety leaves arranged in pairs or in groups of three, the whole plant being thick and pilose.
These twin species of RUBIACEAE serve as the native food-plants for two interesting caterpillars,—the yellow and black giant which forms Oryba kadeni, a fairly common but exceedingly handsome green Sphinx moth, and a frail species of Adelpha known as paraéna, which shows a marked preference for the saplings growing but a foot or two above the earth. As with other Adelpha species, the egg of paraéna is laid singly at the extreme tip of these long leaves, and the tiny, obscure, brown larva, on hatching in about a week’s time, begins by eating away this tip on both sides, merely retaining an inch or so of dried midrib to sit on, spinning an invisible strand or two of silk, and most admirably resembling its little accumulated pile of brown debris. This, however, is about as far as the majority ever get, for the clever disguise fails before the eye of the marauding wasp, and the place knows them no more. Were it otherwise, this lovely butter- fly would soon become common ; for in a recent afternoon’s walk I must have noted at least fifty of these early attempts, yet not a single larva rewarded my search. In no instance could I detect leaves sufficiently eaten to indicate that the little larva had done more than reach its second instar. As with so many others in Para, it is a constant wonder to me that enough survive to carry on the species ; and an added ounce of experience of this negative sort is but small consolation, I find, for the waste of precious hours.
When paraéna does manage to attain to full growth it is a handsome but only too conspicuous object in its spined apparel of green and black lying on the upper surface of these large leaves.
Though altogether distinct from the larva of serpa, the pupae of the two species are much alike, and, as no new design was made, figure 8 on Plate IT must for the time allowed to do double duty.
13. A. mossi (PI. I, fig. 20).—I have as yet failed to find the caterpillar of
this species, which is evidently very rare, 2
18 NovitaTEs ZooLoGicAE XXXIX. 1933.
The flight of Adelpha in general is elegant but uncertain, and difficult to follow. Planing from on high with an occasional flutter it is for a brief moment within reach, but is quickly lost to view, seldom, except when drawn by some bait, to be seen returning to the same spot, as do our Vanessidae. The egg- laying of the female is a distinctly pretty operation, for having alighted on the upper surface of the leaf of her selection she literally slides down on spread legs to the end, curves her abdomen beneath, speedily senses the exact tip, and thereon deposits a single egg. This, when one has the luck to observe the mother intent on business, is obviously the way to procure a perfect bred series of Adelpha ; while the rearing of the larva, allowing some six days for its emergence from the egg, and another fortnight or three weeks for it to mature, is neither a difficult nor a tedious process, provided that a spray of its particular food-plant be kept fresh in water in a cool place and occasionally sprayed. This is most readily accomplished with all the Rubiaceous trees and creepers, but with Cecropia, Bombax and Vitex sleeving is preferable, as the leaves when cut so soon become dry, the larva wanders and is perhaps lost.
After the discoloration and reduction of size associated with maturity, the adult larva generally wanders, sometimes quite a long distance from its plant to another, and in captivity may be found suspended on a bare wall or from the ceiling. Pupation quickly takes place and, with but one day’s warning, the butterfly emerges in another fortnight, generally from 8 to 9 a.m.
Seldom is the pupa found in nature, though I have occasionally taken A. delphicola suspended from its own leaves and A. serpa and A. cytherea on some adjacent growth.
In regard to the form of the caterpillar, it is important to note that I describe my larvae throughout as possessing 13 segments, regarding the head as segment 1. Though the spines or spiky projections vary greatly in the various species as to number, position, curve, length and general character, a few features are shared incommon. They are as follows: the head is always furnished with a prominent array of frontal spikes ; the longest and most curved spines are always in dorsal pairs on segments 3, 4, 6, 11 and 12, the pairs on 3 and 11 generally, but strange to say not in every case, being slightly in excess of those on 4 and 12, while the pair on 6 are almost invariably the thickest at the tip, the darkest in colour and the most curved in a backward direction. Pairs of short erect spines mark the dorsal area of 7, 8, 9 and 10, and of these 8 and 10 are generally very slightly taller than those on 7 and 9. A number of subordinate spines of varying length mark the lateral area both above and below the spiracular line, but these vary greatly in different species.
Behind the head, which is encircled with a double corona of frontal spikes and a few extra prominences, segment 2 has sometimes a pair of similar projec- tions, segment 5 is always the weakest or least adorned, while finally the tip of the anal flap on 13 is generally armed with a couple of very short spines.
In regard to the pupae, I have made a series of careful line drawings on an enlarged scale to show more clearly those particular and specific features wherein they differ. These speak for themselves, but I cannot refrain from drawing special attention to two, which are really very remarkable in their differences, namely the cowl or dorsal hump on the first abdominal segment, and the so-
called ‘“‘ears”’ on the head, sketched dorsally to show their direction and curvature.
Novirates ZootoaicaE XXXIX. 1933. 19
Though the majority are plain light or dark brown, A. serpa is a bespangled jewel of metallic lustre, A. thesprotia is splashed with gold, A. melona of a dull maroon hue, A. phliassa a pale silvery grey, while A. jordani, as already stated, differs widely in another direction by being white with tar-black spots and streaks.
One wonders what the remaining 50 or so species, at present undiscovered and undescribed, as I assume, can exhibit in a still wider range of variety.
NOTES ON THE FOOD-PLANTS OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF ADELPHA IN PARA.
RUBIACEAE. Sabicea aspera— 4. cytherea and pseudococala.
A roadside creeper, twining on bushes, but also growing free. Generally in the sun. Common on most woodland paths away from river. Like honeysuckle (Lonicera) in growth. Stems red, wiry and rough to the touch. Mature leaves dull green, opposite and narrow, ribbed acutely and from 2 to 4 inches in length. Flowers white, insignificant and in small groups. Ripe fruit red, but not edible.
RUBIACEAE. Alibertia edulis (Purui)— A. phliassa.
Bush or small tree, growing in the open in clayey soil near rivers. At Manaos and in many places up the Amazon grows in sand, but generally near water. Leaves opposite, deep glossy green, lanceolate and from 4 to 6 inches in length. Flowers white, 4-petalled, in small clusters. Fruit of an inch or more in diameter, round, hard, glossy green ; when ripe turns brown, becoming black and soft inside, and, though full of small seeds, is edible, resembling tamarind in flavour.
RUBIACEAE. Berteira guianensis— 4. phliassa.
Bush or small tree, local in ‘‘matto da terra firme.’’ Leaves opposite, soft, dull green, lanceolate, 4 to 6 inches long. Flowers small and white in pendent racemes, resembling Aegiphila. Fruit like currants, but from green to blue, and not edible.
RUBIACEAE. Malanea sp. 1 and 2— A. melona and cocala, once
in captivity A. delphicola.
Two allied tree-trunk creepers of moderate growth, clinging like ivy with small rootlets, sometimes growing free; (1) hairy throughout; (2) smooth. Common on borders of woodland paths of the “terra firme,’ but not noticed near river. Leaves ovate and opposite ; (1) heavily ribbed, yellow-green, red stalks ; (2) smooth, hard, glossy, dark green. No flowers found.
Order, Genus and Species ? “ False cacao ’’—A. thesprotia.
A twiner growing only in clayey soil in the heavy shade of Theobroma and other trees near Rio Guama. Begins life as a separate bush, with no appearance of being a climber ; later throws out long tendrils, and probably only flowers on crown of other trees at 40 or 50 feet elevation. Leaves smooth, deep green, oval, alternate and deceptively like those of cacao but smaller. When cut
20 Novitates ZooLtocicAE XXXIX. 1933.
generally keeps fresh in water for many days. Both plant and butterfly are common at Manés.
MORACEAE. Cecropia, various sp. (Imbaiiba)— A. delphicola and
probably A. mesentina.
Moderate trees, with light, ribbed and cellular trunks. Though absent from certain districts, perhaps the commonest and most widespread tree of the Amazon region, whole tracts of river mud or sand being covered by one or other species. Leaves various in size, colour and form, but mainly glaucous, whitish beneath, long-stalked, digitate as in the horse chestnut or semi-digitate as in the sycamore. Will not keep fresh in water.
MORACEAE. Pourouma sp. (Imbaiiba rana)— A. mesentina and delphicola.
A moderately big tree of the “terra firme,’ with light stem, rough, crisp, glaucous and whitish leaves, easily taken for a species of Cecropia, but not so common, and with entirely different flowers and fruit, the latter occurring in small bunches of purple drupes, sweet and juicy, and when fermenting on the ground are very attractive to the Morphos and other butterflies. Form of leaf
mainly ovate and heavily ribbed, but often digitate like Cecropia on the higher boughs.
BOMBACEAE. Bombax munguba— 4A. delphicola. A big forest tree, with smooth greenish trunk. Common and widespread. Leaves digitate and smooth, olive green with red veins and stalks. Flowers large, pink and white ; fruit a big capsule yielding the wild silk cotton.
VERBENACEAE. Vitex triflora (Guabiraba)— A. jordani. A small forest tree, with light bark, not very common or obvious near Para. Leaves trifoliate, rather sparse, dark green and crinkled. Flowers violet and sweet-scented in small bunches, producing a small purple and edible drupe.
ICACINACEAE. Emmotum nitens? (sp. of Marachimbé)— A. cocala. A moderate forest tree, but not so common about Para as the larger E. fagifolium (Marachimbé). Leaves elliptical, alternate, lighter green and more heavily and acutely ribbed than the former. No flowers observed. Fruit circular, but somewhat flattened, whitish green and very hard.
MELASTOMACEAE. Miconia minutiflora and allies (Canella de velho)— A. serpa.
A moderate forest tree, common in parts and generally near water. Trunk smooth and light, but much corrugated. Leaves ovate, opposite, smooth, dark green on upper surface, light earth-coloured beneath, circumferentially ribbed twice to lengthened apex, while subordinate fine veins connect these with midrib at wide angle. Flowers small, cream-white, in clusters, producing purple fruit. Some allied species are edible, but are hardly interesting.
In conclusion IT would like to express my grateful thanks to Dr. Karl Jordan and Mr. A. Hall for the invaluable assistance which they have both rendered me in the careful, painstaking, and difficult work of the identification of species.
\
Fig. 1. Uwe Dh ees: ed ay Gs eT es 82 ie cp KO} Pe SIs sy We mes 14 Peal: aq UGE at Tg? a Gh 5 ZAUE
Fig.
ANG: es men] ” 8. “meh ee Ue hg ale
EXPLANATION
Adelpha
”
Adelpha
Prate I.
pseudococala sp. nov. cytherea cocala . ” ” melona
”
jordani
99 delphicola mesentina é pupa of mesentina . thesprotia phliassa serpa
% : paraena iphicla é : velia Felder, for comparison MOSSt SP. NOV.
Puate II,
cytherea pseudococala . cocala . thesprotia delphicola mesentina melona
serpa and paraéna . phliassa iphicla jordani
Novitates ZooLtocicAaE XXXIX. 1933.
OF PLATES I AND II.
SPPUPUIIP EPP PP EPP
PUUBUD Ded
15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 16 16 16 Wf 16 11
eu
15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
ee
Novirates Zootocicz, Vou. XXXIX.,1933. PL.I
PLT.
ocic#, Vou. XXXIX.,1933.
Novirates Zoou
“«
S 2 , \+ /
‘4! a Tura, 4S
Noyirates Zootocicak XXXIX. 1933. 21
NOTES ON THE GENUS LYMANTRIA HBN. (LYMANTRIIDAB), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
By C. L. COLLENETTE. (With Plate ITT.)
N the genus Lymantria there exists considerable sexual dimorphism, which has led to a number of errors in the past in determination and description, and to the naming of species from one sex while specimens of the other sex remained unrecognized. In a recent paper on the Lymantriidae of Malaya (Noy. Zoou. xxxviii, p. 49, 1932) I ventured to clear up several points of this nature, while the present paper is the result of an examination of all the remaining material in the genus contained in the British and Tring Museums. I have refrained from undertaking a general revision of the genus, as I hope to include this in a paper on the whole family at a later date, but have included descriptions of several new species and dealt with cases of synonymy.
The name under which the genus should be known presents some difficulty. Swinhoe, in his revision of the family (A.M.N.H. (9) x, p. 449), uses Liparis Ochs. (1810), and states that although this name was used in 1738 by Artidi for a genus of fishes, this date was prior to the starting date for nomenclature, 1758. However, Scopoli, in Introd. Nat. Hist. 1777, p. 453, cites and validates Artidi’s description, and Liparis Scop. is now in current use in Ichthyology. Liparis Ochs. must be relegated as a homonym.
In Seitz’s Grossschm. d. Erde, Schaus in vol. vi uses Porthetria Hiibn., while Strand and Hering in vols. ii, x and xiv use Lymantria Hiibn, These two names originate on page 160 in the Verseichnisz, Porthetria being mentioned first. Several species are cited under Porthetria without designation of type, including P. dispar L., while under Lymantria only two are given, L. monacha L, and L. eremita Hiibn. L. eremita is now known to be a colour variation of L. monacha.
The first authors to use Porthetria appear to have been Humphreys and Westwood, in Br. Moths and their Transf., i, p. 85, 1843, but although P, dispar L. is the only species mentioned under the genus, it is not alluded to as type. The next reviser! to use Porthetria is Kirby, in Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 475, 1892, who selects P. dispar L. as the type. On page 477 Kirby also uses Lymantria with LI, monacha L. as type.
Subsequent to Kirby, Porthetria and Lymantria appear to have been first combined in a single genus by Hampson, in Fauna Br. India, 1893, p. 459, where Lymaniria is used for the combined genus, and L. monacha for the type.
Under Article 28 of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature it is laid down that where a genus is formed by the union of two genera of the same date, the name selected by the first reviser shall stand.
1 [ have found the exhaustive bibliography of P. dispar in Forbush and Fernold’s The Gypsy Moth, Mass. State Bd. of Publications, 1896, of great use here,
Novirates ZootocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
bo bo
I therefore use Lymantria Hiibn. for the genus, type L. monacha Linn., a conclusion which has the advantage that Lymantria is perhaps the most popular of the several names used in the past.
I have made venation preparations of some fifty of the principal species in the genus. No comment on these is necessary, excepting to mention that there is considerable divergence between species in the distance of vein R! from the subcostal in the forewing. This, however, is not a stable factor, for in L. turneri Swinh., Z. lygaea B.-Bak., L. kebeae B.-Bak., and doubtless others, specimens exist in which these veins anastomose, others in which they touch, and others again in which they run entirely free from each other.
Lymantria semicincta Wlkr. (Plate III, fig. 6).
Alope semicincta Wlkr., List Lep. Ins, B.M., iii, p. 620 (1855). Lymantria rhodina Wlkr., List Lep. Ins, B.M., xxxii, p. 366 (1865).
The type of L. semicincta is a 2, and the species is usually represented in collections by a good series of that sex. I have seen no mention of the ¢ in any account of the insect.
Although I can bring forward no actual proof, I am convinced after a careful comparison that the missing ¢ is standing in collections under the name of Lymantria rhodina Wlkr. I have figured a specimen of the 3, as the represen- tation in Seitz is poor.
Lymantria polysticta Collnt. (Plate III, fig. 11). Lymantria polysticta Collnt., Entom., xii, p. 278 (1929).
Q. Palpus pale cartridge buff, on the outer side bistre. Antenna bistre, the basal third of the shaft cartridge buff. Head cartridge buff, the eye fringed with bistre, the hair-scales at the base of the antenna orange-buff. Thorax cartridge buff, mixed sparsely with bistre and orange-buff. Abdomen orange- buff. Pectus pinkish buff. Venter orange-buff mixed with bistre. Legs pinkish buff to cartridge buff, the tibiae ringed and spotted with bistre, the tarsi bistre. Forewing and fringe whitish, the bistre markings resembling those of the 3, but considerably less heavy. Hindwing cartridge buff, inner marginal area tinged with light orange-yellow ; a rather indistinct snuff-brown crenate subterminal fascia ; a series of interneural snuff-brown spots, slightly invading the fringe, which is otherwise cartridge buff. Underside of forewing pinkish buff, inner marginal area cartridge buff ; a bistre streak along the costa as far as one-fourth, a spot on the costa above the discocellulars, a further spot postmedially and a smaller spot subterminally ; fringe cartridge buff, marked interneurally with bistre. Underside of hindwing pinkish buff ; a bistre spot on the discocellulars, a second near the apex, and a third near the anal angle ; fringe cartridge buff, marked interneurally near the apex with bistre.
Expanse : 2 68 mm.
1 9 (neallotype), Antsianaka and Lake Alaotra, Madagascar, April—June 1889 (Perrot Fréres) ; British Museum ex Oberthiir collection.
When describing the ¢ three years ago, from British Museum material, I did not detect the 2, which has a much lighter hindwing and less heavy markings on the forewing.
Novirates ZootocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 23
Lymantria joannisi Le Cerf (Plate III, fig. 1). Lymantria joannisi Le Cerf., Bull. Mus, Paris, p, 423 (1921).
2. Strongly resembles the 3. The postmedial fascia on the upperside of hindwing is continuous from costa to the 2nd anal vein, and the terminal margin of the hindwing is rounded and not projecting between veins M* to Cu? as in the 3.
Expanse ; 118 mm.
1 2 (neallotype), Diego Suarez, Madagascar ; Tring Museum.
Lymantria russula sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 14).
dg. Palpus pinkish buff, on the outer side fuscous-black. Antennal shaft pale pinkish buff, pectinations pinkish buff. Head pinkish buff, with a tuft of orange-buff at the base of the antenna. Thorax pale pinkish buff. Abdomen above and beneath pale pinkish buff mixed sparsely with strawberry pink. Pectus and legs pale pinkish buff, marked on the tarsi and towards the distal end of the tibia with bistre. Forewing pale pinkish buff, crossed by numerous snuff- brown fasciae which are obsolescent and visible mainly as spots on and between the veins, the most prominent being an antemedial spot on the costa and two subterminal spots between Cw? and the anal vein ; the subterminal fascia appears to be roughly parallel with the termen ; a series of terminal interneural snuft- brown spots ; fringe whitish. Hindwing strawberry pink, mixed towards the termen with pinkish buff; faint patches of snuff brown towards the apex, and near the termen between vein Cu? and the 2nd anal; termen slightly angled between veins M* and Cu*; fringe whitish. Underside of both wings pinkish buff, mixed sparsely with strawberry pink; a faint snuff-brown spot on the discocellulars ; costal area of forewing cinnamon buff, and a series of faint terminal interneural snuff-brown spots ; fringes whitish.
Expanse ; 48 mm.
1 g (holotype), Diego Suarez, Madagascar, March 1917 (G. Melou) ; Tring Museum.
This species is nearest to L. joannisi Le Cerf (1921), which has also been taken at Diego Suarez, but has considerably longer antennae, with longer pectinations, and has, on the upperside of forewing, the subterminal lunule between veins M* and Cw! in line with the remainder of the fascia, and not considerably nearer the termen as in L. joannisi.
Lymantria velutina Mab. Orgyia velutina Mab., Bull, Soc, Zool. Fr., iii, p. 90 (1878).
A series of 3g of this large and conspicuous species is included in most of the collections from Madagascar, but the 9 is unknown. In some points of structure the species agrees well with Nwmenoides grandis Btlr. (1879), known only in the 9 sex, but the differences in appearance and pattern are so considerable that it seems best to keep them separated for the present.
Lymantria monacha yunnanensis subsp. noy. (Plate III, fig. 3). ®. Palpus and antenna fuscous. Head and thorax cartridge buff, mixed on the frons and at the base of the antenna with orange-buff, and sparsely on the patagium with fuscous. Abdomen strawberry pink, banded in the distal half with fuscous; anal segments light ochraceous buff; ovipositor extruded.
24 Novrrates ZootogicarE XXXIX. 1933.
Pectus tawny olive. Venter fuscous, distally light ochraceous buff. Legs fuscous, mixed on the tibiae with tawny olive. Forewing whitish ; five fuscous patches on the costa at approximately equal distances apart, the first basally, the fifth near the apex ; a small fuscous spot in the cell and an angled fuscous streak along the discocellulars; a fuscous patch postmedially on the inner margin; traces of a crenate fuscous subterminal fascia; a series of fuscous interneural terminal spots, continued round the apex and also on to the fringe, which is otherwise whitish. Hindwing pinkish buff ; a broad indistinct tawny- olive subterminal fascia; a series of fuscous interneural terminal spots, con- tinued on to the fringe, which is otherwise pinkish buff. Underside of both wings, and fringes, tawny olive, marked indistinctly as on upperside ; on the hindwing a fuscous discocellular spot and an indistinct postmedial fascia.
3. Very similar to Swiss specimens of L. monacha monacha Linn., the markings on the forewing fine but distinct, the dark terminal band on the hind- wing merging without a definite boundary into the ground colour.
Expanse: ¢¢ 41-44 mm., 9° 66-71 mm.
1 Q (holotype), 1 ¢ (allotype), 2 99 and 4 g¢ (paratypes), Tse-kou, 8.W. of Ta-tsien-lou, Yunnan, 1993 m., 1898 and 1903 (P. Dubernard) ; British Museum, ex Oberthiir collection.
The 33 bear considerable resemblance to specimens of L. monacha monacha Linn., but the 2 is so abundantly distinct that I have no hesitation in describing it as a subspecies. This is borne out by the ¢ genitalia.
The 33 have been illustrated and briefly described by Gaede in Seitz’s Grossschm. d. Erde, ii, Suppl., p. 102 and pl. 8g (1932), as a var. of L. ascetria Hiibn., but, after comparison with the type of L. ascetria, it appears to me that they are not closely related to that species.
Lymantria concolor lacteipennis subsp. noy. (Plate III, fig. 4).
Q. Palpus and antenna fuscous. Head and thorax cream colour; a patch of ochraceous tawny at the base of the antenna; a broad patch of fuscous between the antennae and on the front of the thorax. Basal half of abdomen geranium pink, distal half cinnamon buff; a fuscous spot dorsally on each segment and a further series laterally ; ovipositor extruded. Pectus and venter fuscous, with a patch of geranium pink laterally beneath the hindwing. Legs fuscous, with a patch of cream colour on the outer side of the mid-tibia, and a further patch distally on the tibia. Forewing and fringe cream colour marked with fuscous, the markings resembling those of L. concolor concolor Wlkr., but broader and heavier. Hindwing and fringe pale pinkish buff marked with fuscous, the markings heavier than in the 9 L. concolor concolor and approaching those of the ¢ ; inner marginal area faintly tinged in the type and some paratypes with geranium pink. Underside of both wings, and fringes, cream colour marked with fuscous, the pattern as on the upperside but more heavy, especially on the hindwing,
3g. Distinguishable from 3 of L. concolor concolor only by heavier markings.
Expanse: 99 53-61 mm., gg 48-52 mm.
1 Q (holotype), 1 ¢ (allotype) and 2 9° (paratypes), Ta-tsien-lou, Prov. Sze-chwan, China, 3,200 m., 1906 and 1910; 4 34 (paratypes), Tsekou, S.W. of Ta-tsien-lou, 1,993 m., 1898 and 1902 (R. P. J. Dubernard) ; also 1 2 and 1 gy, Tien-tsuen, Yuin-kin, 700 m., 1897 and 1899; 1 Qand2 34, Siao-lou, 1900 and
Novirates ZootoeicarE XXXIX. 1933. 25
1903; and 1 9, “ Frontiére Orientale du Thibet,’ 1906 (R. P. Déjean) ; all British Museum, ex Oberthiir collection.
I have separated these insects as a race of L. concolor concolor Wlkr., and this is confirmed by the genitalia. They may be distinguished in the 9 sex by the geranium pink on the abdomen and the cream colour of the forewing, and in both sexes by the heavier markings. Two of the 99 have been determined by M. Gaede as L. superans Wlkr. (see Seitz, Grossschm. d. Erde, ii, Swppl., p. 101), but I find this is not confirmed by a comparison with Walker’s type in the British Museum.
Lymantria fumida caliginosa subsp. nov.
Q. Distinguishable from L. fumida fumida Btlr. by the darker colour of forewing—Saccardo’s umber as compared with tawny olive—and by the much less distinct pattern on the forewing.
3. The colour distinction holds good also in this sex, while the markings on the forewing are reduced to a dark patch on the discocellulars. There is a well- defined collar of strawberry pink between head and thorax, the termen of the forewing is slightly less oblique and the apex more rounded.
Expanse: gj 43 mm., 29 61-66 mm.
1 9 (holotype), 1 ¢g (allotype) and 2 9° (paratypes), Vrianotong, Thibet ; British Museum, ex Joicey collection.
In Seitz’s Grossschm. d. Erde, ii, p. 127, Lymantria fumida Butl. of Japan is shown as a form of L. dispar L. Swinhoe, Matsumura and others have, correctly in my opinion, shown it as a separate species. The insect described above appears to be a well-defined geographical race of L. fumida, and may be a link between this species and L. serva Fab. of N. India.
Lymantria bivittata Moore (Plate III, fig. 7). Pegella bivittata Moore, Lep, Coll, Atk., p. 57 (1879).
g. Antenna drab, on the outer side fuscous, tipped with strawberry pink. Antennal shaft fuscous, grading at the base to pale pinkish buff, pectinations Saccardo’s umber. Head and thorax pinkish buff, with a double spot of fuscous dorsally on the thorax. Abdomen strawberry pink, pinkish buff at the base and with a series of fuscous spots dorsally. Pectus, venter and legs drab mixed with strawberry pink, the tibiae and tarsi marked with fuscous. Forewing whitish ; two conspicuous fuscous subbasal spots, one above the cell, the other below the cell and slightly farther from the base ; a few scattered snuff-brown antemedial spots and a conspicuous fuscous spot on the costa ; a fuscous spot on the discocellulars ; a double crenate snuff-brown postmedial fascia, the proximal portion at right angles to the inner margin, the distal portion parallel with the termen, arising close together from the inner margin at two-thirds, and each terminating with a fuscous spot on the costa ; a series of subterminal interneural snuff-brown lunules, that between veins M* and Cw more distad than the remainder ; a series of terminal interneural fuscous spots, slightly invading the fringe, which is otherwise whitish. Hindwing pinkish buff, a faint snuff-brown spot on the discocellulars, and the termen broadly banded with snuff brown ; fringe whitish. (In some specimens the hindwing is much darker and the terminal band not visible.) Underside of both wings, and fringes, pinkish buff,
26 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
with the markings of the upperside very faintly reproduced, and the basal one-third of the costal area fuscous.
Expanse: $4 54-62 mm.
1 3 (neallotype), Darjeeling, ex coll. Lidderdale ; British Museum. 3 3d, Sikkim, 1,000-4,000 ft., and 1 3, Sikkim, 17.iii.1888 (O. Méller) ; 1 3, Sikkim, 2,000 ft., August 1895 ; Tring Museum.
Evidently a near relative of L. brunneiplaga Swinh. (1903), but sufficiently dissimilar therefrom in both sexes to be considered a perfectly distinct species.
Lymantria apicebrunnea Gaede (Plate III, fig. 12). Lymantria apicebrunnea Gaede, Seitz, Grossschm. d. Erde, ii, Suppl., p. 102 (1932).
Q. Palpus and antenna fuscous. Head and thorax pinkish buff, mixed on the frons with strawberry pink. Abdomen above and beneath cinnamon buff, dorsally on the basal segments mixed with strawberry pink. Pectus strawberry pink. Legs fuscous, mixed on the femora with strawberry pink. Forewing pale pinkish buff ; costa at the base narrowly snuff brown ; a streak of clay colour running from the costa at one-fourth oblique outwardly to the upper margin of the cell; a broad clay-colour postmedial fascia running in a straight line from the costa at three-fifths, through the lower margin of the cell, to the inner margin at one-half; fringe pale pinkish buff, marked interneurally with snuff brown. Hindwing pale pinkish buff ; inner marginal area faintly tinged with strawberry pink ; fringe pale pinkish buff, marked interneurally in the apical area with snuff brown. Underside of both wings pale pinkish buff ; fringes as on upperside.
Expanse: 29 84-86 mm., j 57-64 mm.
1 Q (neallotype), 2 99 and 6 3g, Lou-tse-kiang, Yunnan, S.W. of Ta-tsien- ou, 2,193 m. (R. P. Genestier) ; British Museum ex Oberthiir collection.
Gaede described this species from a series of ¢¢ in the British Museum collection from Ta-tsien-lou, which according to L. Déjean (Etudes Lép. Comp., vi, - pp. 122-123, 1912) is in the dry zone at an altitude of 3,200 m. The British Museum also possesses a series of 6 gg and 3 2° from Lou-tse-kiang, ex Oberthiir collection, from the wet zone at 2,193 m. The Lou-tse-kiang 3 are slightly larger than Gaede’s series, but seem to be otherwise indistinguishable, and I have therefore ventured to describe the 9 from this series. I must mention that Gaede’s type g, measured under my system (apex to centre of thorax, doubled) scales 56 mm., not 50 mm, as stated in his description.
Lymantria sakaguchii Mats. Lymantria sakaguchii Mats., Journ, Coll. Agric. Hokkaido, xix, p. 26 (1927).
This species was described from a g taken in Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Archipelago. In the British Museum is a ¢ from Oshima Island in the same group. It bears considerable resemblance to L. apicebrunnea Gaede, but is without the dark shading in the apex of the forewing.
In the Tring Museum are 2 99 from Ryukyu, June-August 1886, and as this sex has not yet been described, I have labelled one specimen as neallotype. It is scarcely distinguishable from the 9 of L. apicebrunnea Gaede, described above, save that the postmedial fascia on the forewing is distinctly narrower, and that a streak of snuff brown runs oblique outwardly from the base of the costa almost to the anal vein.
Expanse : 9° 83-84 mm.
Novitates ZootogicaE XXXIX. 1933. 27
Lymantria sphalera sphalera Collnt. (Plate III, fig. 2). Lymantria sphalera Collnt., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., \xxviii, p. 84 (1930).
9. Palpus pinkish buff. Antenna sepia, the pectinations very short. Head and thorax pinkish buff, the frons tinged with pale flesh colour. Abdomen somewhat rubbed, but apparently cinnamon buff above and beneath. Pectus and femora pale flesh colour to flesh colour, tibiae and tarsi Saccardo’s umber. Forewing drab, crossed by indistinct broad pale bands, directed as in the 2, and tinged narrowly with pale flesh colour where they join the costa ; an indis- tinct spot in the centre of the cell, and slight darkening on the discocellulars ; fringe pale flesh colour, mixed interneurally with drab. Hindwing above and beneath, underside of forewing, and fringes, flesh colour to pale flesh colour, mixed interneurally on the fringes with drab.
Expanse : 89 mm.
1 9 (neallotype), New Ireland, November 1923 (A. F. Eichhorn) ; Tring Museum. 1 9, Ulul-Nono, New Ireland, 1917-1919 ; British Museum, ex Joicey collection.
At first sight there is little to connect the 2 described above with the 3 described in 1930. The relationship was first inferred from the fact that no other large Lymantria is known from the island, and it was then seen that the sexual dimorphism resembles that found in the better-known Lymantria lepcha Mr.
Lymantria sphalera talesea subsp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 8).
3. Palpus pinkish buff, beneath and on the outer side fuscous. Antenna sepia. Head and thorax pinkish buff, tegula with a single fuscous spot near its base. Abdomen grenadine. Legs pinkish buff, the femora tinged with grena- dine. Pectus and venter pinkish buff mixed with grenadine. Forewing pinkish buff ; some fuscous spots in and above the cell as in L. sphalera sphalera ; a very faint antemedial fascia, medial shade and postmedial fascia, of a darker shade of pinkish buff, following the same path as in L. sphalera sphalera ; fringe pinkish buff. Hindwing warm buff, i.e. of a slightly darker and warmer shade than the forewing ; fringe pinkish buff. Underside of both wings, and fringes, warm buff, with a conspicuous fuscous spot on the discocellulars of each wing and faint fuscous spotting round the apex and postmedially on the costa; in and above cell of forewing tinged with grenadine.
9. Similar to L. sphalera sphalera, but with considerable grenadine pink on the abdomen, and with a patch of flesh colour on the forewing reaching from cell to costa on the proximal side of the antemedial fascia.
Expanse: 3 75 mm., 2 126 mm.
1 3 (holotype) and 1 9 (allotype), Talesea, New Britain, March-April 1925 (A. F. Eichhorn) ; Tring Museum.
I have separated this form from the variable L. sphalera sphalera Collnt. (1930) of New Ireland, on account of the lighter ground colour and superior size.
In the Tring Museum are 2 ¢¢ from Rook Island and 5 $4 from Manus, Admiralty Islands, which I am unable to separate from the insect described above.
Lymantria novaguineensis B.-Bak. (Plate IIT, fig. 16). Lymantria novaguineensis B,.-Bak., Nov, Zool., xi, p. 407 (1904), 9. Palpus snuff brown. Antenna fuscous, the pectinations very short. Head and thorax pale pinkish buff, mixed sparsely on the tegula with grenadine
28 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
pink. Abdomen above and beneath pinkish buff, mixed dorsally with grenadine pink. Pectus snuff brown mixed with pinkish buff. Legs much damaged in the type, but apparently mainly snuff brown marked with grenadine pink. Forewing whitish ; a small patch of snuff brown mixed with grenadine pink basally on the costa; a snuff-brown antemedial fascia, at right angles to the costa, running in a straight line to the inner margin and decreasing in width on its path ; a double snuff-brown postmedial fascia, the proximal portion broad, the two portions roughly at right angles to the inner margin, running almost straight to the costa and diverging slightly on the way; a series of terminal interneural snuff-brown spots ; fringe whitish, snuff brown interneurally. Hind- wing grenadine pink, whitish towards the termen ; fringe whitish, mixed with snuff brown interneurally, Wings beneath grenadine pink, grading to whitish in the costal, apical and terminal areas of the forewing, and terminal area of the hindwing ; fringes as on upperside.
Expanse : 91 mm.
1 9 (neallotype), Milne Bay, British New Guinea, March 1899 (A. 8. Meek) ; Tring Museum.
In describing this insect as the 9 of L. novaguineensis I have been guided by the somewhat parallel case of L. lwnata Stoll., and also by the fact that there is no other species from British New Guinea, known only in the g sex, with which it could be associated. It can be easily distinguished from the 2 of L. lunata by the straight antemedial fascia, the postmedial fascia at right angles to the inner margin, and the grenadine pink of the hindwing.
A 2 from Geelvink Bay, in the British Museum collection, is very similar, but exhibits a faint preterminal fascia on the forewing and a slightly bowed (concavity basad) postmedial fascia. I have associated this insect with a long series of ¢¢ in the British Museum from Nomnagihé, near Wangaar, Geelvink Bay, at present shown under L. novaguineensis.
Lymantria doreyensis sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 15).
3g. Palpus fuscous. Antennal shaft pale pinkish buff, pectinations tawny olive. Head, thorax and abdomen pinkish buff, with a sparse collar of straw- berry pink between head and thorax. Pectus, venter and legs pinkish buff, mixed sparsely with strawberry pink. Forewing whitish ; a spot of strawberry pink at the base of the costa; markings snuff brown to fuscous, resembling those of L. nova-guinensis B.-Bak; fringe whitish. Hindwing and fringe whitish, inner marginal area shaded with pale yellow-orange, the margin pro- duced to a slight angle between veins M* and Cw*. Underside of both wings, and fringes, whitish, costa and apex of forewing faintly marked with fuscous.
Expanse ; 42-45 mm.
1 gf (holotype) and 4 3g (paratypes), Dorey, N.W. of Geelvink Bay, Dutch New Guinea, June 1897 (W. Doherty); Tring Museum. 2 3, Mefor Island, Geelvink Bay, 15. viii-10.ix.1920, C., F., and J. Pratt ; British Museum.
Resembles L. novaguineensis B.-Bak., but considerable smaller, the antennae relatively larger, the abdomen without pink colour on the upperside, and the termen of the forewing less oblique. The genitalia are abundantly distinct.
In the British and Tring Museums are single gg from Ferguson Island,
NoviratEes ZooLtocicar XXXIX. 1933. 29
Humboldt Bay, Stephansort, Sorong, Bachian and Ternate, which resemble the present species and L. novaguineensis B.-Bak., but show individual differences. They no doubt represent races of one of these two species, but in the absence of further material I have left them undescribed.
Lymantria buruensis sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 9).
g. Palpus bistre, tipped with pinkish buff, beneath at the base geranium pink. Antennal shaft pale pinkish buff, the pectinations long and bushy, sayal brown. Head and thorax pale pinkish buff (discoloured in the type), with a double spot of fuscous dorsally on the thorax. Abdomen geranium pink, a whitish stripe dorsally with a fuscous spot on each segment ; anal tuft whitish. Pectus, venter and legs pale pinkish buff mixed with geranium pink, pectus bistre in front, legs marked on the tarsi and towards the distal end of the tibia with bistre. Forewing pale pinkish buff marked with fuscous, the markings strongly resembling those of the smaller L. nova-guinensis B.-Bak., excepting that both portions of the postmedial fascia are bent more oblique inwardly where they join the costa, and that the subterminal fascia is slightly farther from the termen ; fringe whitish. Hindwing with inner marginal area strawberry pink, grading gradually to pale pinkish buff over the distal half of the wing ; a faint fuscous spot on the discocellulars, a fuscous subterminal patch near the anal angle, and a series of faint terminal interneural fuscous spots ; fringe whitish. Underside of forewing pale pinkish buff, a fuscous spot on the discocellulars, further spots along the costa and termen and in the apical area ; fringe whitish. Underside of hindwing pale pinkish buff, a fuscous spot on the discocellulars and interneural terminal spots near the apex ; fringe whitish.
Expanse: 39 65-69 mm.
1 3 (holotype) and 5 33 (paratypes), Gamoe “Mrapat, Central West Buru, 5,000 ft., March-April 1922 ; and 2 $4, Kako Tagalago, Central Buru, 2,700 ft., May 1922, C., F., and J. Pratt, in British Museum, ex Joicey collection.
A distinct species, nearest to L. novaguineensis B.-Bak.
Lymantria praetermissa sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 13).
3. Palpus drab, on the outer side fuscous. Antennal shaft pale pinkish buff, pectinations snuff brown. Head and thorax pale pinkish buff mixed with drab, the thorax lighter and with a spot of snuff brown near the base of the tegula. Abdomen strawberry pink, at the base pale pinkish buff; anal tuft whitish. Pectus and venter pinkish buff mixed sparsely with strawberry pink, laterally on the venter a series of snuff-brown spots. Legs pinkish buff, mixed on the femora and distally on the tarsi with strawberry pink. Forewing whitish, marked with snuff brown and bistre, the pattern bearing much resemblance to that of L. novaguineensis B.-Bak., excepting that at the inner margin the post- medial fascia approaches closer to the antemedial fascia, and that the subterminal fascia is strongly crenate, with points on the veins and concavities terminad ; fringe whitish, snuff brown interneurally. Hindwing whitish, very slightly tinged with strawberry pink along the costa and in the inner marginal area ; fringe whitish. Underside of forewing, and fringe, whitish, faintly marked with
30 NovirarEs ZootocicAaE XXXIX. 1933.
bistre and snuff brown in the costal and apical areas. Hindwings and fringe whitish, with a snuff-brown spot on the discocellulars.
Expanse : 48-55 mm.
1 3 (holotype), Buitenzorg, Java (Bogor) ; 2 34 (paratypes), Tjinjfroean, Gouv. Kina-Ondern, Malabar Geb., W. Java, 1,700 m., November 1909 (H. W. v. d. Weele) ; Tring Museum.
Nearest to L. novaguineensis B.-Bak. In the British Museum are three closely allied 3g specimens from 8.W. Sumatra, 7 ¢ from Central Ceram and 2 $9 from Central Buru. These may probably prove to be races of L. praeter- missa, but I think it better to leave them undescribed until such time as the 99 are known.
Lymantria nephrographa Trnr. Lymantria nephrographa Trnr., Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, xxvii, p. 23 (1915). Lymantria mjobergi Auriv., Ark. Zool., xiii, 2, p. 26, pl. 1, fig. 1 (1920).
The type $3 used in both these descriptions were taken on Mount Tam- bourine, Queensland. I have compared Turner’s description of L. nephrographa with the coloured figure of L. mjébergi, and have satisfied myself that the latter must sink.
Lymantria loacana Semp. (Plate III, fig. 10). Lymaniria loacana Semp., Schmett. Philipp., ii, p. 462 (1898).
¢g. Resembles the 9 in colour and pattern, but less heavily marked on the forewing.
Expanse: $3 41-52 mm., average about 48 mm.
1 3 (neallotype), and 145 34, June 1912 and 1913, 2 ¢g March 1913, 3 gg April 1912 and 1913, 3 gg May 1912, all 5,000 ft., Banguio, subprov. Benguet, Luzon (A. E. Wileman) ; British Museum.
In this extensive series there is variation in the ground colour of the forewing from whitish to drab, and from a hindwing practically without marking to one with a well-defined subterminal fascia and a series of terminal interneural spots.
Lymantria cryptocloea Collnt. (Plate III, fig. 5). Lymantria cryptocloea Collnt., Nov. Zool., xxxvii, p. 178, 1932.
2. Palpus pinkish buff, on the outer side bistre. Antenna bistre, the pectinations short. Head, thorax and abdomen, above and beneath, pinkish buff to snuff brown, the ovipositor extruded. Legs pinkish buff, the tarsi bistre. Forewing pale pinkish buff, the markings snuff brown and resembling those of the 3, but considerably broader and heavier ; discocellulars fuscous, and a streak of fuscous below the origin of vein Cu?; fringe pinkish buff, snuff brown inter- neurally. Hindwing pinkish buff, with a broad but rather faint subterminal fascia of snuff brown ; fringe pinkish buff. Underside of both wings, and fringes, pinkish buff, with the more prominent markings of the upperside faintly repro- duced in snuff brown.
Expanse : 45-52 mm.
I a
Novirates ZooLroeicaE XXXIX. 1933. 31
1 2 (neallotype), Kolambugan, subprov. Lanao, Mindanao, sea-level, 19.v.1914 (A. E. Wileman) ; 1 9, Klondyke, subprov. Benguet, Luzon, 800 ft., 11.v.1912 (A. E. Wileman) ; British Museum.
Lymantria kinta Collnt. Lymantria kinta Collnt., Nov, Zool., xxxviii, p. 97, 1932.
I described this species recently from a series of 10 gf taken in the Malay Peninsula.
In the British Museum, ex Joicey collection, are 5 99 from Bidi, Sarawak, 1907-1908 (C. J. Brooks), which agree with the ¢ in all details of colour and marking and appear to be conspecific.
Expanse : 99 53-56 mm.
This 9 may be easily distinguished from the 9° of L. strigata Auriv.—of which there is a specimen from Bidi, Sarawak, in the British Museum—by the dark reddish colour of the forewing as against the brownish colour in L. strigata, and also by the light buff hindwing marked lightly near the anal angle with hazel, as against the warm buff hindwing, with dark terminal band occupying nearly half the wing area, in L. strigata.
Lymantria serva Fab.
Bombyx serva Fab., Ent. Syst. (3), 1, p. 474 (1793). Lymantria obsoleta Wikr., List Lep. Ins. B.M., iv, p. 880 (1855).
In the British Museum is a series of $3 from Southern China (Tse-kou, Tien-tsuen, Siao-lou, Moupin, Omei-shan, Ta-tsien-lou and Hunan), which measure 33-39 mm., and are therefore smaller than N. Indian 3 of L. serva. They do not appear to be otherwise separable.
The species in Ceylon has in the 9 sex much geranium pink on the abdomen and hindwing, while in the ¢ the same colour predominates on the abdomen. These insects have appeared over a blank label in the British Museum for a number of years, but in Moore’s Lep. Ceylon, ii, p. 100, Hampson’s Fauna of Br. India, i, p. 461, and Swinhoe’s Revision, A.M.N.H. (ix) 11, p. 427, specimens from Ceylon are included under L. obsoleta Wlkr. I have followed these authori- ties, as specimens from Ceylon seem doubtfully distinguishable from those taken in Southern India.
Lymantria inordinata barisana subsp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 17).
3. Palpus strawberry pink, on the outer side fuscous. Antenna sayal brown. Head and thorax pinkish buff to sayal brown. Abdomen above and beneath strawberry pink, anal tuft light ochraceous buff. Pectus and legs strawberry pink mixed with pinkish buff, the tarsi marked with fuscous. Forewing pale pinkish buff (in some specimens orange-pink), mixed over the whole wing with sayal brown; an indistinct sayal-brown antemedial fascia ; some bistre spots along the costa ; an angled bistre streak on the discocellulars and a conspicuous patch of bistre below the origin of vein Cu?; a crenate sayal-brown postmedial fascia from the costa at three-fourths to the inner margin at two-thirds; a
32 7 Novitatges ZoonrocicAaE XXXIX. 1933.
crenate sayal-brown subterminal fascia, approaching closely to the termen between veins R* to M? and M’ to Cw and finishing at the tornus; a series of bistre interneural terminal spots, continued round the apex ; fringe orange-pink. Hindwing and fringe orange-pink. Underside of both wings, and fringes, orange- pink ; discocellulars of both wings faintly marked with bistre ; some patches of bistre along the costa of forewing.
9. Strongly resembles the 3g, but with upperside of hindwing somewhat deeper in colour and marked with an indistinct series of interneural bistre terminal spots. Ovipositor extruded.
Expanse: 39 43-48 mm., 2 71 mm.
1 3 (holotype), 1 9 (allotype) and 2 $4 (paratypes), Barisan Range, Western Slopes, 8.W. Sumatra, 2,590 ft., October-November 1921; also 1 ¢ (paratype), North Korintji Valley, 8.W. Sumatra, 5,000 ft., September—October 1921, all C., F., and J. Pratt, British Museum ex Joicey collection. Apparently conspecific are: 1 9, Mt. Dulit, Sarawak (Chas. Hose), British Museum collection; 1 9, Kuching, Sarawak, and 1 3, Mt. Gedeh, Java, August 1926, Tring Museum.
I have compared this insect with the type g of L. inordinata inordinata Wlkr., 1865 (Celebes), which is at Oxford. The ¢ of the present subspecies is slightly smaller, and has shorter antennae. The interneural terminal spots of the forewing are smaller, and the subterminal lunule between veins M* and Cw nearer to the termen, than in L. i. inordinata. 'The present subspecies has a distinct rosy flush over both wings, wanting in L. 7. inordinata.
Lymantria pelospila Trnr.
Lymantria pelospila Trnr., Proc. R. Soc. Queensland, xxvii, p. 24 (1915). Lymantria lutescens Auriv., Ark. Zool., xiii, 2, p. 26, pl. 1, fig. 3 (1920).
I have compared a paratype of L. lutescens Auriv. with Turner’s excellent description of L. pelospila. The stalking of veins Rs and M? in the hindwing is a distinctive feature, and the types are from Broome and Port Darwin respectively. I have no hesitation in stating that L. lutescens is a synonym of L. pelospila.
Lymantria nigrostriata Kenr. (1914) is a Dasychira.
Lymantria cerebosa Swinh. (1903) is a Dasychira.
Lymantria variegata Roths. (1915) is a Dasychira.
Lymantria griseata Roths. (1915) is a Dasychira.
Lymantria fusca Roths. (1915) is a Dasychira.
Lymantria nigrita Roths. (1915) is a Dasychira.
Euproctis castaneo-striata Kenr. (1914) is a Lymantria.
Euproctis canariensis Kenr. (1914) is a Lymantria.
Euproctis griseostriata Kenr. (1914) is a Lymantria.
Dasychira brunneata Kenr. (1914) is a Lymantria.
(Dasychira didymata Kenr. 1914) = Lymantria dulcinea Btlr. (1882). (Dasychira rufotincta Kenr. 1914) = Lymantria rosea Btlr. (1879).
Ocneria signatoria militaris Obthr.
Lymantria militaris Obthr., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 386 (1914). Ocneria signatoria algerica Obthr., Lép. Comp., xi, p. 22, pl. cccxxx, Nos, 4727 and 4728 (1916); Lép. Comp., xii, p. 293 (1916).
x
Novirates ZooLogicaE XXXIX. 1933.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Lymantria joannisi Le Cerf. Neallotype 9.
sphalera sphalera Collnt. Neallotype 9. monacha yunnanensis, subsp. nov. Holotype 9. concolor lactipennis, subsp. nov. Holotype 9. cryptocloea Collnt. Neallotype 9.
semicincta Wlkr. 3.
bivittata Mr. Neallotype d.
sphalera talesea, subsp. nov. Holotype dg. buruensis, sp. nov. Holotype g.
loacana Semp. Neallotype 3.
polysticta Collnt. Neallotype 9.
apicebrunnea Gaede. Neallotype 9. praetermissa, sp. nov. Holotype 3.
russula, sp. nov. Holotype 3.
doreyensis, sp. nov. Holotype 3. novaguineensis B.-Bak. Neallotype 9. inordinata barisana, subsp. nov. Holotype ¢.
Novirates Zoorocic®, Vou. XXX1X.,1933 Pl.
New species &c, of the GENUS LYMANTRIA
Novirates Zootocican XXXIX. 1933. 33
During my first search of the Oberthiir collection in the British Museum some four years ago, I made a note that the type of Lymantria militaris Obthr. was not to be found. I have now no doubt that the several 99 captured at Colomb-Béchar in 1912, and used as the material-for the description of this species in 1914, were used again by Oberthiir for Ocneria signatoria algerica in 1916! The latter must therefore sink. I have included the insect in Ocneria, although I am rather doubtful if the distinction between Lymantria and Ocneria can be maintained in its present form. I have also selected and labelled a “lectotype ” for O. signatoria militaris.
34 Novirates ZooLocican XXXIX. 1933.
ON FREGETTA BONAPARTE AND ALLIED GENERA. By GREGORY M. MATHEWS. (With Plates [V-IX, and two text-figures.)
N order to name correctly the forms of Fregetta collected on the Tristan
group, it was necessary to work up all the material available of the birds
in this genus, including the species grallaria with which leucogaster has been confused.
When Bonaparte introduced his genus Fregetta in Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. xli, p. 1113, December 31st, 1855, he started off: “20 Fregetta tropica Bp. ex Gould,” on the bottom of p. 1112, and on the next page says : ‘* Parmi les genres et sous-genres que comprend ce groupe (Procellariés, générale- ment connus sous le nom de T'halassidromes), il en est un que j'ai nommé F’regetta dans la partie de mon Conspectus non encore publié. . . .” As a matter of fact, this part of his Conspectus Generwm Avium, containing p. 198, did not appear till October Ist, 1857, with his name spelt lawrencii given to a bird collected in Florida and called Thalassidroma fregetta Lawrence, not Kuhl; whereas this name spelt lawrencii appeared in the Comptes Rendus, vol. xlii, p. 769, on April 28th, 1856. He then gives his diagnosis and continues, “ ce genre comprend la leucogastra, Gould, qui en est le type, et ma Fr. lawrencii prise pour elle en Amerique.”
The genus Fregetia Bp. is diagnosed thus :
“Ce genre est bien caractérisé ; son bec est petit, a tube nasal retroussé ; ses ailes s’étendent bien au dela de la queue, que les pieds ne peuvent outre passer malgré leurs longs tarses, parce que le podiwm en est extremement court ; les doigts sont gros et palmés jusqu’aux bords ; les ongles petits, mais fortement deprimés. . . .”
He goes on to say, “la melanogastra Gould, bien distincte de ma Thalassidroma oceanica aux larges ongles de Grébes presque humains, différe 4 peine de la leucogastra.”
This last sentence shows that Bonaparte was using Gould’s lewcogaster.
When Ridgway introduced his genus Cymodroma in Mem. Comp. Mus. Zool. Harvard (Water Birds, North America, vol. ii), vol. xiii, pp. 363 and 418, 1884
(introd. March 31st), he says: “‘So far as we are aware, the black-and-white Stormy Petrel is only known to have been taken in a single instance within our waters . . . on the Gulf Coast of Florida.”
He said that the tail was even, the feathers exceedingly broad, with truncated tips ; tarsus about twice as long as the middle toe without the claw (more than two and a half times as long as the culmen).
On p. 418 he uses this name Cymodroma to replace Fregetta Bp., the type of which he gives as Procellaria tropica Gould, not Fregata Briss. 1760. He then gives his generic characters as: small size ; inner toe about equal to or slightly longer than the middle, which is decidedly shorter than the outer; claws very broad and flat, somewhat <> shaped; tarsus as given above; tail more than half as long as the wing, and even, the feathers extremely broad,
Novitates ZootocicAaE XXXIX. 1933. 35
and truncated at the tip; plumage partly coloured. Only one species of this very peculiar genus belongs to the North American fauna, and this on account of its accidental occurrence on the coast of Florida. He then uses the name Cymodroma grallaria, of which he makes Gould’s leucogaster a synonym.
The Storm Petrel which occurs in America is the one Lawrence mentions, who says that one of these birds was secured by Mr. John Hooper, of Brooklyn, N.Y., and which I believe to be grallaria.
Now, so far as I know, no one has written on these specimens since, and the type of lawrencii.is presumed to be lost. Dr. Frank Chapman writes me that he has tried unsuccessfully to locate the type.
The description of Thalassidroma fregetta as given by George N. Lawrence on p. 117 of the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. v, pt. 2, for May 1851 is of specimens taken in the harbour of St. Marks, Florida, in the South of the United States of North America.
“Length about eight inches (= 203 mm.); wing from flexure six inches (= 152 mm.) ; tail three inches (= 76 mm.) ; tarsus 13 inches (= 34 mm.).
“ Head and wings black; neck, breast and back dusky bluish ash or dark plumbeous ; wing coverts brown; tail perfectly even, with the two central feathers black, the others white at the base for half their length, terminating with black ; abdomen, inside covering of wings and rump white ; bills and legs black.
“The claws are peculiarly shaped, being depressed, ovate and as broad as they are long.
“They were observed about the vessel during two days, after which none were met with.”
This agrees very well with a winter-worn specimen of grallaria, except that no mention is made of the white edges to the feathers of the back, which may have been worn off. However, the measurements are about the same as those of the typical grallaria. Can we therefore with justice place lawrencii of Bona- parte as a synonym of grallaria ?
Both Bonaparte and Ridgway record a Storm Petrel from America, but neither of these authors examined the skin as far as I can ascertain at present. There can be no doubt that about this time grallaria was mistaken for leucogaster, as proved by the works of these two authors. In his original description Gould does not mention the short toes, but he does in his folio work.
When Ridgway introduced Cymodroma he diagnosed the foot as having the inner and middle toe of about equal length and decidedly shorter than the outer. If we read inner for outer and outer for inner we get a perfect diagnosis of the foot of leucogaster, i.e. the outer and middle toe and claw of about equal length and the inner toe and claw shorter by 2 or 3 mm.
It seems at present that the Storm Petrel which was collected in Florida is grallaria, but that neither Fregetta or Cymodroma was founded on it. Fregetia Bp. type leucogaster by original designation. Cymodroma Ridgway, from his diagnosis, type leucogaster by present designation.
This author says that seven examples were “said to have been captured,” so apparently were not included in the material he used. His measurements read: wing 6 to 6-5 inches (= 152-164), tail 3 to 3-3 (= 75-83), culmen -50 (= 13), middle toe without claw -80 (= 20 mm.).
Ridgway considered his genus to be equal to Fregetta of Bonaparte, which
36 Novirates ZooLocicar XXXIX, 1933.
he also considered preoccupied by Fregata Brisson 1760. Although he used Cymodroma grallaria, he put Gould’s leucogaster as a synonym, showing that he mixed these two species. As shown above, his diagnosis fits the foot of Gould’s bird and not grallaria.
Kry TO THE GENERA.
A. Toes wide and flat, claws not pointed.
a. Measurement from outside of inner claw to outside of outer claw, in life about equal in length to the middle toe and claw ; that is roughly equilateral, as in grallaria. Basal joint of middle toe scaled. Outer toe and claw a little longer than the middle toe and claw, which is a trifle longer than the inner toe and claw (Pl. IX, figs. 3, 4, 5, 7)
Fregettornis.
b. Measurement from outside of inner claw to outside of outer claw much less than the length of the middle toe and claw; that is roughly isosceles triangular, as in tropica, leucogaster and lineata. Basal joint of middle toe not scaled.
a@. Outer toe and claw equal in length to the middle toe and claw ; inner toe and claw shorter by a few millimetres (Pl. IX, figs. 1, 2, 6). . 3 3 : : Fregetta. bt. Inner toe and claw shorter by four or five millimetres (Pl. IX, fig. 8) . : é ‘ : : ‘ : Pealea. B. Toes thin and claws pointed.
Foot isosceles triangular. Middle toe and claw longest ; inner toe and claw shortest. Tail feathers narrow. Basal joint of middle toe
scaled (Pl. IX, fig. 10) : : ‘ : : . Pealeornis. Another way to distinguish the genera is : A. First primary about as long as the third 4 ; : . Pealea. B. First primary shorter than the third. a. Toes thin and claws pointed ‘ ‘ : : . Pealeornis. b. Toes wide and flat, claws not pointed. w. Foot equilaterally triangular : ; : . Fregettornis. &. Foot isosceles triangular : ; : ; . Fregetta.
In the 10th edition of Carl von Linné’s work, p. 131, January Ist, 1758, is described the first Storm Petrel as Procellaria pelagica “‘ in (albo =) alto oceano ”’ ; the type locality is restricted to Sweden. For this form three genera were proposed, viz. Hydrobates Boie 1822; Thalassidroma Vigors 1825; and Zalo- chelidon Billberg 1828. This bird has never caused any trouble ; it is figured in Dresser’s Birds of Europe, vol. viii, pl. 613, and Hartert, in Die Vogel der Pal. Fauna, vol. ii, p. 1410, 1920, has worked it up to date.
GENUS FREGETTA BONAPARTE. Fregetta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend, Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xli, p. 1113 (1855), type “ leucogastra Gould.’ Key TO SPECIES. (A. Not determinable . : : : 5 d ; F. fregata). B. Upper surface with narrow white edges to the feathers . F. tropica. C. Upper surface with wide white edges to the feathers . . F. leucogaster.
Novirates ZooLoaicar XXXIX. 1933. 37
In the 12th edition, p. 212, 1766 (pref. May 24th), Linné added another Storm Petrel as fregata, from “in oceano.”’
Latham, in General Synopsis, Birds, vol. iii, pt. 2, p. 410, No. 17, 1785, from an examination of a drawing in Sir Joseph Banks’s collection, says that it is found in latitude 37° South. This is copied by Gmelin, 1789, p. 561. This bird has been a stumbling-block ever since.
When I published the second volume of my Birds of Australia, pt. 1, May 30th, 1912, on p. 38 I printed Solander’s beautiful description of fregata, which is not the basis of Linné’s name, and the type locality was fixed as the mouth of the Rio de la Plata on the east coast of South America. This bird was col- lected on December 22nd, 1768, and not brought to this country till 1771, but believed by Solander to be identical with Linné’s bird.
FREGETTA FREGATA (L.). The Elusive Storm Petrel.
? Procellaria fregata Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, vol. i, p. 212, 1766 (pref. May 24th). Habitat in Oceano.
“ Frigate Petrel”’ Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, vol. iii, pt. 2, p. 410, 1785, Latitude 37° South.
Procellaria fregata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. i, pt. 2, p. 561, April 20th, 1789, Latitude 37° = mouth of the Rio de la Plata; Mathews, Birds Austral., vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 38, May 30th, 1912 (ex Solander MS.), mouth of the Rio de la Plata.
The following is a description of Gmelin’s bird :
Procellaria fregata, black, with the abdomen and rump white, the feet wholly black. Linn. Syst., 212.2.
Figured.
Habitat in South American Ocean, 8. Lat. 37° (December 22nd, 1768).
Variety ; with black stripe on abdomen ; in the Antarctic Ocean at South Terra del Fuego, 8. Lat. 58° (February 2nd, 1769).
(a) Head, neck, breast, back, wings and tail black.
Throat ashy-white.
Abdomen, vent and rump white.
Feathers of crissum white at base, blackish at tip.
Under wing coverts, whitish.
Eyes black.
Bill shiny black.
Upper mandible with compressed awl-shaped hook, in front of the nasal tubes a deep short channelled groove running forward.
Nasal tube not attaining the middle of the bill, subcylindrical, with the end raised above the bill, and here entire, with the opening circular.
Lower mandible shorter, a little bent down at the apex.
Wings long and lanceolate.
Feet entirely deep black.
Nails very short, broad, oval, sharp.
Hind-toe small, sessile.
Tail short, even.
Rectrices 12, all black.
Length from tip of bill to end of tail, 74 inches (190 mm.).
Width between tips of wings, 164 inches.
Weight, 1 ounces.
38 Noyirates ZooLocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
(b) Variety from the ocean at South Terra del Fuego, with a stripe from the breast along the middle of the abdomen to the crissum black; otherwise very similar and also the same in size.
Now the point arises, is Linné’s bird the same species as the one described by Latham in 1785? If not, it is indeterminable. Latham’s and Gmelin’s bird is of course the same as Solander’s.
FREGETTA TROPICA (Gould). Three subspecies :
FREGETTA TROPICA TROPICA (Gould). The Tropic Storm Petrel. (Pl. VIIL; Pl. LX, figs. 1, la.)
In the Catalogue of Birds, vol. xxv, p. 365, 1896, this form was considered identical with melanogaster.
The following is a description of the type :
General colour of the upper surface blackish brown; the head and back darkest and divided by the lighter feathers on the nape ; some of the feathers of the back have very narrow white edges; upper tail coverts white, some of the feathers of the back, immediately above this white band, have large white bases and a wide subterminal black band and fringed with a narrow white end ; tail black, all but the central pair with white bases; the central pair of tail feathers is the shortest, the next pair a little longer and so on till the outer pair, which is the longest ; shortest (central) pair measure 70 mm.; the outermost 79 mm.; primaries and secondaries black, the inner web lighter towards the inner edge ; the bases of the inner web fringed with white ; primary wing coverts black, remaining wing coverts brownish black like the nape of the neck ; throat whitish ; lores, sides of face, breast and chest dark brownish black, like the nape ; sides of the body, axillaries and most of the belly white ; the feathers of the abdomen have large white bases to the feathers for two-thirds of their length, the remaining third has a wide brown band, thus making a brown patch ; a few such brown feathers, with large white bases, connect the abdomen with the chest, but under no condition can it be called a band ; under tail coverts with extended white bases and ending with a wide brown bar, the longest under tail coverts are about half white and brown; under aspect of tail feathers brown; inner under wing lining white, surrounded by a widish band of brownish black running right round the wing ; under aspect of primaries brown ; under primary coverts light brown, all but the first fringed with white ; before the eye some of the feathers have white bases. Eyes brown, bill, feet and legs black. Total length 220 mm. ; wing 170; culmen 15; tail 79; tarsus 41; middle toe and claw 29 ; inner toe and claw 26. Lat. 6° 33’ N., Long. 18° 6’ W. The tarsus and basal joint of the middle toe is booted.
Another skin, from Lat. 0-2 §., Long. 30 W. (collected by the Transit of Venus Exp., Sp. b. in Cat. Birds ; pres. by Capt. Stanley), resembles the type in general appearance, the abdomen is perhaps a little more brownish, and this colour extends farther towards the chest. Many of the feathers on the back and wing coverts have a very narrow fringe of white ; it seems to be a younger bird. Wing 173 mm.; culmen 16; tail 80; tarsus 40 ; middle toe and claw 29, inner toe and claw 26. Two specimens examined.
Novitates ZooLtocicar XXXIX. 1933. 39
Distr.—This form does not appear to wander far from the type locality ; this is on the equator, a little north, viz. 6° 33’ North Lat. and 18° 6’ West Long., off Sierra Leone. In the Atlantic Ocean. Perhaps breeding south of the line on Ascension Island, but this is not proven. Has occurred as far north as the Canaries. It appears never to have the decided black band running from the vent to the chest.
In the Journal fiir Ornithologie for 1905 Vanhéffen had a paper (pp. 500- 515) on the German South Polar Expedition and a most useful map. In this he considers the northern distribution of the birds of the Tropics to be about 33° above the line in the Atlantic Ocean ; and the Southern boundary a line from about 25° South, from South America, curving a few degrees farther south and then curving up to South Africa about 15° South. This, then, should be the distribution of tropica, as so far it has only been collected in this area. Van- h6ffen’s line is continued from the east of South Africa from about 27° 8. curving a few degrees north to cut off the south of Madagascar, then curving south to the 30°, and running up to the North-West Cape in Western Australia to about 27° South. His other division is roughly about 65° South.
FREGETTA TROPICA MELANOGASTER (Gould). Black-bellied Storm Petrel.
(Pl. IX, figs. 2, 2a.)
Syn.: Fregetta tubulata Mathews, Birds Austral., vol. ii, p. 42, May 30th, 1912. Near the coasts of (West) Australia.
In the Catalogue of Birds, vol. xxv, p. 364, 1896, this bird is put in the genus Cymodroma. The type locality is off St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands, breeding on Kerguelen Island. It is figured as Thalassidroma melanogaster by Gould in his Birds of Australia, vol. vii, pl. 62 (pt. xxvi), March Ist, 1847.
Adult, Male.—General colour above sooty black, darkest on the head ; upper tail coverts white, some of the feathers of the back, immediately above the white feathers, have white bases ; tail black, all but the central pair with white bases ; the central pair of tail feathers is the shortest (70 mm.) and the outer pair the longest (80 mm.) ; primaries and secondaries black, the inner web lighter ; primary wing coverts black, remainder of the wing coverts brownish ; the under surface, including the throat, chest and a broad band running right to the vent, blackish brown; the feathers of the throat with white bases, which in the make-up of some skins gives a mottled appearance ; some, but not all, the feathers of the brown band on the belly have white bases ; others being uniform brown, lighter coloured at the base; the under tail coverts with large white bases, with the terminal third brownish ; in some more brownish on the inner web only, and some with white fringes; sides of the body and axillaries white ; under aspect of the tail feathers brownish black; inner underwing lining white, surrounded by a widish band of blackish brown running round the wing; under aspect of the primaries brown; under primary coverts light brown, all but the first fringed with white. Eyes brown; bill, feet and legs black. Total length 230 mm.; wing 172; culmen 15; tail 80; tarsus 42; middle toe and claw 28. Deception Island, South Shetland, December 26th, 1923.
Adult Female, collected at the same time and place, agrees, except that the
40 Novirates ZooLtogicaE XXXIX. 1933.
band on the belly is not so pronounced. ‘Total length 220 mm.; wing 167; culmen 16; tail 77; tarsus 40; middle toe and claw 27.
A pair collected in South Lat. 42° 23’ and East Long. 20° 32’ (West of Prince Edward Island) agrees, but each sex is smaller than the corresponding one from Deception Island. Male: wing 163 mm.; culmen 14; tail 79; tarsus 39; middle toe and claw 27. Female: wing 163 mm.; culmen 14; tail 76; tarsus 37; middle toe and claw 26.
This form only sometimes seems to have the white throat of F. t. tropica, although it is suggested by the white bases to the feathers. In some skins a very narrow line of white fringes some of the feathers of the upper surface, but this is the exception in the material in hand, 9 from Kerguelen Island and west, at sea near there, 8 from New Zealand and Australia, 7 from South Shetland Island, 7 from the New York Museum, 6 from Tring Museum, 4 others from Australia, and some odd skins, making over 45 skins examined.
Fregetta t. melanogaster differs from F. t. tropica in not always having the white throat and in having the abdominal band always distinctly marked, not only indicated. The distribution, as at present known of each of these two forms, is divided by a distinct species, F. grallaria tristanensis, the tropical Storm Petrel only having been so far discovered near the line in the Atlantic Ocean. When we get a series of birds from the breeding locality, like South Georgia, we find them to be very constant. The feathers on the back in some few cases have very narrow white fringes, but could never be mistaken for leucogaster or grallaria.
a. Fregetta tropica melanogaster (Gould).
Distr.—Indian Ocean, Kerguelen Island (breeding), St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands. Apparently common from the Agulhas Bank, at the extreme south of Cape Colony, eastwards to Australia. (Occurring on west Australian coast probably.) The South Atlantic Ocean, breeding on South Shetland and South Orkney Islands.
b. F. tropica australia Mathews.
Distr —South Pacific Ocean. Breeding on the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Occurring on the east coast of Australia, and east up to Peru, 20 miles west of Cafete, June 26th, 1913.
c. F. tropica tropica (Gould).
Distr —Atlantic Ocean only, about the equator, wandering as far north as the Canaries and as far south as Trinidad (breeding on Ascension ?).
While there are names for three subspecies of tropica corresponding to breeding habitats, it is very difficult to distinguish them. One typical form from the Atlantic Ocean, on the equator, which is tropica, and another, melanogaster, from the South Atlantic, Indian and South Pacific Oceans, would be a better way to treat them.
From the material sent over from the Mackay and Sydney Museums I find that melanogaster occurs off the eastern coast of New South Wales, and appar- ently is not rare.
The foot has the outer and middle toes with claw of equal length, the inner toe and claw shorter by 24-3 mm. ; the basal joint of all the toes is not scaled and the tarsus is booted. However, under a powerful magnifying glass, some
Novitates ZootoaicaE XXXIX. 1933. 4]
rudimentary scales are noticed on the inner and outer basal toe joints and near the top and bottom joints of the tarsus. In some specimens of grallaria the scaled tarsus is not always pronounced.
Key To THE SUBSPECIES.
a. Sides of body white ; vent and some feathers of the lower breast with dark tips. ; : : : a?. Sides of body white ; distinct dark band from breast to vent. 6. Wing smaller. : : : : . FF. t. melanogaster. b*. Wing larger : : . . : . F. t. australis.
F. t. tropica.
FREGETTA LEUCOGASTER Gould. The White-bellied Storm Petrel.
Two subspecies: F. 1. lewcogaster and F. Ll. deceptis.
FREGETTA LEUCOGASTER LEUCOGASTER (Gould). Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 367, May Ist, 1844, 36° S. Lat., 6° 47’ E. Long., collected by His Excellency Governor Grey, between Tristan da Cunha and the
Cape of Good Hope. Gould, Birds Austr., vol. vii, pl. 63, March Ist, 1847.
Cymodroma grallaria (not Vieillot), Godman, Monogr. Petrels, pt. 1, pl. 18, December 1907, and some of the letterpress.
As I pointed out in my Birds of Australia, vol. ii, pt. 1, pp. 35-44, 1912, leucogaster is not a synonym of grallaria Vieillot, but a different species, even a different genus ; cf. also Birds of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, p. 9, October 16th, 1928.
Gould’s type of leucogaster collected by Governor Grey is still in the Bird Room of the Natural History Museum.
The bird figured in Gould’s Birds of Australia, pt. xxvi, 1847, as Thalassi- droma leucogaster has the basal toe joint showing scales. The shape of the foot, however, in spite of the scaled toes (which I think were added by the artist) show it to be the form named leucogaster. _
This form has been the stumbling-block to many.
I think that Gould had one of the birds from Tristan (tristanensis) in his mind when he mentioned that lewcogaster had shorter toes than melanogaster, because this is so of the Tristan birds, whereas in his own drawing no such short- ness is apparent. Or perhaps he had a skin of grallaria.
Further in support of this are the two skins which Gould collected in the South Indian Ocean and labelled lewcogaster now in the Melbourne Museum in Victoria, and these agree absolutely with Gould’s type. In the letterpress Gould says that he encountered it generally over the South Indian Ocean.
Total length 71 inches (= 184 mm.); bill } (= 18); wing 6 (= 152); tail 3 (= 76) ; tarsus 14 (= 38); middle toe and claw | (= 25).
?
FREGETTA LEUCOGASTER DECEPTIS. (Pl. VIL; Pl. IX, fig. 6.)
There is a form of Storm Petrel which resembles leucogaster in general appearance, and in a skin in the Tring Museum, from the H. Whiteley collection obtained off New Zealand, the under surface resembles that part of lewcogaster ; the upper surface has the wide white fringes to the feathers. That is to say, this
42 NoyiratEs ZoonocicAE XXXIX. 1933.
form differs from melanogaster in lacking altogether the dark band from the chest to the vent, and in having wide white fringes to the feathers of the upper surface ; it differs from lewcogaster in being larger in the wing. I have called it Fregetta leucogaster deceptis in the Bull. B.O.C. 1932, vol. lii, p. 146, June ‘28th. Six specimens examined.
The distribution of Fregetta leucogaster deceptis will then be the South Pacific Ocean, off New Zealand, type locality ; and the South Indian Ocean (cf. “ Hmu, vol. xxii, 1922’).
A bird collected by Macgillivray on January 7th, 1853, in South Lat. 374° and East Long. 42°, between Madagascar and Prince Edward Island, is of this form. The tail is about even, the central pair of feathers perhaps shorter than the outer; the throat feathers have a white bar, the under tail coverts similar to those of leucogaster ; the longest under tail coverts reach to the tip of the tail feathers. Total length 210 mm.; culmen 15; wing 163; tail 73; tarsus 40 ; middle and outer toe and claw 26; inner toe and claw about 2} mm. shorter.
Adult (type of deceptis, Pl. VIL; Pl. IX, fig. 6)—General colour of the upper surface blackish brown, including the nape, back and scapulars; the feathers of the back and scapulars with distinct white fringes ; top of the head and cheeks black; upper tail coverts white, some of the feathers immediately above these white feathers have large white bases, followed by a blackish band and fringed with a less wide margin of white ; tail with the central pair of feathers the shortest and the outer pair the longest ; tail feathers black, all but the central pair with white bases ; primaries black, lighter on the outer edge of the inner web and whitish towards the base; primary coverts blackish, secondaries and coverts lighter brownish ; bastard wing black, bend of the wing blackish brown ; throat feathers brownish at the base and tip, divided by a wide band of white ; the feathers of the breast brownish with lighter-coloured bases ; the lower breast, belly, vent and axillaries white, the feathers immediately above the white under surface have brown bases and tips divided by a large white band; thighs brownish ; under tail coverts white with a broad subterminal band of brown and fringed with white ; the longest under tail coverts have the brown and white equally divided ; under aspect of primaries silver brown ; under primary coverts brown, all but the outer one fringed with white; a band running round the outside of the underwing brownish with lighter edges to the feathers ; inner underwing lining white; eyes brown; bill, legs and feet black. Total length 230 mm. ; culmen 15; wing 167; tail 78 (central pair; outer pair 80); tarsus 39: middle toe and claw 26, outer 26, inner 23. Collected off New Zealand. Tarsus booted ; toe joints flat, basal ones not scaled.
The sexes are alike.
Immature resembles the adults, after losing the down. Nest and eggs indistinguishable, no doubt, from those of melanogaster.
Breeding season, no doubt, the same months as melanogaster.
From the National Museum, Melbourne, Victoria, I have received three skins of Fregetta tropica melanogaster, and two of leucogaster, all determined by Gould, who presented the skins. These are the birds used by Messrs. Kinghorn and Cayley, Hmu, vol. xxii, October 1922; No. 1 from South Lat. 43° 18’; East Long. 140° 52’, a male; the other two from the Atlantic Ocean, with no further data, these latter are called tropica, but have the dark band from the vent to the breast and are of course the subspecies melanogaster, if that form is admitted.
Novitates ZooLocioaE XXXIX. 1933. 43
All three have the white throat, that is to say, the basal half of the throat feathers is white, the distal half brown; all have imperceptible white fringes to the feathers of the upper surface, and the foot with the basal joints of the toes not scaled, in fact they are typical Fregetta tropica melanogaster and need worry us no more.
The two skins, a sexed pair, from the South Indian Ocean and no other data, determined by Gould as his lewcogaster are of the utmost importance.
The male has the wide white fringes to the feathers of the upper surface ; back and scapulars dark blackish brown ; head, tail and primaries black ; throat feathers brown with a large white bar; upper breast brownish; from there to the vent pure white as in grallaria ; under tail coverts with large white bases to the feathers for two-thirds of the distance, followed by a wide band of brownish black, and fringed with white. Wings worn and measure 160 mm. plus the wear; culmen 15; tail even; the middle pair a trifle shorter ; tarsus 40 ; outer and middle toe and claw 28; inner toe and claw 25. The female is similar, but the white edges to the feathers on the upper surface not so wide. She also is a weather-worn specimen and we cannot see the shape of the tail or measure it with any certainty, nor can we be sure of the length of the wing. Wing 160 mm. plus wear; culmen 14; tail 75; tarsus 41; outer and middle toe and claw 28, inner 25. What is of interest also is that this form occurs in the South Indian Ocean.
It cannot be the winter plumage of melanogaster, as we do not know of any petrel which has a breeding plumage. There is no doubt about its close relation- ship with melanogaster. The shape and formation of the foot will always separate it from grallaria.
F. leucogaster can always be separated from any form of tropica by the wide white fringes to the feathers of the upper surface. The winter specimens, instead of losing the white fringes, seem to retain them. As no form of tropica, even in perfect plumage, has such wide and pronounced fringes to the feathers of the upper surface, lewcogaster can never be mistaken for it. Can it be that lewcogaster has the white bases to the tail feathers of a different pattern from those of melanogaster *
During the non-breeding season leucogaster and melanogaster occur at sea in the same area from South Africa through the Indian Ocean to New Zealand. However, leucogaster does Not occur in the south of South America.
So far leucogaster has not been found breeding.
_ The birds mentioned as having been collected by Sir George Grey, errone- ously said to be from Australia, have now been proved, from the British Museum register, to have come from Cape Agulhas, off South Africa, and are leucogaster.
The following is a description of the type of leucogaster. General colour above blackish brown, darker on the head and sides of the face ; feathers of the back with wide white fringes ; rump white ; tail black, all but the central pair with white bases ; primaries, secondaries and their coverts black ; middle wing coverts brown ; throat and breast blackish brown ; abdomen, sides of the body and vent white, like the inner underwing coverts ; under tail coverts white at the base and brownish at the end and tipped with white ; some of the longest coverts are half white and brownish ; under aspect of primaries greyish with white towards the base, on the inner web ; under primary coverts brown edged with white ; coverts round the bend of the inner wing brownish with lighter
44 Noviratres Zootogioar XXXIX. 1933.
edges. Lat. 35° 1’ South ; Long. 15° East. Total length 218 mm.; culmen 15; wing 157; tail 75 (fan-shaped) ; tarsus 41; toe with claw 25.
Ky TO THE SUBSPECIES.
Wing measurement smaller : : : : : . F. 1. leucogaster. Wing measurement larger . ‘ ; : : : . F. 1. deceptis.
GENUS FREGETTORNIS.
Fregettornis Mathews, Birds Austral., vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 31, May 30th, 1912. Type (by original designa- tion) Procellaria grallaria Vieillot.
Kry TO THE SPECIES.
@. Uniform black . : : : ’ : ; 5 . F. royana. a*, Under surface from breast white. Some white feathers with dark centres : : ; . Fquttata. No white feathers with dark centres. 5 : 5 . F. grallaria.
1. FREGETTORNIS GRALLARIA (Gould). White-fringed Storm Petrel. (Pl. TX, figs. 3, 3a, 4, 4a, 5, 5a, 7, 7a; text-fig. 2.)
Figured as Fregetta grallaria in my Birds of Australia, vol. ii, pl. 72, 1912, and in my Birds of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, pls. 6 and 10, 1928.
In the American Museum Novitates, No. 124, July 22nd, 1924, Dr. Robert C. Murphy proved that the type of grallaria did not come from Australia and restricted the type locality to the breeding form on Juan Fernandez Island. Wing of typical birds 153-9 mm. ; innominatus 160-8; titan 181-6. In the same publication, No. 322, July 14th, 1928, p. 4, Murphy named his large form titan ; he had 17 males and 10 females. The females slightly exceed the males in size ; in 63 skins measured from Juan Fernandez, the females also were slightly larger.
Now, grallaria occurs commonly in the South Pacific Ocean, between Australia and South America, and in the Atlantic, and we have four forms :
a. Fregettornis grallaria grallaria (Pl. IX, figs. 4, 4a; text-fig. 2), breeding on Juan Fernandez group.
Thalassidroma segethi Philippi and Landbeck 1860, Chile, is a synonym.
6. Fregettornis grallaria innominatus, breeding on Lord Howe Island.
c. Fregettornis grallaria titan (Pl. IX, figs. 5, 5a, 7, 7a), breeding on Rapa Island, in the Australian group.
d. Fregettornis grallaria tristanensis (Pl. IX, figs. 3, 3a) ; see farther on.
I feel convinced that the following all refer to grallaria typical.
Thalassidroma fregetta Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. v, No. 3, p. 117, May 1851. St. Marks, Florida.
Pregetta lawrencii Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Sci. Paris, vol. xlii, p. 769, 1856, April 28th. Florida, south of the United States (for the bird described by Lawrence in 1851).
Cymodroma grallaria Ridgway, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool Harvard (Water Birds, North Amer., vol. ii), vol. xiii, p. 419, 1884. Florida (for the bird described by Lawrence in 1851).
I have to thank my friend Mr. Harry 8S. Swarth for sending me over the
Novirates Zoonogican XXXIX. 1933. 45
series of grallaria in the California Academy of Sciences, as used by Loomis ; all these agree with other skins examined in having white fringes to the feathers of the upper surface and white underwing linings.
The one collected south of the Galapagos Island, in 4° 20’ South and 93° 30’ West, is nearest to the subspecies titan (wing 178 mm.) (cf. Hmu, vol. xxii, p. 91, line 16, 1922), and the drawing of the foot, text-fig. 5, 5a, is from this specimen. It is smaller and lighter in colour than titan, with the fringes to the feathers on the upper surface very wide and not worn off. Wing 178 mm.; culmen 16; tail 85; tarsus 40; outer toe and claw 27; middle 26, inner 25. It has the same white basis to the tail feathers as titan. The other skins were all from off Chile and therefore the typical form.
From the Stockholm Museum, Professor E. Lénnberg has sent me a skin collected in Patagonia on February 20th, 1850, which agrees with the typical form. Wing 162 mm.; culmen 13; tarsus 37; tail 78; toes with claw 22.
In the American Museum Novitates, No. 124, July 22nd, 1924, the bird called Fregetta lineata on p. 7 is the same as the bird called grallaria on p. 9, cf. Murphy in a letter to me dated January 25th, 1932, or it can be called Fregetta guttata sp. nov., as it differs from grallaria in having the white under surface streaked with blackish brown.
FREGETTORNIS GRALLARIA TRISTANENSIS Mathews. The Tristan Storm Petrel.
(Pl. IX, figs. 3, 3a.)
Fregettornis grallaria tristanensis Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. lii, p. 123, April 30th, 1932.
Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha group.
Adult—Head )blackish ; throat and upper chest dark blackish brown ; the feathers of the throat are uniform brown, those on the upper chest have white bases to the feathers ; lower hind neck, back and adjoining wing coverts dark brown, each feather with a white edge ; some of the primary coverts black with white edges to the feathers ; primaries black, with white bases, the smaller primaries and secondaries the same, but with a greyish wash ; the secondaries have white edges to the feathers ; rump white, like the under surface from the chest to the vent ; the vent feathers are white with brownish-black tips ; the longer ones blackish with large white bases to the feathers ; some few are also tipped with white ; tail even and black, the central pair all black, the remainder with white bases on the inner web. The under aspect of the wing has the feathers surrounding the bend of the wing from the axillaries to the primaries blackish, those immediately above the primaries with white edges ; remainder of the inner wing coverts white ; under primary coverts greyish, all but the first edged with white ; the primaries show matt brown from the underside, not black as from above. Eyes brown. Bill, legs and feet black. Total length 193 mm. ; bill 14 ; wing 160; tail 71; tarsus 38; middle toe and claw 24. Taken on Inaccessible Island, Tristan Group, on April 28th, 1923 (South Atlantic Ocean), now in the Scottish Museum. Five specimens examined.
An example in the Tring Museum taken in Lat. 37° 1478. and Long. 10° 5’ W., near Tristan da Cunha, on January 27th, 1904, has the inner underwing coverts white, surrounded by the usual blackish lining ; vent white, longer under tail coverts black with white bases and narrow white fringes. The feathers of the
46 Novirates ZootocicaAaE XXXIX. 1933.
back dark blackish brown with white fringes. Wing coverts with few white fringes. Bill, legs and feet black; eyes dark chestnut. It measures: bill 14 mm.; wing 165; tail 78; tarsus 40; middle toe and claw 24.
The Tring Museum bird compared with the Scottish Museum bird is practi- cally the same, even the dark band on the rim of the underwing has the same white edges to the feathers; the long dark under tail coverts with the white base, and white fringes. In the Tristan bird (April 28th, 1923) the primary coverts have perhaps more white fringes than the Tring specimen from near Tristan. The Tring specimen is lighter on the inner dark underlining of the wing, and is a female.
A skin in the Bird Room, from the South Atlantic, also is similar: wing 170 mm.; tail 79; culmen 15; tarsus 38; middle toe and claw, 23, outer 23, inner 22.
Distr.—Tristan da Cunha group, breeding on Inaccessible Island.
We have two skins of tristanensis in the Scottish Museum from the Gordon collection, one from Tristan da Cunha collected in 1919, with a wing 160 mm., and another collected on Inaccessible Island on April 28th, 1923, with a wing of 160. In one skin the outer web of the outermost tail feather is all black ; in another all but the second from the outside have the outer web black, this feather has the white on both webs. In one skin there are only a few feathers on the upper surface with white fringes. In a series these birds seem lighter than grallaria ; their wings measure 156, 160, 160, 167, 170 mm., the average being about the same as in innominatus.
In properly made-up skins the feet do just project beyond the tail. A skin in the South African Museum from Tristan measures : wing 156 mm. ; tarsus 36 ; tail 76; the smallest skin examined.
In Beitrdge zur Zoologie, etc., 1820, Kuhl has a monograph of the Petrels from p. 135 to p. 149, where he treats of twenty-seven species.
On p. 138 he has Proc. Fregatia, of which he makes P. aquerea a synonym. P. Fregatta is, of course, preoccupied by P. fregata L., so the next name is aquered.
The author gives the measurements as: total length 203 mm.; wing 160 ; tail 82; tarsus 39; middle toe 20. And he gives a figure of the head; the bill measured in the usual way gives 15.
He ends his description by saying “ Dorsi plumis albido marginatis ” ; this can only apply to grallaria or leucogaster, but which ?
Type locality: off the east coast of South America. The mouth of the River de la Plata, Atlantic Ocean.
Should this name be used for my Fregettornis grallaria tristanensis, or is it indeterminable ?
In the Awk, vol. xxxi, No. 4, October 1914, Dr. R. C. Murphy records that F. grallaria was seen in the South Atlantic from Lat. 7° 07’ to South Georgia.
2. FREGETTORNIS GUTTATA sp. nov. Spotted-breasted Storm Petrel. Fregetta lineata (not Peale) Murphy, Amer. Mus. Novit. No, 124, p. 7, July 22nd, 1924. Huapu Island, in the Marquesas Group. Adult.—Upper surface blackish brown, including the head, which is darkest, back, scapulars and wings ; some of the feathers on the back and scapulars with white fringes; the four outer tail feathers have the outer web uniform black
Novitates ZoonocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 47
and the inner web white at the base ; the four central ones being uniform black ; rump white, some of the feathers with a black tip ; primaries lighter on the inner web with white bases ; primary coverts blackish, wing coverts lighter; throat and upper breast like the upper surface ; lower breast to the vent white, many of the feathers with a dark streak along the shaft; under tail coverts dark brownish with white fringes ; under aspect of primaries brown, under primary coverts brown ; inner coverts and axillaries white ; the coverts running round the inner upperwing blackish brown. Eyes brown ; bill, legs and feet, including the webs, black. Total length, in the flesh, 203 mm.; expanse of out-stretched wings 438; wing 165; tail 73-5; exposed culmen 14; tarsus 38; middle toe and claw 22. The three toes are subequal in length, the outermost being a shade longer than the others. The nails are flat and broadly triangular. The tail of twelve feathers is doubly emarginate, the central and lateral quills being of the same length. The tarsus has the reticulations perceptible.
Collected by Beck off Huapu Island, in the Marquesas Group, on September 15th, 1922. It was feeding in a streak of oily water in company with large numbers of Bulweria and Fregetta grallaria. It seemed to be a breeding female.
The sexes are alike in this genus.
The immature, nest and eggs are also presumed to be similar to those of grallaria.
3. FREGETTORNIS MELANOLEUCA (Salvadori). The Black-and-White Storm Petrel.
(PI. IV; Pl. IX, fig. 11.)
Fregetta melanoleuca Salvadori, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, vol. xxi, p. 79, April 27th, 1908; ‘ Tristan da
Cunha ”’ (the locality is in doubt),
Adult (type)—The upper surface, including the head, back, scapulars and wings, blackish, with no white fringes to the feathers ; rump white, some of the upper tail coverts with dark tips ; tail even, feathers black with white bases to all but the central pair of feathers ; throat and upper breast lighter than the back ; the feathers nearer the white abdomen have larger white bases than those near the throat ; lower breast to the vent white ; under tail coverts white with blackish-brown edges; the longest coverts have the feathers half white and brown ; feathers round the upper leg brown; primaries, secondaries and their coverts black ; upperwing coverts brown; under aspect of primaries lighter ; the inner basal edge of the inner web white ; under primary coverts brown with white edges; inner underwing coverts white; the coverts running round the bend of the wing blackish brown ; under tail coverts black with white bases to the feathers. Total length 210 mm. ; culmen 14 ; wing 165; tarsus 41 ; tail 78 ; middle toe and claw 28, outer toe and claw 27, inner toe and claw 27.
This is a difficult bird to place, and I cannot match it in the long series of birds in front of me. The claws are different in shape from those of tristanensis. There is no sign of any scutellations on the tarsus or toe joints. The equilateral shape of the foot places it near F’. grallaria tristanensis.
It was bought at the Bullock sale in 1819 by Professor Bonelli and is now in the Turin Museum in Italy.
Distr.—Not determined accurately.
48 NovitaTes ZooLocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
4. FREGETTORNIS ROYANA Mathews. The Black Storm Petrel. Cf. Mathews, Birds of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, October 16th, 1928, pp. 7-12, plates 5-10.
Many of the tube-nosed birds are dimorphic, such as Pterodroma neglecta ; Macronectes, etc. This we know from proved facts, which have helped us much in other cases. With a proven case all is of course easy, but a certain school considers, without, in my opinion, sufficient reason, that many more petrels have two phases. This is a nice lazy way of getting rid of trouble, but is it scientific ? Science is knowledge set in order. Surely guessing cannot be the correct way of going to work. This upas ! poison started years ago in California, and flourishes in other parts of the world.
When we get many skins of Iregetta grallaria from its breeding-grounds, that is, Santa Clara Island and Rapa Island (two different subspecies), we find them resembling each other like peas ina pod. Now we get another subspecies breeding on Lord Howe Island ; these also resemble each other, and in general those of the other two forms. They all have white fringes to the feathers on the upper surface and white under wing coverts and a decided white rump.
Also breeding on Lord Howe Island is a bird of the same size as the sub- species of grallaria, but a uniform black ; Mr. Roy Bell, who collected for me for a year on this island, sent me the wings of about twenty birds, the bodies of which had been eaten by cats, so it is presumed to be fairly common. This I named royanda.
He also sent me two adults and one immature, with down still adhering to the head, of a form I named alistert.
Another bird lent me from the same island I named howensis.
In the Hmu, vol. xxii, pt. 2, October 1922, pp. 81-97, Messrs. Kinghorn and Cayley have a very useful and interesting paper on these birds, with a coloured plate, and photos of the back and front view of leuwcogaster and melanogaster, plates 28 and 29. On plate 27 they give a photo of the underside of three birds, which may show the dark royana blending into the white-bellied alistert. All these have dark underwing coverts.
In alisteri the rump and upper tail coverts are never all white; the same remarks apply to howensis. Now, it may be possible, by that unscientific process called analogy, to say that alisteri and howensis are the same as royana.
Also breeding on Lord Howe Island is a bird about the same size as the above, which I called insularis ; this bird has a decided white rump ; the inner underwing coverts white, the entire under surface from the breast to the under tail coverts white, but the feathers of the upper surface without the white fringes, except two or three feathers in the middle of the back.
In my Birds of Norfolk and Lord Howe Island, October 16th, 1928, I give a plate of each of these forms, and one of their feet.
After grallaria loses its down, it always has white edges to the feathers of the back and wings, or, as in worn specimens, the frayed edges showing where the white tips have broken away. I have found no eaception to this in the long series of about 180 skins examined.
I have now examined twelve skins of Fregettornis from Lord Howe Island, that is, the entire material available to date. There are three of the form innominatus which agree in all essentials with each other and disagree with the
1 The upas tree was said to asphyxiate those who came under its influence.
NovitaTes ZootocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 49
other nine. All other forms of grallaria agree in all essentials with their fellows. So far this is easy.
When we examine the other nine skins we find them to vary in a way not found in the long series of 180 skins of grallaria and its subspecies. What does this indicate 2 These nine birds have the feathers of the back uniform, without the white fringes to the feathers, even in the one with down still adhering to the crown of the head. We have two skins of the uniform royana; another with the vent whitish ; another with still more of the under surface whitish ; three of the form alisteri ; one of howensis and one of insularis. That is to say, that they agree with each other in having the upper surface alike, and disagree with any form of grallaria ; on the under surface we have the uniform royana, connecting through howensis and alistert with insularis ; this last form is not so easy to place.
When this series is examined together, it is impossible to consider them as all one species. I prefer to consider innominatus as a subspecies of grallaria ; and if we must unite the ones without the white fringes, the oldest name is Fregettornis royana 1914, with insularis 1915, alistert 1915, and howensis 1928 as synonyms. The series of alisteri, royana and howensis have a tarsus with the constant measurement of 36 mm., the three innominatus 37-39 and insularis 38.
On going through the series with Dr. Percy Lowe, of the British Museum, he considered that there were two species: the form of grallaria which had retained through life the juvenile character of the white fringes to the feathers of the upper surface ; and another form which, as shown by the skin with down still adhering, never has these fringes.
The measurements of the tail feathers seem to vary too much to be used as a character ; the white bases to the tail feathers, however, seem more constant. In typical grallaria and titan the outer web of the outer tail feather is practically all black, the inner web white for half its length, the next two feathers have the base of both webs white, sometimes also the fourth as well. The fourth and fifth have the outer web light greyish and the inner web white; the central feather all black, sometimes the feather next to it also is uniform.
In tristanensis the outer web of atu the feathers is black, the inner being white in all but the central pair. In one case the second feather from the outside has both webs white.
GENUS PHALEA. Pealea Ridgway, Auk, July 1886, p. 334 ; type by original designation : Thalassidroma lineata Peale.
Similar to Fregetta, but first primary longer than the third instead of much shorter ; basal joint of middle toe equal to or shorter than the rest of toe and claw instead of much longer.
PEALEA LINEATA (Peale). The Lined Storm Petrel. (Pl. VI; Pl. IX, figs. 8, 8a.) Thalassidroma lineata Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped., vol. viii, Birds, p. 293, October 1848 ; Upolu, Samoa, Cassin, tb., 2nd ed. p. 403, pl. 39, 1858.
Adult, Male (type).—General colour above uniform sooty black, including the head, nape and back; primaries, secondaries and their coverts black ; tail black all but the two central tail feathers with the inner web white at the base,
4
50 NovitatEs ZooLogicaE XXXIX. 1933.
for about half the length of the feather, the white running back obliquely from a point on the shaft ; the shaft white as far as the white inner web, black from thereon ; rump white, some of the feathers on the lower back bordering this white have dark bases and white tips with a broad, irregular black subterminal band ; some of the white rump feathers with a dark shaft streak at the tip; throat mottled, the feather with white bases and dark tips; lower breast and chest sooty like the back; from the chest to the vent white, all the feathers with wide black cuneate streaks at the tip; under tail coverts projecting to 10 mm. from the end of the tail feathers, black with white bases ; under aspect of primaries sooty with no white on the inner web or base ; lower underwing coverts sooty with light fringes ; next series with wide white fringes ; the coverts round the bend of the wing sooty. Total length 187 mm.; culmen (exposed) 14 ; wing 166; tail 76; tarsus 34-5; middle toe and claw 31, outer toe and claw 30, inner toe and claw 25. This skin still remains unique.
I have to thank Mr. J. H. Riley, of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., for much help ; he pointed out the generic characters of Pealea, corrected my description of the type and gave the measurements. We now have a modern description. The type was collected on the island of Upolu in Samoa ; the native who obtained the specimen stated that the birds “ bred in holes, very high up in the mountains.” If this is so, no doubt the species has been extermi- nated by the vermin.
Peale says “‘ the toes remarkably broad and flattened ; wings when closed projecting one inch beyond the tail; toes reaching three-quarters of an inch beyond the tail.”
The drawings here published are made from the sketches sent me from Washington, taken from the type, of the upper and under view of the wing and expanded tail and of the foot. The colouring is taken from the painting by Peale published in 1858.
In the Check List of Birds of the World, 1931, p. 70, Mr. J. L. Peters says that “Dr. Murphy tells me that lineata is only a phase of some species of F'regetta.” With this I do not agree.
In the Auk for 1886, July, p. 334, where Ridgway introduced the genus Pealea, he says that the claws are very broad, flat and blunt, that the tarsus exceeds in measurement that of the middle toe with claw by the length of the culmen (to nasal tube) and that the first primary is equal in length to, or longer than, the third. He compared this bird with Oceanites.
GENUS PHEALEORNIS MATHEWS. Pealeornis Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. lii, p. 132, 1932; type: P. maoriana.
The foot of this bird, compared with that of any of the other Storm Petrels, is of quite a different shape. It is long and thin. When spread out and measured from the outside of the outer claw to the outside of the inner claw, the result is 20 mm. The inner toe is shorter than the middle and outer, which are almost equal ; middle toe and claw measures 28 mm.
The basal joints of the toes are narrow and round, not broad and flat. Perhaps the middle basal toe joint is a trifle flattish.
I consider that Pealeornis is a perfectly good genus on foot construction ; as is Fregetta with a foot shaped like an isosceles triangle and Fregettornis with its
Novitates ZooLtocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 51
equilateral-shaped foot, which measures 23 mm. from outside to outside and the same for the length of the middle toe and claw.
If a foot, spread out as in life, of lineata, maoriana, grallaria and tropica is examined, the structural differences are manifest and more easily understood than by all the writing. Cf. Pl. IX.
Dr. J. Berlioz has sent me a drawing of the foot of the two supposed lineata ‘in the Paris Museum, collected by Quoy and Gaimard in L’ Astrolabe in 1829, from New Zealand. I examined and measured these in 1930. This drawing agrees with the foot of the bird in the British Museum and disagrees with the foot of grallaria.
Mr. L. Delapchier also sent me drawings of the leg and foot of the type of grallaria and two views of the leg and foot of the Pealeornis in the Paris Museum.
The upper surface of these two specimens in Paris is very like that of grallaria, but is darker, nearly black ; the wing coverts are paler brownish. One bird has some very faint whitish fringes to several feathers of the back; the other has the back entirely black. Compare drawing of the foot of lineata (= Pealeornis) and grallaria. Tbis., July 1933, p. 546, Pl. XVIII.
My friend Dr. J. Berlioz, who has been most helpful in comparing grallaria with his two specimens of Pealeornis, says: ‘Certainly the legs and feet of Pealea (= Pealeoriis) and Fregettornis grallaria are very different, the former thinner with the toes longer and much slenderer; while Fregettornis is a heavier-built bird with toes short and broad.
“In Pealea (= Pealeornis) the rectrices are not as broad as those of grallaria. All except the middle ones have very sharply defined white bases, the white, as you say, more extended on the inner web.
A—Pealeornis
“One of the specimens has the base of the outer web maoriana. of the outermost rectrice distinctly white, this being much pee ee
reduced, nearly obsolete, on the other specimen. However, there is always a very short white base on the outer web of all the external rectrices and a larger one on the inner web.”
The shape of the foot of Pealeornis belongs to the thin-toed genera like Oceanites and Garrodia, but much nearer the former.
Pelagodroma is quite distinct, the foot is more like that of Fregetta tropica, but the basal toe joints are scaled and the basal joints of all the toes more rounded and it is of course longer. In all these the inner toe is distinctly the shortest. In Fregettornis all the toes are of about equal length.
PEALEORNIS MAORIANA Mathews. Maori Storm Petrel. (Pl. V; Pl. IX, figs. 9, 9a, 10, 10a ; text-fig. 1.)
Pealeornis maoriana Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, lii, p. 132, 1932; Bank’s Peninsula, New
Zealand,
Distr.—New Zealand only (breeding on Bank’s Peninsula 2).
The following specimen was erroneously considered to be Pealea lineata. General colour above black, including the head, back and tail ; upper tail coverts white, some of the feathers of the back immediately above the white rump have
52 Novitates ZooLtocicAE XXXIX. 1933.
white bases, followed by a broad black band and fringed with white ; tail feathers black, all but the central pair with white bases ; this white is more extended on the inner web ; the tail feathers even in length and narrow in structure ; primaries black, lighter on the inner web towards the edge ; secondaries blackish brown ; primary coverts black; remainder of wing coverts brownish ; under surface with the feathers of the throat with white bases and brown tips giving a mottled appearance ; chest blackish brown; abdomen, vent and sides of the body white ; running down the sides of the body many of the feathers have a dark line along the shaft ; some of the feathers round the thighs brown ; under tail coverts with white bases and a broad black terminal band ; under aspect of primaries matt ; underwing lining with a broad blackish band running round the edge of the wing; inner underwing linings and axillaries white ; bill, feet and legs black ; eyes dark brown. Total length 180 mm. ; exposed culmen 13 ; wing 150; tail 68; tarsus 36; middle toe and claw 28, outer toe and claw 27, inner toe and claw 24. Taken off Bank’s Peninsula, New Zealand. Type in the British Museum. Three specimens.
In the foot of this bird it looks as though the webbing was cut out and then the toe joints glued on ; while in the feet of the other species it gives the impres- sion that the webbing was split open and the toe joints placed inside and then the upper covering pressed on to the joints, so different is the structure.
The tarsus is imperceptibly scutellated, as is the basal central toe joint. This toe joint is perhaps flattened on the upper surface.
Bonaparte, in his Conspectus, vol. ii, p. 200, October Ist, 1857, had a skin collected by the Astrolabe Expedition in 1829 (No. 254) in New Zealand on “* Promontorio orientali,’’ which is Bank’s Peninsula. He placed this bird in the genus Oceanites, the feet more nearly resembling the feet of oceanicus than those of any other Storm Petrel. If the genus Pealeornis is not admitted, then maorzana must be included in Oceanites, as it does not fit into Fregetta, Fregettornis, or Pealea.
Dr. A. Wetmore has kindly had drawn for me the foot of the type of lineata. If we examine this drawing we see at a glance that it has nothing to do with grallaria of Vieillot.
If we compare this drawing again with the drawing of the foot of the bird in the Natural History Museum, Pealeornis, and of the feet of the two specimens in Paris, we see that it also differs considerably. I therefore named the New Zealand bird as new.
The foot of the type lineata was drawn by Mrs. A. M. Awl, and the foot of the bird in the British Museum by Mr. F. W. Frohawk.
Now, instead of having Pealea a varying species, the specimen remains unique ; the supposed Pealea from the Marquesas turns out to be Fregettornis grallaria.
The following is Dr. Wetmore’s letter :
“Tn reply to your letter of March 15th, 1932, Dr. Friedmann, Mr. Riley and I have all examined the type specimen of Pealea lineata. To answer your questions the basal toe joints in our specimen of Pealea are smooth, without indication of scales. I have verified this under a lens. The middle toe has the basal joint flattened, while the one on either side has the basal joint rounded. The tarsus is booted.
Pl. IV.
Novirates Zoouocice, Vou. XXXIX, 1933.
Ws ohauhy
John Bale Sons & Danielason LM London
FREGETTORNIS MELANOLEUCA, type.
Novirates Zoo.ocic#, Vou. XXXIX, 1933.
PEALEORNIS MAORIANA, type.
RIVE
PI. VI.
Novirates Zoo.ocice, Vou. XXXIX,1933.
nBale Sons & Danielssan U4 London
ohn
Jo
PEALEA LINEATA, type
Sm arse MUSED
ie ty ‘i 4 ee 0 oy %. = 2 .
a TURAL wi8s
Novirates Zooiocice, Vou.XXXIX,1933. P1.VII.
Py A
iv Mp Bais
J e
John Bale Sane & Dasuelescn iM Landen,
FREGETTA LEUCOGASTER DECEPTIS, type.
EEE
Novirates Zooocica, Vou. XXXIX, 1933.
FREGETTA TROPICA TROPICA, type.
Teal, WANE
John Bale Sone & Danielosan 1M Landon
—eeeeeeEee—eE—e—————————————S—i‘Csiéi res)!
Novirates Zoo.ocicz, Vor.XXXIX,1933. Pls DXe
John Bale Sone & Darualssan LM Landon,
Fig.l,la FREGETTA TROPICA TROPICA,type. Fig.2,2a.FREGETTA TROPICA MELANOGASTER, type. Fig.3,3a.FREGETTORNIS GRALLARIA TRISTANENSIS, type. Fig.4,4:a. FREGETTORNIS GRALLARIA GRALLARIA, typical. Fig.5,5a.FREGETTORNIS GRALLARIA TITAN, (Galapagos 1). Fig,6. FREGETTA LEUCOGASTER DECEPTIS, type.
Fig. 7,7a FREGETTORNIS GRALLARIA TITAN. Fig.8,8a.PEALEA LINBATA, type Fig.9.PEALEORNIS MAORIANA (Paris Museum). Fig.10,l0a.PEALEORNIS MAORIANA,type (British Museum). Fig ll. FREGETTORNIS MELANOLEUCA, type.
Novirates Zootocicar XXXIX. 1933. 53
“ When Mr. Ridgway made the genus Pealea he had only the type before him.
“Tn distinction from all this Fregetta has the toes scaled.
“While it seems barely possible that Pealea is simply a colour phase of Fregetta, at the same time it is necessary to recall that several specimens of Pealea are now known. It is true that it has the proportions of F'regetta, but the plumage certainly appears quite different. I would suggest that you try to verify the scalation of the foot from another specimen. The type is very old, and it is barely possible that there has been a change due to some sweating or deterioration, although on careful examination I find no indication of this. From what I have seen I should consider Pealea as a distinct species, in which Friedmann and Riley concur.”
Dr. Sanford has sent me a life-size painting of the supposed Pealea taken in the Marquesas Island in 1922, together with a drawing, twice life size, of the foot. This confirms Dr. Murphy’s statement already quoted, that this skin is a grallaria type of bird. The dark centres to the feathers on the white area on the under surface are extraordinary ; this feature apparently has nothing to do with the dark lines noticeable in lineata. The feet do not project beyond the tail and the toes are of about equal length. See ante under guttata.
Pealeornis can always be distinguished from all other Storm Petrels by the narrow tail feathers and by the slender delicate tarsus and foot, the claws being small and narrow.
We now have all the names :
1. Procellaria fregata Linné, perhaps indeterminable. 2. Fregetta tropica (Gould). (a) F. t. tropica (Gould), Atlantic Ocean. (b) F. t. melanogaster Gould (tubulata Mathews a synonym), Indian Ocean and South Polar regions. (c) F. t. australis Mathews, Pacific Ocean. 3. Fregetta leucogaster (Gould). (a) F. Ll. leucogaster (Gould), Indian Ocean. (b) F. 1. deceptis Mathews, Pacific Ocean. 4. Fregettornis grallaria (Vieillot). (a) F. g. grallaria (Vieillot), off Chilean coast. (b) F. g. titan Murphy, Rapa Island. (c) F. g. innominatus Mathews (insularis a synonym), Lord Howe Island. (d) F. g. tristanensis Mathews, Tristan da Cunha. 5. Fregettornis melanoleuca Salvadori, type in existence, no other specimen known, locality doubtful. . Fregettornis royana Mathews, Lord Howe Island. . Fregettornis gutata Mathews, Marquesas Island. . Pealea lineata (Peale), Samoa. 9. Pealeornis maoriana Mathews, New Zealand.
cos mo
I wish to thank the following, who have helped me with the loan of specimens and thus enabled me to examine all the available skins in the world of the birds in these genera:
The officials of the Bird Room in the Natural History Museum, at South Kensington, especially Dr. P. Lowe and Mr. N. B. Kinnear.
54 Novirates Zootocicar XXXIX. 1933,
Lord Rothschild, the Museum, Tring.
Dr. J. Berlioz, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and Mr. L. Delapchier, for drawing the foot of the type of grallaria Vieillot and P. maoriana.
Mr. Harry Swarth, the Academy of Natural Sciences, California.
Drs. R. C. Murphy and L. Sanford, the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Mr. D. J. Mahony, Director of the National Museum, Melbourne.
Dr. Roberto Dabbene, Director of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Buenos Aires.
Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw, Keeper, Natural History Department, of the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
Professor Arcangeli, Director of the Istituto e Museo di Zoologia, Torino, Italy, and Dr. Festa of the same institution.
Dr. E. Stresemann, Zoologisches Museum der Universitat, Berlin.
Dr. A. Wetmore, National Museum, Washington, D.C.; and Mrs. A. M. Awl of the same institution, for drawing the foot of the type of lineata Peale. Mr. J. H. Riley, of the same institution, who measured Pealea.
Dr. E. G. Gill, Director of the South African Museum, at Cape Town.
The Trustees of the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales.
The Trustees of the Mackay Museum, Sydney, New South Wales.
Dr. Professor Einar Lénnberg, Stockholm.
I have examined for this monograph over 240 specimens.
Novitates Zoonocicar XXXIX. 1933. 55
SIPHONAPTERA COLLECTED BY MR. F. SHAW MAYER IN MANDATED NEW GUINEA.
By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S. (With 8 text-figures.)
ee collection of Siphonaptera made by Mr. I’. Shaw Mayer during his 1932
expedition in Mandated New Guinea is the largest ever recorded from New Guinea. The specimens were obtained from February to December in the Kratke Mts., Buntibasa district, at altitudes varying from 4,000 to 5,000 ft. ; the cat-flea was found in numbers on a Mission dog. Altogether 10 species were procured, of which 4 are new, one of them representing a new genus ; moreover, the undescribed male of another species was obtained in numbers, and a second specimen of Stivalius abacetus, the type of which had remained unique in our collection.
As the collector of mammals in New Guinea has to depend to a very great extent on the help of natives, and as the fleas soon leave a live or dead host if handled too much, we greatly appreciate the success Mr. F. Shaw Mayer has had in spite of such adverse circumstances.
1. Pulex irritans L. 1758.
In camp, a small number of both sexes. Presumably an introduction by the white man.
Alaopsylla gen. nov.
3g. Close to Xenopsylla cheopis Roths. 1903, but eye absent, being repre- sented only by an internal brown spot.
The genus stands in the same relation to the cheopis-subgroup of Xenopsylla Glink. 1907 as Rooseveltiella Fox 1914 to the brasiliensis-subgroup of that genus.
One species.
2. Alaopsylla papuensis sp. nov. (text-figs. 3, 4).
9. Bristles of head and body nearly all shorter and thinner than in X. cheopis, fewer on coxae and femora, proboscis shorter, midtarsal segment IT shorter, etc.
On frons a bristle before vestige of eye and another near ventral margin. On occiput a minute bristle at base of antennal groove, a small one in middle and a subapical row of 5 each side, all much smaller than in X. cheopis. Proboscis reaching to four-fifths of forecoxa.
The row of bristles contains 14 on pronotum, 13 on mesonotum and 12 on metonotum ; mesopleurae with 5 bristles placed as in X. cheopis; on mete- pimerum a row of 5 from stigma downwards and in front of the lower end of the row | or 2 bristles.
On abdominal tergites (the two sides together) a row of 14 or 15 bristles on II to VI., and 12 on VII. On sternites [11 to VIT 9 or 10 bristles.
56 Novirates ZooLocicAarE XXXIX. 1933.
Forecoxa with 22 to 25 bristles on outer surface. On inner side of hindcoxa 3 small spiniforms, on one coxa 4. On hindfemur 2 subventral subapical bristles on outside and from 2 to 4 on inside ; the ventral tooth, so strongly developed as a rule in X. cheopis, is vestigial. Midtibia with 5 dorsal notches, bearing strong bristles (inclusive of apical notch), above and below postmedian pair a strong bristle each, at apex dorsally 3 strong bristles and a small one ; on outer surface 4 or 5 subdorsal bristles. Hindtibia with 6 dorsal notches, apical notch with 3 heavy bristles, subapical one with 1 or 2 bristles, between this and the post- median pair another stout bristle ; 5 or 6 lateral subdorsal bristles inclusive of
apical one ; longest apical bristle of hindtarsal segment II reaching to or a little beyond [V. Measurements of foretarsus: 7, 7, 6, 4:5, 11, midtarsus 11, 12, 8, 5-5, 12, hindtarsus 31, 18, 11, 6:5, 14.
Modified segments. On each side of VIII. t. one large bristle at some distance below stigma, with or without a small bristle farther up, 4 lateral bristles farther down, and a ventral-apical row of 10 to 12, at apical margin on inside a row of 9 or 10, these short with the exception of the bristle at the ventral apical angle. Stylet not quite twice as long as broad (13:7). Bursa copulatrix almost as in X. cheopis; head of spermatheca a little smaller and rounder than in X. cheopis and the base of the tail more ventricose.
Length: 2-1 mm., hindfemur: 0-45 mm.
On Pogonomys loriae Thomat, No. 353, 2 99.
3. Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché 1835.
A large series from a Mission dog at Kambaidam, 4,000 ft. Introduced ; the native race would be Ct. felis orientis Jord. 1925, which was not obtained, but which we have from Rook, Dampier, Admiralty and the islands in Geelvink Bay.
Noviratres Zootoaicar XXXIX. 1933. 57
4. Acanthopsylla enderleini Wagner 1933. 2. Akmepsylla enderleini Wagner, Mitteil. Zool. Mus, Berlin, xviii. p. 354, text-figs. 14, 15, 16 (1933) (Mandated N. Guinea, on Pseudochirops albertisii). Acanthopsylla enderleini id., l.c. p. 362 (1933) (correction),
Evidently represents A. gravida Roths. 1916 in New Guinea. The 3 differs slightly in the process of the clasper being subapically somewhat more dis- tinctly concave on the posterior side, the apex of the ventral arm of IX. st. narrower, with the proximal bristle on the widened apex larger, the small ventral bristles on the inner surface of VIII. st. more numerous, forming an irregular row from the base of the ventral apical lobe forward, the lateral bristle of X. t. thinner, and the anal pleurites (a distinct sclerite in this genus) with 4 lateral bristles instead of 5. In all the 29 the lobe above the sinus of VII. st. is broader than in A. pavida, as pointed out by Wagner, but varies in width ; head of spermatheca somewhat shorter.
On Dactylopsila, a series; Distoechurus, 3 22; Phascogale,1 3. The first mammal is evidently the true host.
5. Stivalius mordax J. & R. 1922. On Rattus browni Alst., No. 302,733, and Dasyurus, 1 3.
6. Stivalius shawmayeri sp. nov. (text-figs. 5, 6, 7).
32. Near St. mordax; frons less strongly curved, but with some strong bristles ; eye somewhat larger, as is also the stigma-cavity of VIII. t.; basal abdominal sternite without lateral bristles, but with some minute pale dots, the sockets of minute hairs.
3. Apical margin of VIII. st. more distinctly incurved, the ventral angle
therefore less broadly rounded, the most distal ventral bristles smaller. Exopo- dite F less curved, without a ventral proximal patch of small hairs : three long ventral subapical bristles, which are thinner than in St. mordax and stand farther away from the hooked apex, the third thinner than the other two ; from this bristle to basal curve of ventral margin a row of about 7 thin short bristles ; two short pale dorsal spiniforms close to the highest point. Process P2 of clasper short, above it a small bristle. Ventral arm of IX. st. curved upwards at tip and
58 Novitates ZooLtocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
narrowed into a sharp beak, bearing a few minute bristles, proximally of them 3 short ventral spiniforms placed at nearly equal distances from one another on the convex apical portion of the sclerite ; dorsally the apical two-fifths of IX. st. compressed, a smooth ridge being formed as in several other species, this ridge widened into a triangular tooth, which is sharp and somewhat curved frontad, on the frontal side of the tooth a rounded sinus, which gradually becomes: shallow anteriorly ; the ridge forming anteriorly a small hump. ‘The armature of the penis is much obscured in the specimen, the figure (text-fig. 6) therefore is probably incorrect in several points, dorsal hood of paramere, however, plainly visible, rounded dorsally and truncate apically, being quite different from the evenly curved hood of St. mordax.
9. The lobe of the sinus of VII. st. very broad and almost evenly rounded ; the pair of long bristles placed on the lower lobe much more proximal than in St. mordax, the upper one of the two farther frontal than the deepest point of the sinus, and the other nearly on a level with that point. Head of sper- matheca (R.s) slightly wider near apex than near tail, one-half longer than broad.
Length: ¢ 2:0 mm., 9 2-2mm.; hindfemur: 30-36 mm., 20-40 mm.
On Dorcopsis, 1 3, type; Peroryctes, 1 9.
7. Stivalius corrugis sp. nov. (text-fig. 8).
g. Near St. papuanus J. & R. 1922 (British N. Guinea), of which the 9 only is known. At first sight one might take it for the 3 of that species, but there are two points in its morphology which speak against that association. In the 3¢ of Stivalius the dorsal median projection of tergite VII in between the two sets of antepygidial bristles is shorter than, or at most as long as, in the 29; in St. corrugis the process is longer than in the 2 St. papuanus; further, the stigma- cavity of tergite VIII, which is very large in the 2 St. papuanus, is not large enough inthe $3 here described for them to be that sex of St. papuanus. For these two reasons I regard these 3 as representing another species. They differ very much in the genitalia from all the other known Stivalius. The chaetotaxy is similar to that of the 3 of St. novaeguineae, the number of bristles on the thorax and abdomen being smaller than in St. papuanus, as is generally the case in gg as compared with 99. The pronotum being shorter than in St. papuanus and the spines of the comb longer in comparison with the pronotum is explained by the specimens being 33; the spines of the comb somewhat bluntly pointed.
Metepimerum with 11 or 12 bristles, The number of small bristles on the abdominal segments variable ; on tergites I] 23-27, 14, III 25-30, 15 or 16, IV 27-31, 16, V 24-30, 15 or 16, VI 24-27, 16, VII 23, 13 or 14; on sternites TII 12-18, 8, IV 14-22, 8, V 14-19(2), 8, VI 16-24, 8, VII 22-28, 8 (each side one
Novitates ZooLtocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 59
bristle of the posterior row small, 3 large). On VIII. st. each side about 45 to 55 bristles.
Manubrium (M) of clasper and the lamina (Lam) of penis very broad, apically broadly rounded and without a dorso-apical projection (M more evenly rounded at apex in the second specimen than in type). Ventral process P? of clasper conical. Exopodite F dorsally corrugated transversely in basal third, apex gradually and very moderately curved down, less strongly convex dorsally at the highest point
than is usual, long bristles of ventral margin slender, pale, far removed from apex ; 3 or 4 small dorsal spiniforms. Ventral arm of IX. st. broad, apex rounded, with 4 or 5 small spiniforms along the ventral margin at nearly equal distances from each other, the distance from the first (most proximal) to the last about the same as the distance from the first to the dorsal margin of the dorsal sinus. Dorsally [X. st. produced into a rather high cone, almost pointed, beak-like, proximally of this cone a rounded sinus. Paramere (Par) rounded dorsally, truncate apically ; in this hood a narrow sclerite curved distad at both ends, the ventral end pro- jecting, somewhat resembling the head and neck of a snake. Length: 2-9-3-0 mm., hindfemur 0-43-0-47 mm.
On Peroryctes, 2 34.
60 Novitates Zoonogicar XXXIX. 1933.
8. Stivalius novaeguineae Roths. 1904.
On Peroryctes, 2 29, one of them the largest of our series (hindfemur 0-61 mm.) Dasyurus, 1 9. Mr. F. Shaw Mayer also obtained a 9 in Dutch New Guinea : Weyland Mts., on Phascogale.
9. Stivalius gracilentus sp. nov. (text-figs. 9, 10).
32. Close to St. novaeguineae and occurring on the same host. Paler and much smaller, the genitalia of the ¢ different and the 2 with fewer bristles. Spines of pronotal comb very sharp, as in St. novaeguineae.
3. Ventral angle of clasper produced into an almost cylindrical process (P?) bearing a long bristle, longer than the corresponding projection of the clasper of
St. novaeguineae. Exopodite F much less curved than in that species, its apex narrower, with both the upper and the lower angle rounded off, there being no “nose”; three long bristles at ventral margin, much thinner than in Sé. novae- guineae and farther away from apex, the most distal one about as far distant from apical margin as from dorsal margin, whereas in St. novaeguineae the bristles are close to apex ; the row of 3 continued basad by 2 or 3 long thin bristles, upon which follows towards base a dense row of short ones; from this row dorsad on the inner surface a patch of numerous small bristles which extends about halfway to dorsal margin; dorsal apical angle with 2 minute spiniforms. The IX. st. differs especially in its apical half; apical third curved upwards, from the be- ginning of this curved portion to near basal third about 15 bristles forming a ventral row widened distally into a patch on the outer surface ; curved apex with 3 small pale spiniforms as shown in the figure ; the apex divided into a ventral lobe bearing some minute hairs and a dorsal smooth cone ; corresponding to the curve of the apex of the segment there is a dorsal rounded sinus, proximally to which the segment is wide to base, at the angle of this broad portion a few minute hairs and below these a thin bristle.
Novirates ZootocicaE XXXIX. 1933. 61
Q. 'The specimen which I regard to be the 2 of St. gracilior on account of its small size agrees closely with the 9 of St. novaeguineae except in the number of bristles on the metepimerum (9) and abdominal segments (the two sides together) : on tergite IT 18, 14, III 19, 16, IV 17, 16, V 13, 16, VI 13, 14, VII 12, 8 (inclusive of the bristle below the antepygidial pair) ; on sternite III, 10, 10, IV, 9,8, V7, 8, VI, 8, 8, VII 13, 10; on tergite VIII (each side) 4 bristles above stigma, 10 ventrally and apically, and 3 on inside, of which the lowest is thin, long, ventro- apical, the 2 upper inner bristles not both above the upper apical outer bristle, as in St. novaeguineae, but the second below that outer bristle. Shape of VII. st. and spermatheca (text-fig. 10) do not present any appreciable differences, both being slightly variable in St. novaeguineae.
Length: 9 2:7 mm., 22-9 mm.; hindfemur $9 0:40 mm.
On Peroryctes, one pair.
10. Stivalius abacetus J. & R. 1922.
On Dasyurus, 1 9. This is the second 9 we have received ; the ¢ is still unknown. As in Sf. novaeguineae and the above described St. gracilentus, the labial palpus has six segments, in all the other species five.
62 Novitates ZootocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
RECORDS OF SIPHONAPTERA FROM THE STATE OF NEW YORK. By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S. (With 2 text-figures.)
PART from some species obtained near Ithaca, we have hardly any records of Siphonaptera from the north-western counties of New York south of Lake Ontario. The 9 species here enumerated, one of them new to science, were collected by Professor 8. C. Bishop, some pupils of the professor, and by Mr. R. Hart, and were submitted to me by Professor Bishop, to whom I express here my best thanks. The new species belongs to the genus Atyphloceras, which was known only from California and Arizona ; its discovery in the State of New York, therefore, is of some interest.
1. Ceratophyllus leucopus Baker 1904.
Mendon Ponds, Monroe Co., on Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis, 16.x. and 1.xi.1929 (R. Hart), 3 gg, 5 99; Fairport (east of Rochester), same host, 10.x.1929 (R. Hart), 1g.
2. Ceratophyllus arctomys Baker 1904. Prondequoit Bay, Monroe Co., on Marmota monaa rufescens, ii.1929 (Wm. Kruse), 13; Parma, Monroe Co., same host, iv.1929 (E. F. Lolonde), 3 3d, 4 99.
3. Ceratophyllus asio Baker 1904.
Mendon Ponds, Monroe Co., on Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus, 16.x.1929 (R. Hart & 8. C. Bishop), 2 29. Only a few specimens of this species are known.
4. Leptopsylla hesperomys Baker 1904. Mendon Ponds, Monroe Co., on Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis, 1 .ix.1929
(R. Hart), 1 g, 2 99.
5. Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker 1904.
Fairport, on Condylura cristata, 21.vi.1929, 1 3g, 3 99, and on Blarina brevicauda talpoides, 10.x.1929, 1 g, 1 9 (R. Hart) ; Woodville, Canandaigua Lake, same host, 3.i1.1930 (R. Hart & 8S. C. Bishop), 3 gd, 4 22; Charlotte (north of Rochester), on Parascalops breweri, 2. vii. 1929 (Jas. Feely), 1 3, 6 99.
6. Neopsylla wenmanni Roths. 1904.
Mendon Ponds, Monroe Co., on Peromyscus 1. noveboracensis, 16.x.1929, 21 3g, 16 99, and on Blarina br. talpoides, 26.x.1929, 1 9; Woodville, Canan- daigua Lake, on Bl. br. talpoides, 31.i.1930, 2 $3; all collected by R. Hart & 8. C. Bishop.
Novirates Zootocioar XXXIX. 1933. 63
7. Doratopsylla blarinae Fox 1914.
Mendon Ponds, Monroe Co., on BI. br. talpoides, 16.x.1929 (R. Hart & S. C. Bishop), 1 9; Fairport, same host, 10.x.1929 (R. Hart), 2 3¢.
8. Atyphloceras bishopi spec. nov. (text-figs. 11, 12).
32. Distinguished from A. multidentatus Fox 1909 (S. Francisco) and A. echis J. & R. 1915 (Arizona) especially by the tubercle of the frons being more distant
Se
VAS Vill. st. Sa
é
x SF
from the anterior oral angle, by the labial palpus consisting of 5 segments instead of 6 or more, and by the posterior abdominal segments.
Distance of frontal tubercle from anterior oral angle twice as long as in the other known species of the genus, being more than one-third as long as the distance of the anterior oral angle from the nearest point of anterior margin of antennal groove (9; 22; in the other species 4:5: 22). The second of the 4 rows of bristles of the occiput represented by only 1 or 2 bristles. Proboscis reaching to apex of forecoxa, not beyond.
Pronotal comb with 22 spines, the dorso-lateral spines one-eighth shorter than pronotum, Apical marginal area of metanotum about one-fourth the
64 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
total length of the metanotum (in the allied species about one-seventh). On metepimerum 6 or 7 bristles in 3 (1 or 2, 2, 3), 9 in 9 (1, 5, 3).
Three rows of bristles on abdominal tergites, and a few additional dorsal bristles in front of the rows ; number of apical spines (on the two sides together) in ¢ 8, 12, 9, 7, 6, 2, in 2 8, 13, 8, 8,5, 2. Three antepygidial bristles, the upper one in 2 less than one-half the middle one, the lower bristle nearly two-thirds, in g the upper less than one-third and the lower less than one-half the middle bristle. Bristles on sternites: g III 2, 4, IV to VI 4, 4, VII 6, 7, in 2 IIT 4, 6, IV 7, 6, V 9, 7, VI 9, 8, VII 27, 12.
Legs as in the other species of the genus.
Modified Segments. §. VIL. (text-fig. 11) st. large on each side, with 9 or
10 bristles, of which the most distal subventral one is much the longest ; apical
OF
margin somewhat in- R.s. curved, but this sinus quite shallow, and the margin rounded above and below it. Process P of clasper conical, with 5 or 6 bristles at apex and posterior margin, and 5 or 6 small ones laterally and dorsally, on inner side of apex a stronger bristle. General shape of the movable sclerite F (=lower pleurite, or episternum of segment IX) as in A. multidentatus, but broader, the angle of the anterior margin nearer to the lowest point of the margin, and the ventral margin of F incurved, the sclerite therefore ventrally angulate. Vertical arm of IX. st. with the upper anterior angle produced as a nose, ventrally the vertical arm gradually and strongly widened ; horizontal arm narrow, pointed, very slightly widened close to apex (strongly widened, triangular, in A. multidentatus), with 3 longish bristles near apex, 2 shorter ones farther forward, and a dorsal row of about 6 short ones.
Q. VII. st. with a rounded sinus which is not quite so deep as its distance from the nearest bristle of the posterior row, upper lobe shorter than lower, obtuse ; its upper margin strongly slanting ; lower lobe more strongly chitinised ; truncate, with the apex excised, rounded above the excision, somewhat more projecting below the excision and (in lateral aspect) pointed. On VIII. t. about 10 bristles above stigma (each side), 2 or 4 below it, of which 1 or 2 are long, 20 on widened portion on outside and 9 or 10 short ones on inside. Stylet very little more than twice as long as broad. Bursa copulatrix three times as long as broad, curved ; spermatheca (2) with globular head which is less rounded ventrally than dorsally and is larger than in A. multidentatus and A. echis; tail as in A. multidentatus, smaller than in A. echis.
Novirares Zootocicar XXXIX. 1933. 65
Length: ¢ 2:4 mm., 9 3-3 mm.; hindfemur: ¢ 0:48 mm., 9 0:53 mm. New York: Fairport, 10.x.1929, on Blarina brevicauda talpoides (R. Hart), 1 3g, type; Mendon Ponds, Monroe Co., 16.x.1929, on Microtus penns. pennsyl- vanicus (S. C. Bishop & R. Hart), 1 9.
9. Hystrichopsylla gigas tahavuana Jordan 1929.
Mendon Ponds, Monroe Co., 1.xi.1929, on Peromyscus leucopus nove- boracensis (R. Hart), 1 9.
66
Novirates ZooLtocicaE XXXIX.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA. By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S. (With 7 text-figures.) 1. Echidnophage perilis Jord. 1925 (text-fig. 13). ESCRIBED from West Australian 99, no 3¢ being available at that time.
Dr. L. Glanert has lately sent a number of specimens among which are some $3. In the original diagnosis (Nov. Zoou. xxxii. p. 97 (1925) ) I said that
1933.
segment V of the hindtarsus was at least as long as segments I to IV together; it should read foretarsus instead of hindtarsus. In the ¢ this segment of all tarsi is as long as in the 9, with equally large plantar bristles, and there are, as in the 9, two subapical ventral bristles on this segment. The upper process P* of the genitalia (text-fig. 13) is rather stout and straight, being less than four times as long as broad; process P? is sharply excised ventrally at the apex, the excision being rounded and the apical angle of P? somewhat acute, the third process F, corresponding to the movable process (=meral pleura) of the majority of fleas, is characterised by being as long as P* (measured on the ventral side) and by being apically somewhat widened and curved towards P*.
The specimens were obtained at
Perth, W. Australia, on Peragale lagotis.
2. Rhopalopsyllus tripus sp. nov. (text-figs. 14, 15). $9. In chaetotaxy agreeing
with Rh. acodontis J. & R. 1923, Rh. byturus J. & R. 1923 and Rh. dunni J. & KR. 1922 (see Ectoparasites, 1. pp. 336-338 (1923) ).
g. On VIII. t. below stigma one long bristle and a short one. VILL. st. strongly rounded, ven- trally divided to near the pos- terior bristles, but not quite so deeply as in Rh. byturus, with about 20 bristles on each side, inclusive of the small ones. Clasper and exopodite F as in
~--VIIL st.
Noviratres Zoorocican XXXIX. 1933. 67
Rh. byturus, but IX. st. different; ventral arm broader, ventrally beyond middle strongly convex, the frontad projection (the heel, H) longer and narrower than in any other known species, the distance from the tip of H to the nearest point of the dorsal curve of the ventral arm only a little over one-fifth shorter than the distance from the apex of the ventral arm to the nearest point of the posterior bay above the heel ; bristles near apex of ventral arm much less prolonged than in Rh. byturus and Rh. acodontis (very long in Rh. dunni).
2. The specimen of this sex which was obtained together with the $3 agrees in the outline of VII. st. with Rh. acodontis. As we do not yet know any reliable distinctions between the 9° of Rh. byturus, Rh. acodontis, Rh, axius, and some others (see Hctoparasites, I. p. 351, 1923) ), we may regard the 9 here figured (text-fig. 15) as being the true 2 of Rh. tripus.
Argentina: Rosario de Lerma, on Cavia leucoblephara, 10. x. 1928 (Dr. L. Uriarte), 2 $3, 1 9.—The shape of IX. st., with two vertical arms (one each side) and three ventral processes (the heel
and the two ventral arms) recalls the chair of the Pythia of Delphi; hence the specific name tripus, a Latin noun denoting that chair.
68
Novirates ZooLocicaE XXXIX. 1933.
Correction.—In the key given on pp. 350-351 of Hctoparasites some mis- prints occur which have not yet been corrected ; on p. 350 at end of line 3 from
bottom read | instead of m; on p. 351, at end of line 6 from top read o instead of p. The RA. bohlsi of that paper is Rh. rimatus Jord. 1932, and the Rh. bernhardi is Rh. bohlsi Wagner 1901; see Nov. Zoou. xxxviii. p. 292, no. 6 (1932).
3. Xiphiopsylla lippa sp. nov. (text-figs. 16, 17).
39. Near X. hippia J. & R. 1913; the surface structure much less prom- inent, the abdominal tergites less strongly chitinised dorsally and ven- trally, especially in 9, the short bristles of the tergites thinner.
3. Bristles of VIII. t. thinner, the two lower distal ones longer ; the ventral apical angle of VIII. t. about 90°, rounded off or sharp, but not produced back-
wards. Process P of clasper much more distinctly pro- jecting. | Movable finger F less curved. Apex of IX. st. with fewer spiniforms.— ©. VII. st. with lateral sinus, proxi- mally to which the chitin thickened, the incrassation appear- ing as a darker lateral patch; in X. hippia and X. apriona J. & R. 1913 the incrassation is ventral (2 of X. hyparetes J. & R. 1913 not known). The receptaculum seminis of all three specimens lost in mounting. Length: ¢ 2-1-2:5 mm., 2 (ex-
é.--Villst.
tended) 2-8-2-9 mm.; hindfemur $9 0:35-0:40 mm. Kenya Colony: Nakuru, on Lophuromys aquilus, x. 1928 (from Medical Research Laboratory, Nairobi) ;
33d, 3 99.
——
Novirares ZooLtocicar XXXIX. 1933. 69
4. Atyphoceras felix sp. nov. (text-fig. 18).
3. Near A. multidentatus Fox 1909 ; as in that species the angle of frons near oral angle, the apical area of metatergite short, and the proboscis with more than 5 segments (7 in the new species) ; but differs in the tail-end.
VIII. st. much less deeply sinuate than in A. multidentatus, the margin hardly at all projecting above the sinus, the lobe below the sinus with 5 marginal bristles, the sternite bearing on one side 18 bristles altogether and on the other 19. Process P of clasper much longer than in A. multidentatus, with about 10 bristles, 4 of them long or longish, the others shorter; its anterior margin with a strongly pro- jecting nose in middle. Movable sclerite F longer and narrower than in A. multidentatus, the ventral end less rounded and the angle of the anterior margin at three-eighths, instead of at two-eighths. Apex of vertical arm of IX. st. broader than in A. multidentatus, and the triangular apical dilated portion of the ventral arm longer.
Length: ¢ 2:3 mm.
California : Cuddy valley, Ventura Co., 5,000 ft., on Peromyscus truei, 20.v.1922 (A. B. Howell), 1 ¢.
5. Atyphoceras artius sp. nov. (text-fig. 19).
©. Close to A. multiden- tatus, but the bursa copulatrix of the same long shape as in A. echis J. & R. 1915.
One labial palpus with 7 segments, the other with 8. Hindfemur with 5 subventral bristles posteriorly on outside, and hindtibia with more than 20 lateral bristles, apart from the ventral and subventral ones. Ventral lobe of VII. st. truncate-emarginate as in A. multidentatus, but there are more bristles on this sternite, on the two sides together 35, of which the 6 posterior ones long. On VIII. t. (each side) 6 bristles above stigma, 7 below it, of which 1 very long, on widened area 19, of which 5 are long, and on inside 8. Stylet nearly three times as long as broad. Bursa copulatrix (text-fig. 19) somewhat shaped like a pea-pod, about three times as long as broad; spermatheca nearly as in A. multidentatus, smaller than in A. echis, its head somewhat pear-shaped, i.e. longer than broad and distinctly narrowed towards tail, which is smaller than in A. echis.
Length : 9 2:7 mm.
British Columbia: Kelowna, on Peromyscus, 4. x. 1908 (A. Tate), 19.
70 Noyirates Zootocicar XXXIX. 1933.
A SURVEY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE AMERICAN SPECTES OF CERATOPHYLLUS s. lat.
By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.
1h been than twenty years ago we divided the numerous species placed into Ceratophyllus Curtis 1832 into groups which rendered it comparatively easy for us to find the right place for a new species. This classification was not published, for several reasons. A breaking up of the genus into its component parts would necessitate the separation of Ceratophyllus fasciatus Bose 1801 and its numerous allies under a new generic name, and one of us was very reluctant to take the responsibility for such a change, because the name Ceratophyllus fasciatus had already become so very familiar to the students of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine that a change would be felt as an inconvenience. We further considered it advisable to await the discovery of more species before a detailed classification should be attempted, and, moreover, we hoped that the needs of Systematic and Applied Biology might be satisfied by dividing the large assem- blage of species of Ceratophyllus into groups and calling each group by the name of one of the familiar contained species, such as wickhami-group, fasciatus-group, hirundinis-group, ete., without giving a generic name to each of the groups of species. This method of dealing with a genus which has become cumbersome has its great advantages, and the writer of this article is quite satisfied with it ‘in the case of the genus Papilio with its many hundreds of species. It has the great advantage (1) that one knows at once what kind of species a new one is if the species is stated to belong to a certain group, (2) that the number of generic names is restricted, and (3) that a change in familiar valid names is avoided and therefore the continuity of the names in scientific literature ensured. But—the tendency is all the other way. The splitting-up of Ceratophyllus has begun, and there is no means of stopping the process of dissolution from going on. Human nomenclature sits on the neck of divine nature, and, there being an emo- tional force behind it, has assumed an astounding importance, like the emotional political forces under which humanity suffers. If I here inflict on science a number of new generic names, I plead the excuse that the divisions of Cerato- phyllus I here define would inevitably be named by somebody else, probably by someone who does not know these fleas, as has happened in other orders of animals.
The genus Ceratophyllus as formerly conceived consists of two branches which are not very closely related to each other. It is the merit of Dr. Julius Wagner to have recognised this divergency.
I. Upper eye-bristle at or near margin of antennal groove, above level of eye. On inside of genal area a rod-like sclerite, joined with its anterior end to head-capsule behind median eye-bristle, curved up- and backwards, covered by eye, reappearing behind eye as a thin cord which ends at posterior margin of head behind apex of genal-lobe-——This combination of characters is found in many genera of Siphonaptera, but the Ceratophyllinae which have it are mostly Palaearctic-Asiatic, there being among the known American fleas only one such species which comes within the scope of this paper. This species is Ceratophyllus
—
Novirates ZooLtocicAE XXXIX. 1933. 71
terribilis Roths., which belongs to Ctenophyllus Wagn. 1927. A further develop- ment of this group is represented by Odontopsyllus Baker 1905, in which the hairs on the inner side of the hindcoxa are shortened and partly spiniform.
II. Upper eye-bristle on a level with middle of eye (except if eye is vestigial). No internal sclarified genal cord. Here belong most species of Ceratophyllus in the old sense, among them over eighty American ones. These fleas fall into three groups according to the bristles on the forefemur and on the mid- and hindcoxae. These bristles indicate certain lines of development : the presence of a number of lateral bristles on the outer surface of the forefemur and of longish thin bristles on the inner surface of the mid- and hindcoxae from the base to the apex may be taken as an earlier state from which have arisen in one direction the species in which the bristles both of the forefemur and of the inside of the coxae are reduced in number, and in another direction the species in which the former are preserved and the latter restricted to the apical half of the coxae or almost entirely lost. At first sight, the distinctions of these three groups of species do not seem to be of great importance, but nevertheless they hold good in all the American species, and also the Old World species can be grouped in the same way. But in the Old World the divisions are less well defined: we have here lines of development and therefore must expect intermediate stages to occur. The American species may accordingly be classified as follows :
Group A. Genus | to 3: On outer surface of forefemur 1 or no lateral bristle (apart from the ventro-lateral ones).
Group B. Genus 4 to 10: On outer surface of forefemur a number of small lateral bristles ; on inner surface of mid- and hindcoxae longish thin bristles from base to apex (apart from the bristles at the anterior margin).
Group C. Genus 11 to 18: On outer surface of forefemur a number of small lateral bristles ; on inner surface of mid- and hindcoxae no longish thin bristles in basal half.
1. Orchopeas nov. gen.—Genotype : O. wickhami Baker 1895.
$2. Group A. First pair of plantar bristles of tarsal segment V ventral, in between second pair or almost ; hindtarsal segment I shorter than IT to IV together. Incrassation of anterior margin of metasternum longer than broad, narrow.
g. VIII. st. of abdomen narrow, without bristles, but ending with a long membranous flap, which is either ciliated and frayed, or smooth and curved upwards ; VIII. t. with few ventral bristles. Vertical arm of IX. st. elbowed on frontal side in or above middle, apical lobe of ventral arm not much longer than broad, strongly convex above, concave beneath, proximal lobe with short, pointed, conspicuous spiniform. Exopodite more or less ham- or club-shaped, being much narrower at base than in apical half or two-thirds, with a row of from 4 to 7 spiniforms, which are short, pointed, of practically equal size and directed upwards, below apex a long marginal bristle.
®. At and near ventral angle of X. t. proximally to stylet more than 2 bristles. Stylet not noticeably curved. Spermatheca barrel-shaped, widest at apex, its head longer than broad, longer than tail.
Nearctic only.——Here belong, besides the genotype, 0. caedens Jord, 1925
72 Novirates ZooLtogicak XXXIX. 1933.
(= 2 labiatus Baker), O. latens Jord. 1925, O. labiatus Baker 1904, O. leucopus Baker 1904, O. nepos Roths. 1905 and O. sexdentatus Baker 1904.
2. Opisodasys nov. gen.—Genotype: O. vesperalis Jord. 1929.
32. Group A. Genal margin more incurved and frontal tubercle somewhat smaller than in Orchopeas. Pronotal comb with more than 20 spines, rarely 19. Incrassation of anterior margin of metasternum shorter than broad. First pair of plantar bristles of tarsal segment V ventral as in Orchopeas ; segment I of hindtarsus shorter than IT to IV together.
g. VIII. t. of abdomen either with numerous ventral bristles or with a ventral-apical pointed projection; VIII. st. narrow, widened at apex or not, with bristles at apex or in middle, without the membranous apical flap of Orchopeas. Exopodite with 2 or 3 spiniforms which are directed downwards or distad. Anterior margin of vertical arm of IX. st. straight; apical lobe of ventral arm much longer than broad, proximal lobe without dark brown spini- form. Anal sternite narrow, long (not conical in lateral aspect), with long bristles.
9. Anal tergite without lateral bristles except 2 (rarely 3) at angle proximally to stylet ; anal sternite ventrally slightly rounded or nearly straight, not angu- late, its bristles straight. Stylet more or less distinctly curved. Head of spermatheca longer than broad, longer than tail, dorsally convex.
Nearctic only. Here belong, besides the genotype, O. enoplus Roths. 1909, O. keent Baker 1896, O. pseudarctomys Baker 1904 and O. robustus Jord. 1925.
3. Tarsopsylla Wagn. 1927.—Genotype: 7’. octodecimdentatus Kolen, 1863.
39. Group A. No frontal tubercle. Midtarsal segment I longer than II, hindtarsal I longer than II to IV together, at least one apical bristle of II extend- ing beyond III; first pair of plantar bristles of V ventral. Episternum of metathorax narrow.
3g. Hindtarsus and segment I of midtarsus with long thin bristles. 3 ante- pygidial bristles, upper one minute. VIII. t. with dorsal spiculose area on inside. VIII. st. long, with apical pair of long bristles and a hirsute broad flap. Manu- brium of IX. t. as long as manubrium of clasper. Process of clasper long ; exopodite long, its upper third widened. Anal sternite narrow, much longer than tergite, with a row of dorso-marginal bristles.
9. Bristles of segment II of antenna long. 3 or 4 antepygidial bristles. Stylet with one lateral bristle. Anal tergite depressed in between the bases of the stylets. Head of spermatheca barrel-shaped, one-half or one-third longer than broad.
Palaearctic and Nearctic.
Here belongs 7’. coloradensis Baker 1895.
4. Thrassis nov. gen.—Genotype: Th. acamantis Roths. 1905.
39. Group B. Bristles of segment II long. Basal abdominal sternite without patch of lateral bristles in upper anterior area (at most 1 bristle present). On outer side of hindfemur no complete sublateral row of bristles, always fewer bristles on outer side than on inside. At least 1 bristle of segment II of hind- tarsus extending well beyond IV.
Novirares Zoonogroar XXXIX. 1933. 73
3g. VII. t. more or less deeply excised between the two sets of antepygidial bristles. VIII. st. large, not reduced to a narrow horizontal sclerite, without long filamentous apical appendage. 1 long and 2 minute antepygidial bristles. Anal sternite not extending beyond tergite, the two together conical. IX. t. without projecting manubrium (its frontal margin about at right angles with the manubrium of the clasper). Process of clasper broad, rounded at apex ; exopo- dite narrow or short, vertical from close to base, more or less distinctly inclining frontad. Wire-like levers of penis long, but at most coiling round once.
Q. 2 or 3 antepygidial bristles. Stylet with 2 or 3 longish lateral bristles. Head of spermatheca globular or higher than long, quite short as compared with tail. Bursa copulatrix (plus its duct) long, without sclerification at bases of the ducts.
Nearctic. Here also belong: Th. arizonensis Baker 1898, Th. fotus Jord. 1925, Th. francisi Fox 1924, Th. howelli Jord. 1925 and Th. petiolatus Baker 1904, in all of which the hindtarsal segment I is shorter than II to IV together, as well as Th. bacchi Roths. 1905, Th. gladiolis Jord. 1925 and Th. pansus Jord 1925, in which segment I of hindtarsus equals II to IV.
5. Diamanus gen. novy.—Genotype: D. montanus Baker 1895.
32. Group B. Close to Thrassis, but in 3 the bristles of antennal segment II short, dorsal groove of occiput deep, VIII. st. quite small, recalling Myoxopsylla Wagn. 1927, exopodite very long, narrow, bent frontad, sword-like, and levers of penis coiling round more than once ; in 9 2 antepygidial bristles, about equal in length, and the dorsal lateral bristle of stylet much smaller than the ventral one.
Nearctic and Palaearctic. Here belongs, beside the genotype : D. manda- rinus J. & R. 1911.
6. Opisocrostis nov. gen.—Genotype: O. hirsutus Baker 1895.
32. Group B. Frontal tubercle distinct, external, more or less obtuse. Bristles of segment II of antenna long. Basal abdominal sternite with a number of slender bristles in upper anterior half. Hindfemur with a row of sublateral bristles on outside (as well as on inside).
3. VII. t. not excised between the two sets of antepygidial bristles (1 long, 2 minute). VIII. st. reduced to a slender horizontal sclerite which bears 2 long bristles and an apical long filamentous appendage. Anal sternite and tergite together conical ; apical area of IX. t. behind sensory plate rather large and spinulose. Process of clasper inclining distad; exopodite more or less elongate. Levers of penis coiling once round.
9. 2 antepygidial bristles, of which the lower is distinctly the shorter. Head of spermatheca higher than long. Bursa copulatrix (plus duct) long, its apex curved down, around the bases of the duct of the spermatheca and the blind duct a sclerification. Anal sternite with ventral bristles from near base, outline of under surface not angulate.
Nearctic.——Here also belong : O. bruneri Baker 1895, O. labis J. & R. 1922, O. saundersi Jord. 1933 and O. tuberculatus Baker 1904.
7. Oropsylla Wagn. & Joff 1926.—Genotype: O. silantiewi Wagn. 1898. 32. Group 8B. Frontal tubercle sharp, more or less sunk into frons. Rostrum reaching beyond trochanter. Basal abdominal