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Cornell University
The original of this book is in
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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024544771
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA:
THE GAMOPETALA,
BEING
A Seconp Eprrion or Vou. I. Parr II., anp Vou. II. Part I., coL_ecrep.
By ASA GRAY, LLD.,
F.M.R S.&L.S. Lond., R.I.A. Dubl., Phil. Soc. Cambr., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Gottingen, Edinb. ;
Roy. Acad. Sci. Munich, &c.; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, p
Roy. Acad. Berlin, and Acad. Sci. Instit. France.
FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Published by the Smithsonian Unstitution, GAashington.
NEW YORK:
IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY.
LONDON: WM. WESLEY, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND,
AND TRUBNER & CO.
LEIPSIC: OSWALD WEIGEL
JANUARY, 1886.
5
A: 20606
CORNELL’
‘UNIVERSITY| :
\ LIBRARY
University Press:
JOHN WILSON AND Son, CAMBRIDGE.
NOTICE
EXPERIENCE having shown that some years must elapse before this work
can be completed, and a new impression of the part first published Gn
1878) being called for, it is expedient now to issue the two parts, which
together comprise all the Gamopetalous Dicotyledons, in the form of a
single voirme, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution.
Both parts have been corrected, as far as could well be done upon
the electrotype plates; a supplement of eleven pages is added to the very
recently published Volume I. Part II., and its full index has been made
anew. The tabular enumeration of the contained genera and species has
been transferred to the end of the Gamopetale. To Volume II. Part I., a
supplement of seventy pages is added, and a few pages have been recast; a
tabular enumeration of all the gamopetalous genera and species is appended,
and a complete index of genera, species, synonyms, &c.,— making an
extension from 402 to about 500 pages.
HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
January 1, 1886.
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
Diviston II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
PERIANTH consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter more or
less gamopetalous. (Exceptions: A part of Hricacee, Plumbaginacee,
Styracacee, and Oleacee have unconnected petals; some Oleacee, &c.,
ar
e apetalous.)
GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.
* Ovary inferior or mainly so: stamens borne by the corolla, alternate with
its lobes, and
+ Unconnected: leaves opposite or whorled.
69. CAPRIFOLIACEH, Stamens as many as corolla-lobes (one fewer in Linnea,
70.
72.
73.
doubled by division in Adoxa). Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite: stipules none,
or rare as appendages to base of petiole.
RUBIACE. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, mostly four or five. Ovary with
two or more cells or placente. Seeds albuminous. Leaves all simple and entire,
with stipules between or within the petioles or bases, or whorled without stipules,
the additional leaves probably representing them.
. VALERIANACE. Stamens fewer than corolla-lobes, one to four. Ovary with
one cell containing a suspended ovule which becomes an exalbuminous seed, and
commonly two empty cells or vestiges of them. No stipules.
DIPSACACE. Stamens as many as or fewer than corolla-lobes, two or four.
Ovary simple and one-celled, with a single suspended ovule, becoming an albuminous
seed, Flowers capitate. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
+ + Stamens with anthers connate into a tube.
COMPOSIT. Syngenesious stamens as many as their corolla-lobes, five, some-
times four. Ovary one-celled, with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an exalbuminous
seed in an akene. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud. Flowers in involucrate
heads. No stipules. :
1
2 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS,
« * Ovary either inferior or superior, two-several-celled: stamens free from
the corolla or nearly so, inserted with it, as many or twice as many as its
lobes or petals, when of same number alternate with them: no stipules.
(Orders from these onward are in Vol. II. Part I.)
+ Juice milky except in the first order: corolla-lobes valvate or induplicate
in the bud.
74, GOODENIACEZ. Corolla irregular, epigynous. Stamens or at least filaments
distinct. Stigma indusiate. Juice not milky.
75. LOBELIACE. Corolla irregular, epigynous or perigynous. Stamens five, mona-
delphous or syngenesious, or both. Stigma not indusiate. Cells of ovary or placentz
two. Seeds numerous. Juice usually more or less milky and acrid. Inflorescence
centripetal.
76. CAMPANULACEA. Corolla regular, epigynous. Stamens five, mostly distinct.
Stigmas two to five, introrse, at the summit of the style, which below bears pollen-
collecting hairs. Cells of ovary and capsule two to five, many-seeded. Juice milky
and bland. (Exception : Sphenoclea.)
+ + Juice not milky nor acrid: corolla-lobes or petals imbricate or some-
times convolute in the bud.
77. ERICACEA. Flowers mostly regular, symmetrical, and tetra~pentamerous through-
out: corolla sometimes moderately irregular, epigynous or hypogynous. Stamens
distinct, as many and oftener twice as many as petals or corolla-lobes. Cells of the
ovary (with few exceptions) as many or even twice as many as the divisions of the
calyx or corolla. Style and mostly stigma undivided.
* * * Ovary superior, many-celled: stamens five to eight, as many as the lobes
of the hypogynous corolla, and borne in the throat of its long tube.
78. LENNOACE. Root-parasites.
*« * * * Ovary superior: stamens (or antheriferous stamens) of the same
number as the proper corolla-lobes or petals and opposite them: flowers
regular.
+ Ovary one-celled, with solitary ovule or free placenta rising from its base:
seeds small.
80. PLUMBAGINACE. Stamens and styles or lobes of the style five, except in
Plumbago, the former hypogynous or borne on the very base of the almost or com-
pletely distinct unguiculate petals. Ovary uniovulate, in fruit becoming an akene or
utricle. Herbs or somewhat shrubby.
81. PRIMULACEA,. Stamens four or five, rarely six to eight, borne on the corolla
(or in Glaux, which is apetalous, on the calyx alternate with its petaloid lobes): stam-
inodia only in Samolus. Ovules several or numerous, sessile on the central placenta.
Fruit capsular. Herbs.
82. MYRSINACEA. Shrubs or trees, with dry or drupaceous fruit and solitary or
very few seeds, usually immersed in the placenta: otherwise as Primulacee.,
GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 3
+ + Ovary few-several-celled, with solitary oyules in the cells, usually only
one maturing into a large bony-coated seed in a fleshy pericarp.
83. SAPOTACE. Shrubs or trees, mostly with milky juice and alternate simple
leaves. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, tetra—heptamerous. Calyx and corolla much
imbricated in the bud; the latter often bearing accessory lobes or appendages within,
sometimes petaloid staminodia also.
* * * * * Ovary inferior or superior, few-several-celled: cells of the fruit
one-seeded: stamens at least twice as many as the petals or lobes of the
corolla, sometimes indefinitely numerous and borne on or united with their
base or tube: flowers regular: shrubs or trees, with simple alternate leaves,
sometimes a resinous but no milky juice.
84. EBENACEX. Flowers dicecious or polygamous; the male ones polyandrous.
Ovary superior and corolla hypogynous. Styles as many or half as many as the
cells of the ovary, distinct or partly united. Fruit fleshy, containing solitary or few
large seeds with bony testa and cartilaginous albumen.
85. STYRACACE. Flowers hermaphrodite, nearly pentapetalous and a numerous
cluster of stamens adnate to base of each petal, or more gamopetalous and the fewer
stamens monadelphous in a single series. Style and stigma entire. Corolla epigy-
nous, in Styrax perigynous. Fruit dry or nearly so, one-four-seeded, when dehiscent
the seed bony: albumen fleshy.
* * * * * * Ovary or gyncecium superior, dicarpellary, or in some monocar-
pellary, very rarely tri-pentacarpellary, sometimes appearing to be tetra-
carpellary by the division of the two ovaries: stamens borne on the corolla
(in apetalous Oleacee, &c., on the receptacle), alternate with its divisions
or lobes, of the same number or fewer.
+ Corolla not scarious and veinless,
++ Regular with stamens fewer than its lobes or petals, or no corolla: style
one: seeds solitary or very few.
86. OLEACE. Trees or shrubs, with opposite (rarely alternate) leaves : no stipules,
no milky juice. Stamens usually two, alternate with the carpels ; these two-ovuled,
or sometimes four-ovuled : seed mostly solitary, albuminous. Jorestiera and part of
Frazinus apetalous and even achlamydeous. :
++ ++ Corolla regular and stamens as many as its divisions, five or four.
= Ovaries two (follicular in fruit); their stigmas and sometimes styles perma-
nently united into one: plants with milky juice: flowers hermaphrodite:
leaves simple, entire. ‘
87. APOCYNACEZ. Stamens distinct, or the anthers merely connivent or lightly co-
hering: pollen ordinary. Style single.
88. ASCLEPIADACEA. Stamens monadelphous and anthers permanently attached
to a large stigmatic body: pollen combined into waxy pollinia or sometimes granu-
lose masses. Carpels united only by the common stigmatic mass. -
_ GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS.
= = Ovaries two, with styles slightly united below or distinct. Vide 94.
= = = Ovary one, compound, with two or three (very rarely four or five)
cells or placenta: stamens distinct (or anthers at most lightly connate).
a. Leaves opposite, simple, and mostly entire, with stipules or stipular line
connecting their bases: no milky juice.
89. LOGANIACEA. Ovary dicarpellary, two-celled : style single, but stigmas occa-
90.
79.
91.
92.
sionally four, usually only one. Seeds numerous: embryo rather small, in copious
albumen.
b. Leaves with no trace of stipules: milky juice only in Convolvulacee.
GENTIANACEA. Leaves opposite, sessile, simple and entire, except in Menyan-
thee. Ovary dicarpellary, one-celled, many-ovuled: placente or ovules parietal.
Stigmas mostly two, introrse. Fruit capsular, septicidal, i. e. dehiscent through the
placentz or alternate with the stigmas. Seeds with minute embryo in fleshy albu-
men. Herbage smooth.
DIAPENSIACEA,. Leaves alternate and simple, smooth. Ovary tricarpellary,
three-celled, as also the loculicidal many-seeded capsule, which has a persistent colu-
mella. Stamens five, either borne in sinuses of the corolla or monadelphous: in
some a series of petaloid staminodia alternate with the true stamens. Anthers in-
flexed on apex of the filament, or transversely dehiscent. Calyx and corolla imbri-
cated in the bud. Style one: stigma three-lobed. Embryo small in fleshy albumen.
Depressed or scapose and acaulescent perennials.
POLEMONIACEZ. Leaves opposite or alternate, from entire to compound. Ovary
tri-(very rarely di-)carpellary, with as many cells, becoming a loculicidal capsule,
with solitary to numerous seeds borne on a thick placental axis. Stamens five,
distinct, borne on the tube or throat of the corolla; the latter convolute in the bud,
the calyx imbricated. Style three-cleft or three-lobed at the summit: stigmas in-
trorse. Seeds with comparatively large straight embryo in rather sparing albumen.
HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Leaves mostly alternate, disposed to be lobed or divided.
Inflorescence disposed to be scorpioid in the manner of the next order. Corolla
five-lobed, imbricated or sometimes convolute in the bud. Stamens five, distinct.
Ovary undivided, dicarpellary, and style (with one exception) two-parted or two-
lobed : stigmas terminal. Capsule one-celled with two parietal or introfiexed pla-
cent, each bearing two or more pendulous (or when very numerous horizontal)
seeds, or sometimes two-celled by the junction of the placente in the axis. Seeds
with reticulated or pitted or roughened testa : a small or slender straight embryo in
solid albumen.
. BORRAGINACEA, Leaves alternate, mostly entire, and with whole herbage apt
to be rough, hirsute, or hispid. Inflorescence cymose, commonly in the scorpioid
mode, the mostly uniparous or biparous cymes evolute into unilateral and often ebrac-
teate false spikes or racemes. Corolla five-lobed, sometimes four-lobed, imbricate or
convolute or sometimes plicate in the bud. Ovary dicarpellary, but usually seeming
tetramerous, being of four (i. e. two biparted) lobes around the base of the style,
maturing into as many separate or separable nutlets; or ovary not lobed, two—four-
celled, in fruit drupaceous or dry, containing or splitting into as many nutlets. Soli-
tary seed with a mostly straight embryo and little or no albumen: radicle superior
or centripetal.
GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 5
94. CONVOLVULACEH. Leaves alternate and petioled. Stems usually twining or
trailing, but some erect, many with milky juice. Flowers borne by axillary pedun-
cles or cymose-glomerate. Calyx of imbricated sepals. Corolla with four—five-lobed
or commonly entire margin, plicate and the plaits convolute in the bud, sometimes
induplicate-valvate or imbricated. Ovary two-celled or sometimes three-celled, with
a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, becoming comparatively large seeds
(these sometimes separated by spurious septa of the capsular fruit), with smooth or
hairy testa. Embryo incurved, with ample foliaceous plaited and crumpled cotyle-
dons (in Cuscuta embryo long and spiral without cotyledons) surrounded by little
or no albumen : radicle inferior. Dichondra has two distinct ovaries.
95. SOLANACEA. Leaves alternate, sometimes unequally geminate. Inflorescence
various, but no truly axillary flowers. Corolla in some a little irregular, its lobes or
border induplicate-plicate or rarely imbricate in the bud. Ovary normally two-celled
(occasionally three-five-celled) and undivided, with many-ovuled placentw in the
axis: style undivided : stigma entire or bilamellar. Seeds numerous, with incurved
or coiled or rarely almost straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons sel-
dom much broader than the radicle.
++ ++ ++ Corolla irregular, more or less bilabiately so (#); its lobes variously
imbricaté or convolute, or sometimes almost regular: stamens fewer than
corolla-lobes, four and didynamous, or only two: style undivided: stigma
entire or two-lobed or bilamellar; the lobes anterior and posterior: ovary
in all dicarpellary ; the cells-or carpels anterior and posterior.
= Pluriovulate or multiovulate.
96. SCROPHULARIACEZ. Ovary and capsule completely two-celled : placente occu-
pying the middle of the partition. Seeds comparatively small or minute, mostly in-
definitely numerous, sometimes few. Embryo small, straight or slightly curved, in
copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons hardly broader than the radicle.
97. OROBANCHACE. Ovary one-celled with two or four (doubled) parietal many-
ovuled placente. Seeds very many in fleshy albumen, with minute embryo, having
no obvious distinction of parts. Root-parasites, destitute of green herbage.
98. LENTIBULARIACEZ. Ovary one-celled, with a free central multiovulate pla-
centa: globular capsule mostly bursting irregularly. Seeds destitute of albumen,
filled by a solid oblong embryo. Bilabiate corolla personate and calcarate. Stamens
two: anthers confluently one-celled. Aquatic or paludose plants, with scapes or
scapiform peduncles, sometimes almost leafless.
99. BIGNONIACEZA. Ovary and capsule two-celled by the extension of a partition
beyond the two parietal placente, or in some genera simply one-celled. Seeds
numerous, large, commonly winged, transverse, filled by the horizontal embryo :
cotyledons broad and foliaceous, plane, emarginate at base and summit, the basal
notch including the short radicle: no albumen. Trees or shrubs, many climbing,
large-flowered : leaves commonly opposite.
100. PEDALIACE. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal intruded placente, which
are broadly bilamellar or united in centre, or two-four-celled by spurious septa from
the walls. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, with
thick and close testa, filled by the large straight embryo: cotyledons thickish. Herbs,
with mainly opposite simple leaves ; juice mucilaginous.
6 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS.
101. ACANTHACEA. Ovary two-celled, with placente in the axis, bearing a definite
number of ovules (two to eight or ten in each cell), becoming a loculicidal capsule.
Seeds wingless, destitute of albumen (or a thin layer in Hlytraria), either globular
on a papilliform funicle, or flat on a retinaculum. Embryo with broad and flat
cotyledons,
== = Cells of the ovary uniovulate or biovulate.
102. SELAGINACEA. Ovary two-celled : ovule suspended. Embryo in fleshy albu-
men : radicle inferior. Leaves alternate.
103. VERBENACEA. Ovary two-four-celled, in fruit di-tetrapyrenous, not lobed, in
Phryma one-celled and becoming an akene. Ovule erect from the base of each cell or
half-cell. Seed with little or no albumen : radicle inferior.
104. LABIATA. Ovary deeply four-lobed around the style, the lobes becoming dry
seed-like nutlets in the bottom of a gamosepalous calyx. Ovule erect. Seed with
little or no albumen : radicle inferior. Commonly aromatic herbs or undershrubs,
+ + Corolla scarious and nerveless: flowers tetramerous, regular.
105. PLANTAGINACEA. Calyx imbricated. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
Stamens four or fewer. Style entire. Ovary and capsule one-two-celled : cells
sometimes again divided by a false septum. Seeds mostly amphitropous and peltate,
with straight embryo in firm fleshy albumen. Chiefly acaulescent herbs, with one-
many-flowered commonly spike-bearing scapes, arising from axils of the leaves.
CAPRIFOLIACEZ. 7
OrperR LXTX. CAPRIFOLIACEA.
Shrubby, or a few perennial herbaceous plants, with opposite leaves normally
destitute of stipules, and regular or (in the corolla) irregular hermaphrodite flow-
ers; calyx-tube adnate to the 2—5-celled or by suppression I-celled ovary; sta-
mens as many as lobes of the corolla (in Linnea one fewer, in Adoxa doubled)
and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or base; embryo small in the axis
of fleshy albumen. Corolla-lobes generally imbricated in the bud. Ovules anatro-
pous, when solitary suspended and resupinate; the rhaphe dorsal. Seed-coat
adherent to the albumen. Flowers commonly 5-merous.
Tripe I. SAMBUCEZ. Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate, 5-lobed.
Style short or hardly any: stigmas 3 to 5. Ovules solitary in the (1 to 5) cells. Fruit
baccate-drupaceous ; the seed-like nutlets 1 to 5. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.
* Herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. Anomalous in the order.
1. ADOXA. Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of the ovary; limb
about 3-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4-6-cleft. Stamens a pair below each sinus of the corolla,
each with a peltate one-celled anther, and the short subulate filaments approximate or united
at base (one stamen divided into two). Ovary 3-5-celled: style short, 3-5-parted. Ovule
suspended from the summit of each cell. Fruit greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nut-
lets. Cauline leaves a single pair; radical ones and scales of the rootstock alternate !
* * Frutescent to arborescent: inflorescence compound-cymose: flowers articulated with
their pedicels: stamens as many as corolla-lobes: anthers 2-celled: calyx 5-toothed.
2. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnately compound. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Ovary 3-5-
celled, forming small baccate drupes with as many cartilaginous nutlets. Embryo nearly
the length of the albumen.
3. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Corolla rotate or open-campanulate.
Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe with a single more or less flattened nutlet or
stone. Embryo minute. Cymes in some species radiate.
Tribe II. LONICEREZ. Corolla elongated or at least campanulate, commonly more
or less irregular. Style elongated: stigma mostly capitate. Fruit various. Stipules
or stipular appendages seldom seen.
* Herbs, with axillary sessile flowers and drupaceous fruit.
4. TRIOSTEUM. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla tubular-campanulate, somewhat unequally 5-
lobed; tube gibbous at base. Stamens 5. Ovary 3- (sometimes 4-5-) celled, with a single
suspended ovule in each cell: style slender: stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a- fleshy drupe, crowned
with the persistent calyx-lobes: putamen bony, costate, at length separable into 3 (rarely 4
or 5, or by abortion 2) thick one-seeded nutlets.
* * Fruticulose creeping herb, with long-pedunculate geminate flowers and dry one-seeded
fruit, but a 3-celled ovary.
5. LINN 4A. Calyx with limb 5-parted into subulate-lanceolate lobes, constricted above the
globular tube, deciduous from the fruit. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, not gibbous, al-
most equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two long and two shorter, included. Ovary 3-celled; two
of the cells containing several abortive ovules; one with a solitary suspended ovule, forming
the single seed in the dry and indehiscent coriaceous 3-celled small fruit. Style exserted:
stigma capitate.
* * * Shrubs, with scaly winter-buds, erect or climbing: fruit 2-many-seeded: style slen-
der : stigma capitate, often 2-lobed.
6. SYMPHORICARPOS. Calyx with a globular tube and 4-5-toothed persistent limb.
Corolla regular, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4-5-lobed. Stamens as
8 CAPRIFOLIACEA. Adoxa.
many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled; two cells contain-
ing a few sterile ovules: alternate cells containing a single suspended ovule. Fruit a glo-
bose berry-like drupe, containing 2 small and seed-like bony smooth nutlets, each filled by a
seed; sterile cells soon obliterated. ;
7. LONICERA. Calyx with ovoid or globular tube and a short 5-toothed or truncate limb.
Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base; the limb irregular and
commonly bilabiate ({), sometimes almost regular. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the
corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming a few-
several-seeded berry. .
8. DIERVILLA. Calyx with slender elongated tube, and 5 narrow persistent or tardily
deciduous lobes. Corolla funnelform (or in large-flowered Japanese species more campanu-
late), inconspicuously gibbous at base; a globular epigynous gland within occupying the
gibbosity ; limb somewhat unequally or regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube
or throat of the corolla: anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a narrow capsule, with at-
tenuate or rostrate summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.
1. ADOXA, L. (From &£oégos, obscure or insignificant.) — Single species,
an insignificant small herb, of obscure affinity, now referred to the present order.
A. Moschatéllina, L. (Moscnarey.) Glabrous and smooth: stem and once to thrice
ternately compound radical leaves a span high from a small fleshy-scaly rootstock : cauline
pair of leaves 3-parted or of 3 obovate and 3-cleft or parted leaflets: flowers small, greenish-
white or yellowish, 4 or 5 in a slender-pedunculate glomerule: corolla of the terminal one
4-5-cleft, of the others 5-6-cleft: drupe merely succulent: odor of plant musky. — Lam.
I. t. 320; Geertn. Fruct. t.112; Schk. Handb. t.109; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 649. — Subalpine,
under rocks, Arctic America to N. Iowa, Wisconsin, and the Rocky Mountains to Colo
rado. (Eu., N. Asia, &c.)
2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Exper. (Classical Latin name, said by some
to come from capPv«n, a stringed musical instrument.) — Suffrutescent to arbo-
rescent (in both Old and New World); with large pith to the vigorous shoots,
imparipinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, small flowers (usually white and odorous)
in broad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark.
Stipule-like appendages hardly any in our species; but stipels not rare. Flowers
occasionally polygamous, produced in summer.
* Compound cymes thyrsoid-paniculate; the axis continued and sending off 3 or 4 pairs of lateral
primary branches, these mostly trifid and again bifid or trifid: pith of year-old shoots deep
yellow-brown: no obvious stipule-like nor stipel-like appendages to the leaves ; early flowering
and fruiting.
S. racemosa, L. Stems 2 to 12 feet high, sometimes forming arborescent trunks: branches
spreading: leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous: leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate: thyrsiform cyme ovate or oblong :
flowers dull white, drying brownish: fruit scarlet (has been seen white), oily: nutlets mi-
nutely punctate-rugulose. — Spec. i. 270; Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 59; Hook. Fl. i. 279; Gray,
Bot. Calif. i. 278. S. pubens, Michx. Fl. i. 181; DC. Prodr. iv. 323; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13;
Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 21, flowers wrongly colored. S. pubescens, Pers. Syn.
i. 328; Pursh, FI. i. 204. — Rocky banks and open woods, Nova Scotia to the mountains of
Georgia, in cool districts, west to Brit. Columbia and Alaska, and the Sierra Nevada, Cali-
fornia. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. arboréscens, Torr. & Gray,l.c. A form with leaflets closely serrate with
strong lanceolate teeth. — Washington Terr. to Sitka.
Var. laciniata, Kocu, with leaflets divided into 3 to 5 linear-lanceolate 2-3-cleft or
laciniate segments, occurs on south shore of L. Superior, Austin.
S. melanocarpa, Gray. Glabrous, or young leaves slightly pubescent: leaflets 5 to 7,
rarely 9: cyme convex, as broad as high: flowers white: fruit black, without bloom:
otherwise much like preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 76.— Ravines of the Rocky Moun-
tains of Montana ( Watson) to those of E. Oregon (Cusick), south to the Wahsatch ( Watson),
Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACE. 9
New Mexico (Fendler), and the Sierra Nevada, California (Brewer, Bolander): a plant with
foliage not unlike that of S. Canadensis.
%* * Compound cymes depressed, 5-rayed; four external rays once to thrice 5-rayed, but the rays
unequal, the two outer ones stronger, or in ultimate divisions reduced to these; central rays
smaller and at length reduced to 3-flowered cymelets or to single flowers: pith of year-old shoots
bright white: ‘‘ berries’ sweet, never red: nutlets punctate-rugulose.
S. Canadénsis, L. Suffrutescent or woody stems rarely persisting to third or fourth year,
5 to 10 feet high, glabrous, except some fine pubescence on midrib and veins of leaves
beneath : leaflets (5 to 11) mostly 7, ovate-oval to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower
not rarely bifid or with a lateral lobe: stipels not uncommon, narrowly linear, and tipped
with a callous gland: fruit dark-purple, becoming black, with very little bloom. — Spec.
i. 269; Michx. Fl.i.281; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.13. S. nigra, Marsh. Arbust. 141. S. hu-
milis, Raf. Ann. Nat.13. S. glauca, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 66 (not Nutt.), narrow-leaved
form; Bot. Mex. Bound. 71.— Moist grounds, New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, south
to Florida, Texas, west to the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona; fl. near mid-
summer. Nearly related to S. nigra of Eu.
Var. laciniadta. Leaflets or most of them once or twice ternately parted into lanceo-
late divisions. — Indian River, Florida, Palmer. A still more dissected form, in waste
places, Egg Harbor, Mfrs. Treat, may be S. nigra, var. laciniata, of the Old World.
S. glatica, Nurr. Arborescent, 6 to 18 feet high; the larger forming trunks of 6 to 12
inches in diameter, glabrous throughout : leaflets 5 to 9, thickish, ovate to narrowly oblong ;
lower ones rarely 3-parted : stipels rare and small, subulate or oblong: fruit blackish, but
strongly whitened with a glaucous mealy bloom, larger than in S. Canadensis. — Nutt. in
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 134; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 278, in part. —
Oregon and throughout California, common near the coast, eastward to Idaho and Nevada.
S. Mexicana, Prest. Arborescent, with trunks sometimes 6 inches in diameter: leaves
and young shoots pubescent (sometimes slightly so, sometimes cinereous or tomentulose-
canescent) : leaflets, &c., nearly as preceding: fruit (as far as seen) destitute of bloom. —
Presl. in DC. Prodr. iv. 323; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 66, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 71. S. glauca,
Benth. Pl. Hartw. 313; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.c. in part. S. velutina, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep.
v. 8.— California, from Plumas Co. southward to mountains of Arizona, and New Mexico
on the Mexican border. Glabrate forms too near S. Canadensis. (Mex.)
38. VIBURNUM, L. (Classical Latin name of the Wayrarinc-TRER,
V. Lantana, of Europe.) — Shrubs or small trees (of various parts of the world) ;
with tough and flexible branches, simple and not rarely stipulate or pseudo-stipu-
late leaves, and terminal depressed cymes of mostly white flowers, produced in
spring or early summer. — Viburnum and Opulus, Tourn.
V. Tinus, L. (Tinus, Tourn., Gerst.), the Laurestinvs, cultivated from Europe, with puta-
men not flattened and ruminated albumen, is left out of view in our character of the genus, as
also the outlying forms with campanulate or more tubular corolla, upon which CEérsted (in
Vidensk. Meddel. 1860) has founded genera, with more or less reason. The albumen in the
N. American species is even, or obscurely ruminated in the first species.
§ 1. Cyme radiant; marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas
as in Hydrangea: drupes coral-red turning dark crimson or purple, not acid: puta-
men sulcate: leaves pinnately straight-veined, scurfy: winter-buds naked.
V. lantanoides, Micux. (Hozsrenusu.) Low and straggling, with thickish branches,
sometimes 10 feet high, scurfy-pubescent on the shoots and inflorescence: leaves ample
(when full grown 6 inches long), conspicuously petioled, rounded-ovate, abruptly acumi-
nate, finely doubly serrate, membranaceous, minutely stellular-pubescent and glabrate
above, rusty-scurfy beneath on the 10 or 12 pairs of prominent veins, and when young also
on the very numerous transverse connecting veinlets: stipules small and subulate, or obso-
lete: fruit ovoid, flattish ; the stone moderately flattened, 3-sulcate on one face, broadly and
deeply sulcate on the other, and the groove divided by a strong median ridge, the edges also
10 CAPRIFOLIACE. Viburnum.
slightly suleate: seed reniform in cross section and somewhat lobed ; the albumen not rumi-
nated. — Fl. i179; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.18; Audubon, Birds Amer. i. t. 148. V. alnifolium,
Marsh. Arbust. 162. V. Lantana, var. grandiflorum, Ait. Kew. i. 372. V. grandifolium,
Smith in Rees Cycl.—Moist woods, New Brunswick and Canada to N. Carolina in the
higher mountains; fl. spring. (Japan ?)
§ 2. Cyme radiant, or not so: drupes light red, acid, edible, globose: putamen
very flat, orbicular, even (not sulcate nor intruded or costate): leaves palmately
veined: winter-buds scaly. — Opulus, Tourn.
V. Opulus, L. (Hicu Cranperry, Cranperry-Tree.) Nearly glabrous, occasionally
pubescent, 4 to 10 feet high: leaves dilated, three-lobed, roundish or broadly cuneate at
3-ribbed or pedately 5-ribbed base; the lobes acuminate, incisely dentate or in upper leaves
entire: slender petioles bearing 2 or more glands at or near summit, and usually setaceous
stipules near base: cymes rather ample, terminating several-leaved branches, radiant. —
‘Spec. i. 268; Ait. Kew. i. 373 (var. Americanum) ; Michx. Fl. i. 180 (vars.); Torr. & Gray,
lc. V. trilobum, Marsh. Arbust. 162. V. opuloides, Muhl. Cat. V. Oxycoccus & V. edule,
Pursh, Fl. i. 203.—Swamps and along streams, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Brit.
Columbia and Oregon, and in Atlantic States south to Pennsylvania. Variable in foliage ;
no constant difference from the European, which is cultivated, in a form with most flowers
neutral, as SNowBALL and GUELDER Rosg. (Eu., N. Asia.)
V. paucifi6drum, Pyzarz. Glabrous or with pubescence, 2 to 5 feet high, straggling:
leaves of roundish or broadly oval outline, unequally dentate, many of them either obso-
letely or distinctly 3-lobed (the lobes not longer than broad), about 5-nerved at base, loosely
veiny: cymes small, terminating short and merely 2-leaved lateral branches, involucrate
with slender subulate caducous bracts, destitute of neutral radiant flowers: stamens very
short: fruit nearly of preceding. — Pylaie, Herb.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 17; Herder, Pl.
Radd. iii. t.1, 1.3. V. acerifolium, Bong. Veg. Sitka, 144. —Cold moist woods, Newfound-
land and Labrador, mountains of New England to Saskatchewan, west to Alaska and
Washington Terr., southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado.
§ 3. Cyme never radiant: drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity.
* Leaves palmately 3-5-ribbed or nerved from the base, slender-petiolate: stipules subulate-seta-
ceous: pubescence simple, no scurf: primary rays of pedunculate cyme 5 to 7: filaments equal-
ling the corolla.
+ Pacific species: drupe oblong-oval, nearly half-inch long, bluish-black.
V. ellipticum, Hoox. Stems 2 to 5 feet high: winter-buds scaly: leaves from orbicular-
oval to elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, dentate above the middle, not lobed, at
length rather coriaceous, 3-5-nerved from the base, the nerves ascending or parallel: corol-
las 4 or 5 lines in diameter: stone of fruit deeply and broadly sulcate on both faces ; the
furrow of one face divided by a median ridge. — Hook. Fl. i. 280; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 278.
— Woods of W. Washington Terr. and Oregon (first coll. by Douglas), to Mendocino and
to Placer Co., California, Kellogg, Mrs. Ames.
+— + Atlantic species: drupe globular, quarter-inch long, bluish-purple or black when ripe:
cyme mostly with a caducous involucre of 5 or 6 small and subulate or linear thin bracts.
V. acerifélium, L. (Arrow-woop, Dockmacxkiz.) Soft-pubescent, or glabrate with
age, 3 to 6 feet high, with slender branches: winter-buds imperfectly scaly: leaves mem-
branaceous, rounded-ovate, 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, and with 3 short
and acute or acuminate divergent lobes (or some uppermost undivided), usually dentate to
near the base (larger 4 or 5 inches long): cymes rather small and open: corolla 2 or 3 lines
in diameter: stone of drupe lenticular, hardly sulcate on either side.— Spec. i. 268; Vent.
Hort. Cels. t. 72; Michx. Fl. i. 180; Wats. Dendr. Brit. ii. t. 118 (poor); Hook. Fl. i. 280
(partly); Torr. & Gray, l. v.17; Emerson, Trees of Mass. ii. t. 19.— Rocky and cool woods,
New Brunswick to Michigan, Indiana, and N. Carolina.
V. densifidrum, Cuapm. Lower, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves smaller (inch or two long)
with mostly shorter lobes or sometimes none: cyme denser: involucrate bracts more con.
spicuous and less caducous: stone of the drupe undulately somewhat 2-sulcate on one face
and 3-sulcate on the other. —Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 624.— Wooded hills, W. Florida, Chapman.
Also, Taylor Co., Georgia, Neisler, a glabrate form. Too near V. acerifolium.
Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACEA, 11
* * Leaves pinnately and conspicuously veiny with straight veins (impressed-plicate above, promi-
nent beneath and the lowest pair basal), thinnish, coarsely dentate: stipules subulate-setaceous:
cymes pedunculate, about 7-rayed: stone of the drupe more or less sulcate. AnRow-Wwoop.
+ Stone and seed flat, slightly plano-convex: leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.
V. pubéscens, Prrsu. Slender, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves oblong- or more broadly ovate,
acute or acuminate, acutely dentate-serrate (14 to 3 inches long, on petioles 2 to 4 lines long,
or upper hardly any), sott-tomentulose with simple downy hairs beneath, but varying to
slightly pubescent (and in one form almost glabrous with upper face lucidulous) : peduncle
generally shorter than the cyme: drupe oval, 4 lines long, blackish-purple, flattened when
young; stone lightly 2-suleate on the faces, margins narrowly incurved, no intrusion on
ventral face. — Fl. i. 202 (excl. habitat, and syn. Michx.); Torr. Fl. i. 320; DC. Prodr.
iv. 326; Hook. Fl. i. 280; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 16; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 206; CErst. 1. c. t. 7,
fig. 21,22. 1. dentatum, var. pubescens, Ait. Kew. i. 372? 1. dentatum, var. semitomentosum,
Michx. Fl. i. 179, in small part (spec. from L. Champlain). V. villosum, Raf. in Med. Rep.
1808, & Desy. Jour. Bot. i. 228, not Swartz. V. Rafinesquianum, Roem. & Schult. Syst. v.
630.— Rocky ground, Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, west to Illinois, south to Stone
Mountain, Georgia. (Not, as Pursh would have it, in the lower parts of Carolina.)
“+ +- Stone deeply sulcate-intruded ventrally : transverse section of seed about three-fourths
annular, with flattish back: leaves rather slender-petioled. .
V.dentatum, L. Shrub 5 to 15 feet high, with ascending branches, glabrous or nearly
so, no stellular pubescence: leaves from orbicular- to oblong-ovate, with rounded or sub-
cordate base, acutely many-dentate (2 or 3 inches long); primary veins 8 to 10 pairs (some
of them once or twice forked), often a tuft of hairs in their axil: peduncle generally longer
than the cyme: drupe ovoid, three lines long, terete, bright blue, darker at maturity. —
Spec. i. 268 ; Jacq. Hort. Vind. i. t.36; Torr. 1.c.; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 25; Torr. & Gray,
l.c., excl. var.; Gray, Man. lc. V. dentatum, var. lucidum, Ait. Kew. 1. c.— Wet ground,
chiefly in swamps, New Brunswick to Michigan, and south to the mountains of Georgia,
Seems to pass into following, but the extremes widely different.
V. molle, Micux. Young shoots, petioles, cymes, &c. beset with stellular pubescence :
leaves orbicular or broadly oval to ovate, more crenately dentate, soft-pubescent at least
beneath (larger 4 inches long); veins of the preceding or fewer: petioles shorter: drupe
4 lines long, more pointed by the style: calyx-teeth more conspicuous. — Fl. i. 180, but
foliage only seen; Gray, Man. ed. 3 & ed. 5, 206. V. dentatum, var. semitomentosum, Michx.
lc. in large part; Ell. Sk. i. 365. V. dentatum, var. ? scabrellum, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 16.
V. seabrellum, Chapm. Fl. i. 72. — Coast of New England (Martha’s Vineyard, Bessey) to
Texas: flowers at the north in summer, later than V. dentatum.
* * * Leaves lightly or loosely pinnately veined, of firmer or somewhat coriaceous texture,
petioled, mostly glabrous: stipules or stipule-like appendages none: mature drupes black or
with a blue bloom, mealy and saccharine; the stone and seed flat or lenticular, plane: winter-
buds of few and firm scales: petioles aud rays of the cyme mostly lepidote with some minute
rusty scales or scurf.
+— Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed: drupes globose-ovoid, 3 lines long: stone orbicular, flattened-
lenticular: shrubs 5 to 8 or 12 feet high, in swamps.
V. cassinoides, L. (Wirue-rop.) Shoots scurfy-punctate: leaves thickish and opaque
or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny (1 to 3 inches
long), with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or sometimes entire: peduncle shorter
than the cyme. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 384 (pl. Kalm), excl. syn., at least of Mill. & Pluk.; Torr.
FL. i.318; DC. Le. V. squamatum, Willd. Enum. i. 827; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 24. V.
pyrifolium, Pursh, Fl. i. 201, not Poir. V. nudum, Hook. Fl. i. 279; Emerson, Trees of
Mass. ed. 2, 411, t. 18. V. nudum, var. cassinoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 14; Gray, Man. 1. c.
— Swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, New England to New Jersey and Pennsylvania :
flowers earlier than the next. ;
V. nidum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate: leaves more veiny, oblong or oval, sometimes
narrower, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above (commonly 2 to 4 inches long):
peduncle usually equalling the cyme.— Spec. i. 268 (pl. Clayt.); Mill. Ic. t. 274; Willd.
Spec. i. 1487; Michx. Fl. i.178; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2281; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., var. Claytont.
— Swamps, New Jersey or S. New York to Florida and Louisiana: fl. summer, or southward
in spring.
12 CAPRIFOLIACES. Viburnum.
-
Var. angustifélium, Torr. & Gray, lc. Leaves linear-oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late. —V. nitidum, Ait. Kew. i. 371, ex. char. —N. Carolina to Louisiana.
Var. grandifélium. Larger leaves 8 inches long, 4 wide.—E. Florida, Mrs. Treat.
Var. serétinum, Ravenen, in Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 624. A strict or more simple-
stemmed form, with foliage of the type, and smaller blossoms, produced in November ! —
On the Altamaha River, near Darien, Georgia, Ravenel.
+— -+— Compound cymes sessile, of 3 to 5 cymiferous rays, subtended by the upper leaves,
a Many-flowered: trees or arborescent, 10 to 30 feet high: winter-buds minutely rusty-scurfy or
downy, ovoid and acuminate: leaves ovate or oval, lucid, closely and acutely serrate, abruptly
rather long-petioled : drupes comparatively large, oval, 5 to 7 lines long, when ripe sweetish
and black or bluish from the bloom, with very flat stone. — Buack Haw, SHEEP-BERRY,
Sweet VIBURNUM.
V. Lentadgo, L. Often arboreous: leaves ovate, acuminate (larger 3 or 4 inches long),
thickly beset with very sharp serratures: petioles mostly undulate-margined: larger winter-
buds long-pointed, grayish. — Spec. i. 268; Michx. 1]. c.; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 21; Hook.
l. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 15.— Woods and banks of streams, Canada to Saskatchewan,
Missouri, and mountains of Georgia; fl. spring.
V. prunifélium, L. Seldom arboreous: leaves from roundish to ovate or oval with little
or no acumination and finer serratures (larger ones 2 or 3 inches long): petioles naked, or
on strong shoots narrowly margined, these and the less pointed winter-buds often rufous-
pubescent. — Spec. i. 268 (M€espilus prunifolia, &c., Pluk. Alm. t. 4, f. 2); Michx. 1. ¢.;
Duham. Arb. ii. t. 38 (Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 237); Torr. & Gray, ].c. V. pyrifolium, Poir.
Dict. viii. 653; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 22.— Dry or moist ground, New York (and Upper
Canada?) to Michigan, Illinois, and south to Florida, Texas, and Kansas: flowering early.
++ ++ Cymes (3-4rayed) and the lucid coriaceous commonly entire leaves small.
V. obovatum, Watt. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high: leaves from obovate to cuneate-spatulate
or oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, with some obsolete teeth or none (half-inch to thrice that
length), narrowed at base into very short petiole: flowering cymes little surpassing the
leaves: drupes oval, 5 lines long, black; stone thickish-lenticular, the faces obscurely sul-
cate. — Walt. Car. 116; Pursh, Fl. i. 201; Ell. Sk. i. 366; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t 1476; DC.
Prodr. iv. 326. V. cassinoides (Mill. Ic. t. 83%); Willd. Spec. i. 1491; Michx. Fl. i. 179,
not L. V. levigatum, Ait. Kew. i. 371; Pursh, 1. c.; DC. 1. c. — Wooded banks of streams
and swamps, Virginia to Florida in the low country.
4. TRIOSTEUM, L. Frverworr, Horst-Genrian. (Name shortened
by Linneus from Triosteospermum, Dill., meaning three bony seeds or stones
to the fruit.) — Coarse perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America, one Japanese
and one Himalayan); with simple stems, ample entire or sinuate leaves more
or less connate at base, and pinnately veiny; the dull-colored sessile flowers in
their axils, either single or 2 to 4 in a cluster, produced in early summer, fol-
lowed by orange-colored and reddish drupes. In our species the foliaceous
linear calyx-lobes are as long as the corolla (about half-inch), and longer than
the fruit. — Lam. Ill. t. 150; Gaertn. Fruct. t. 26. TZriosteospermum, Dill. Elth.
394, t. 2938.
T. perfoliatum, L. Minutely soft-pubescent, or stem sometimes hirsute, stout, 2 to 4 feet
high: leaves ovate to oblong, acuminate, narrowed below either to merely connate or more
broadened and connate-perfoliate base: corolla dull brownish-purple : nutlets of the drupe
3-ribbed on the back. — Spec. i. 176; Schk. Handb. t.41; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 90, t.19; Bart.
Veg. Mat. Med. t.4; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 45; Torr. & Gray, Fl ii12. 7. majyus,
Michx. FL. i. 107. — Alluvial or rich soil, Canada and New England to Ilinois and Alabama.
— Also called TinKER’s-WEED, WILD CoFFEE, &c.
T. angustifélium, L.1.c. Smaller: stem hirsute or hispid: leaves oblong-lanceolate or
narrower, tapering above the more or less connate bases: corolla yellowish. — Torr. & Gray,
lc. ZT. minus, Michx.1.c. Periclymenum herbaceum, &c., Pluk. Alm. t, 104, f. 2. — Shady
grounds, Virginia to Alabama, Missouri, and Illinois.
Symphoricarpos. CAPRIFOLIACE. 13
5. LINNALA, Gronov. Twry-rLower. (Dedicated to Linneus.) — Gro-
nov. in L. Gen. ed. i, 188. — Single species; fl. carly summer. ‘
L. borealis, Groxov. Trailing and creeping evergreen, with filiform branches, somewhat
pubescent: leaves obovate and rotund, half-inch to inch long, crenately few-toothed, some-
what rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole: peduncles filiform, terminating ascending
short leafy branches, bearing at summit a pair of small bracts, and from axil of each a fili-
form one-flowered pedicel, occasionally the axis prolonged and bearing another pair of
flowers; pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit, and a pair of larger ovate glandular-
hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary, soon connivent over it or enclosing and even
adnate to the akene-like fruit: flowers nodding: corolla purplish rose-color, rarely almost
white, sweet-scented, half-inch or less long.—L. Fl. Lapp. t. 12, f. 4, & Spec. ii. 631;
Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 171, t. 9, f.3; Fl. Dan. t. 3; Schk. Handb. t. 176; Lam. Ill. t. 536; Torr.
& Gray, FL ii. 3. — Cool woods and bogs, New England to New Jersey and mountains of
Maryland, north to Newfuundland and the Arctic Circle, westward in the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado and Utah, the Sierra Nevada in Plumas Co., California, and northwest to
Alaskan Islands; in Oregon, &c. Var. tonarriora, Torr. in Wilkes S. Pacif. E. Ex. xvii.
327, with longer and more funnelform corolla. (N. Eu., N. Asia, &c.)
6. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. Snowserry, Inpray Currant.
(2vpdopéw, to bear together, xaprds, fruit, the berry-like fruits mostly clustered
or crowded.) — Low and branching shrubs (N. American and Mexican), erect
or diffuse, not climbing ; with small and entire (occasionally undulate or lobed,
very rarely serrate) and short-petioled leaves, scaly leaf-buds, and 2-bracteolate
small flowers, usually crowded in axillary or terminal spikes or clusters, rarely
solitary, produced in summer; the corolla white or pinkish. — Dill., Elth. 371,
t. 278; Juss..Gen. 211; DC. Prodr. iv. 338; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 4; Gray,
Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. 9. Symphoria, Pers. Syn. i. 214.
§ 1. Short-flowered: corolla urceolate- or open-campanulate, only 2 or 3 lines
long.
* Style bearded: fruit red: flowers all in dense and short axillary clusters: corolla 2 lines long,
glandular within at base.
S. vulgaris, Micnx. (Corat-serry, Inpray Currant.) Soft-pubescent or glabrate:
branches slender, often virgate, flowering from most of the axils: leaves oval, seldom over
inch long, exceeding the (1 to 4) glomerate or at length spiciform dense flower-clusters in
their axils: corolla sparingly bearded inside : fruits very small, dark red. — Fl. i. 106; DC.
Prodr. iv. 339; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 4; Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. ¢. 10. Symphoricarpos,
Dill, lc. S. parviflora, Desf. Cat., &c. Lonicera Symphoricarpos, L. Spec. i.175. Symphoria
conglomerata, Pers. 1. c. 3. glomerata, Pursh, Fl. i. 162.— Banks of streams and among
rocks, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois, Nebraska, and Texas.
Var. spicatus (5. spicatus, Engelm. in Pl. Lindh. ii. 215) is a form with fructiferous
spikes more elongated, sometimes equalling the leaves. — Texas, Lindhewmer.
%* * Style glabrous: fruit white, in terminal and upper axillary clusters, or solitary in some axils.
5S. occidentalis, Hoox. (Wotr-Berry.) Robust, glabrous, or slightly pubescent: leaves
oval or oblong, thickish (larger 2 inches long): axillary flower-clusters not rarely peduncu-
late, sometimes becoming spicate and inch long: corolla 3 lines high, 5-cleft to beyond the
middle, within densely villous-hirsute with long beard-like hairs: stamens and style more
or less exserted. — F]. i. 285; Torr. & Gray in FI. ii. 4 Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. lc. Sym-
phoria occidentalis, R. Br. in Richards. App. Frankl. Jour.— Rocky ground, Michigan to
the mountains of Colorado, Montana (and Oregon 7), north to lat. 64°.
S. racemosus, Micux. (Snow-Berry.) More slender and glabrous: leaves round-oval
to oblong (smaller than in the preceding): axillary clusters mostly few-flowered, or lowest
one-flowered: corolla 2 lines high, 5-lobed above the middle, moderately villous-bearded
within, narrowed at base: stamens and style not exserted.— Fl. i. 107; Hook. 1.c¢.; Torr.
& Gray,l.c.; Gray, Lc. Symphoria racemosa, Pers. 1.v.; Pursh, Fl. i. 169; R. Br. Bot.
14 CAPRIFOLIACES. Symphorecarpos.
Mag. t, 2211; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 230; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 19. S. elongata and S.
heterophylla, Presl, ex DC.— Rocky banks, Canada and N. New England to Penn., Sas-
katchewan, and west to Brit. Columbia and W. California, even to San Diego Co.
Var. paucifidrus, Rossrys. Low, more spreading: leaves commonly only inch
long : flowers solitary in the axils of upper ones, few and loosely spicate in the terminal
cluster. — Gray, Man. & in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c.— Mountains of Vermont and Penn., Niagara
Falls to Wisconsin and northward, in Rocky Mountains south to Colorado, west to Oregon.
S. mollis, Nurr. Low, diffuse or decumbent, soft-pubescent, even velvety-tomentose, some-
times glabrate: leaves orbicular or broadly oval (half to full inch long) : flowers solitary or
in short clusters: corolla open-campanulate and with broad base (little over line high),
5-lobed above the middle, barely pubescent within: stamens and style included. — Torr. &
Gray, Fl. 1. ¢.; Gray, lc. & Bot. Calif. i. 279. S. ciliatus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, l.c., a
glabrate form, from the char.— Wooded hills, California, both in the Coast Ranges and the
Sierra Nevada, first coll by Coulter and Nuttall.
Var. actitus. Not improbably a distinct species, but materials incomplete: leaves very
soft-tomentulose, oblong-lanceolate to oblong, acute at both ends or acuminate, sometimes
irregularly and acutely dentate. — S. mollis? Torr. in Wilkes Pacif. E. Ex. xvii. 328, —
Washington Terr. east of the Cascade Mountains, Pickering § Brackenridge, with the
narrower and entire leaves. Lassen’s Peak, N. E. California, J/rs. Austin, with broader
leaves, commonly having 3 or 4 unequal serratures on each margin.
§ 2. Longer-flowered: corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, 5-lobed
only at summit: fruit (in the Mexican S. microphyllus flesh color, ex Bot. Mag.
t. 4975) in ours white: flowers mostly axillary: leaves small.
* Style glabrous: corolla with broad and short lobes slightly or merely spreading.
S. rotundifélius, Gray. Tomentulose to glabrate: leaves from orbicular to oblong-
elliptical, thickish (half to three-fourths inch long): corolla elongated-campanulate, 3 or 4
lines long ; its tube pubescent within below the stamens, twice or thrice the length of the
lobes: nutlets of the drupe oval, equally broad and obtuse at both ends.— Pl. Wright.
ii. 66, Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. ¢., & Bot. Calif. i. 279. S. montanus, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 132,
partly. — Mountains of New Mexico and adjacent Texas to those of Utah, N. W. Nevada,
adjacent California, and north to Mt. Paddo, Washington Terr., Suksdorf: first coll. by
Wright and Bigelow.
S. oredphilus, Gray. Glabrous or sometimes with soft pubescence: leaves oblong to
broadly oval, thinner: corolla more tubular or funnelform, 5 or 6 (rarely only 4) lines
long ; its tube almost glabrous within, 4 or 5 times the length of the lobes: nutlets of the
drupe oblong, flattened, attenuate and pointed at base. —Jour. Linn. Soc, 1. c. 12, & Bot.
Calif. 1. v. Sw montanus, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 249, not HBK.— Mountains of
‘Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, to the Sierra Nevada, California, and E. Oregon; first coll.
by Parry.
* %* Style bearded: corolla with oblong widely spreading lobes.
S. longiflérus, Grax, lc. Glabrous or rarely minutely pubescent, glaucescent : leaves
spatulate-oblong varying to oval, thickish, small (quarter to half inch long): corolla white,
salverform, slender; the tube 4 to 6 and lobes one and a half lines long, very glabrous
within: anthers linear, subsessile, half included in the throat: nutlets of the fruit oblong. —
Mountains of S. Nevada and Utah, Miss Searls, Parry, Ward, Palmer, &. Apparently
also S. W. Texas, Havard.
7. LONICERA, L. Honrysucxie, Woopsine. (Adam Lonitzer, Lat-
inized Lonicerus, a German herbalist.) — Shrubs of the northern hemisphere,
some erect, others twining; with normally entire leaves, occasionally on some
shoots sinuate-pinnatifid ; the flowers variously disposed, produced in spring or
early summer.
§ 1. Xyztésrzon, DC. Flowers in pairs (rarely threes) from the axils of the
leaves, the common peduncle bibracteate at summit, the ovaries of the two either
Lonicera. CAPRIFOLIACES. 15
distinct or connate: ours (the genuine species of the section) all erect and
branching shrubs, with rather short corollas; the calyx-limb minute or obsolete.
— Xylosteon, Tourn., Juss. Xylosteum, Adans., Michx., &e.
* Bracts at the summit of the peduncle small or narrow, often minute, sometimes obsolete or
caducous: bractlets to the two flowers minute or none.
+— Leaves glaucescent or pale both sides, oblong-elliptical, very short-petioled, reticulate-venulose
beneath: corolla ochroleucous, sometimes purplish-tinged, 4 to 6 lines long.
L. certilea, L. A foot or two high, from villous-pubescent to glabrous or nearly so:
leaves little over inch long, very obtuse: peduncles shorter than the flowers, usually very
short: corolla moderately gibbous at base, not strongly bilabiate (sometimes glabrous,
sometimes hairy): bracts subulate or linear, commonly larger than the ovaries; these
completely united, forming a globular 2-eved (black and with the bloom blue) sweet-tasted
berry. — Spec. i. 174; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 37; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1965; Jacq. Fl. Austr. v.
Suppl. t. 17; Hook. Fl. i. 283; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 9; Herder, Pl. Radd. iii. 15, t. 3.
L. villosa (Muhl. Cat.) & L. velutina, DC. Prodr. iv. 337, excl. syn. in part. Xylosteum
villosum, Michx. F. i. 106 (the very villous or hirsute form, L. cerulea, var. villosa, Torr. &
Gray, l.c.); Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 88; Richards. App. Frankl. Jour. X. Solonis, Eaton,
Man. Bot. 518.— Moist ground, Newfoundland and Labrador, south to the cooler parts of
New England, Wisconsin, &c., north to the Arctic Circle, west to Alaska, and south in the
higher mountains to the Sierra Nevada, California. The American and E. Asian forms
somewhat different from the European. (Eu., N. Asia.)
L. oblongifélia, Hoox. A yard or more high, minutely puberulent to glabrous, glau-
cescent: leaves 1 to 3 inches long: peduncles filiform, commonly inch long: corolla with
conspicuous gibbosity at base, deeply bilabiate, the narrow lower lip separate far below the
middle: bracts minute or caducous: ovaries either distinct, or united at base, or com-
pletely connate (even on the same plant): berries red or changing to crimson, mawkish.
— Fl. i. 284, t=. 100; Torr. & Gray, lc. LZ. villosa, DC. 1. c. in part. Xylosteum oblongi-
JSolium, Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Jour, vi. 323. — Bogs, Canada and N. New England and New
York to Michigan.
+ + Leaves bright green, thinnish, ovate or oblong: peduncles slender: berries red: shrubs
with slender spreading or straggling branches.
++ Corolla dark dull purple, strongly bilabiate: calyx-teeth subulate: bracts subulate, caducous.
L. conjugidlis, Kerroce. Leaves pubescent when young, ovate or oval, often acuminate,
short-petioled (1 to 24 inches long): peduncles at least thrice the length of the flowers:
corglla 4 or 5 lines long, gibbous-campanulate, with upper lip crenately 4-lobed; throat
with lower part of filaments and style very hirsute: ovaries two-thirds or wholly connate.
— Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 67, fig. 15; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 133. JZ. Breweri, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 537, vii. 349. — Woods of the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada,
at 6,000-10,000 feet, first coll. by Veatch. Also mountains of Washington Terr., Howell,
Suksdorf.
++ ++ Corolla honey-yellow or ochroleucous, rarely a slight tinge of purple, oblong-funnelform,
two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, with 5 short almost equal lobes; the tube with a small but
prominent saccate gibbosity at base, merely pilose-pubescent within: calyx-limb barely
crenate-lobed or truncate: divergent ovaries and mostly the berries quite distinct, subtended
by very small subulate bracts, and each with minute rounded bractlets.
L. Utahénsis, Wars. Leaves oval or elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, very short-
petioled, glabrous or nearly so from the first, or soon glabrate, not ciliate, reticulate-venulose
at maturity (inch or two long): peduncle seldom over half-inch long.— Bot. King Exp.
133. — Mountains of Utah, Watson, Parry, Siler. Montana, and Cascades from Oregon to
Brit. Columbia.
L. ciliata, Mcay. (Fry-Hoxeysuckre.) Leaves ovate to oval-oblong, acutish or some-
what acuminate, loosely pilose-pubescent when young, especially the margins, 2 inches long
at maturity, more distinctly petioled: full-grown peduncles two-thirds to nearly inch long:
berries distinct, light red, watery. — Cat. 22; DC. Prodr. iv. 235; Hook. FI. 1 C5 Torr. &
Gray, l.c. L. Canadensis, Rem. & Schult. Syst. v. 260. Xylostewm Tartaricum, Michx.
16 CAPRIFOLIACEA. Lonicera,
FL i. 106. X. ciliatum, Pursh, Fl. i. 161, excl. var., which is Symphoricarpos racemosus
according toNutt. Vaccinium album, L. Spec. i. 350, specimen of Kalm.— Rocky moist
woods, New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, and New England to Penn. and Michigan.
Flowering in spring, when the leaves are developing.
L. TarrArica, L., of the Old World, with rose-colored flowers, is commonly planted as an
ornamental shrub, and is becoming spontaneous in Canada. i
* %* Bracts at the summit of the peduncle oblong to ovate or cordate and foliaceous: bractlets
conspicuous and accrescent.
L. involucrata, Bayxs. Pubescent, sometimes glabrate, 2 to 10 feet high : leaves from
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, from acutish to acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long, petioled: peduncles
an inch or two long, sometimes 3-flowered: corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, half-inch
or more long, tubular-funnelform, with 5 short hardly unequal lobes: bractlets 4 or united
into 2, viscid-pubescent, at first short, obovate or obcordate, in fruit enlarging and enclosing
or surrounding the two globose dark-purple or black berries. — Spreng. Syst. i. 759; DC.
Prodr. 1. v. 336; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1179; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 280.
L. Ledebourii, Esch. Mem. Acad. Petrop. (1826) x. 284; DC. 1c. £. Mociniana, DC.
1. c., probably from California, not Mexico. JL. intermedia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii.
154, fig. 47. Xylosteum involucratum, Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. 6.— Wooded grounds,
from Gaspé Co., Lower Canada (Allen), and S. shore of Lake Superior northward, west to
Alaska, southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, and nearly throughout
California.
§ 2. Carprirétium, DC. Flowers sessile in variously disposed terminal or
axillary clusters, commonly quasi-verticillate-capitate: corolla more or less elon-
gated: berries orange or red at maturity: stems climbing (twining): upper leaves
usually combined into a connate-perfoliate disk. — Caprifolium, Juss.
* Limb of corolla almost regular or slightly bilabiate, very much shorter than the elongated
tube: stamens and style little exserted: flowers nearly scentless. — Periclymenum, Tourn.
TRUMPET-HONEYSUCKLES.
L. sempérvirens, L. Evergreen only southward, glabrous: leaves oblong, glaucous or
glancescent beneath, uppermost one or two pairs broadly connate: flowers in 2 to 5 more
or less separated whorls of 6: the spike pedunculate: corolla scarlet-red varying to
crimson and yellow inside, or sometimes wholly yellow; the narrow tube inch or more long;
lobes sometimes almost equal, sometimes short-bilabiate, merely spreading, seldom over
2 lines long. — Spec. i. 173 (Herm. Hort. Lugd. 484, t. 483); Ait. Kew, i. 230; Walt. Car.
131; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1781, & 1753; Bot. Reg. t. 556; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.5; Meehan,
Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, i. t. 45. L. Virginiana & L. Caroliniana, Marsh. Arbust. 80. Capri-
folium sempervirens, Michx. Fl. 105; Pursh, Fl. i. 160; Ell. Sk. i. 271. — Low grounds, Con-
necticut and Indiana to Florida and Texas. Commonly cultivated. (There are indications
of a nearly related species in Lower California.)
L. cilidsa, Porr. Leaves ovate or oval, glaucous beneath, usually ciliate, otherwise glabrous;
uppermost one or two pairs connate into an oval or orbicular disk: whorls of flowers single
and terminal, or rarely 2 or 3, and occasionally from the axils of the penultimate pair of
leaves, either sessile or short-peduncled: corolla glabrous or sparingly pilose-pubescent,
yellow to crimson-scarlet, with thicker tube than the preceding, more ventricose-gibbous
below ; limb slightly bilabiate; lower lobe 3 or 4 lines long. — Dict. v. 612; DC. Prodr.
iv. 333; Torr. & Gray, le. Caprifolium ciliosum, Pursh, Fl. i. 160. C. occidentale, Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1457. Lonicera occidentalis, Hook. Fl. i. 282.— Rocky Mountains in Montana
to the coast of Brit. Columbia, the mountains of California and of Arizona. From moun-
tains near Chico, California, comes a form which, by nearly naked margin of leaves and
three-whorled pedunculate spike, makes transition to L. sempervirens.
* * Limb of corolla ringent; the spreading or recurved lips comparatively large, and stamens
and style conspicuously exserted. — Caprifolium, Tourn. True Honrysuckues.
\
+ Tube of corolla elongated (fully inch long), wholly glabrous inside, as are stamens and style:
flowers very fragrant: Atlantic species resembling the cultivated Italian or Sweet Honeysuckle
of Middle and S. Europe, L. Caprifolium, L.
Lonicera. CAPRIFOLIACES. 17
L. grata, Arr. Glabrous: leaves obovate or oblong and the wpper one or two pairs con-
nate, paler or somewhat glaucous beneath: flowers in terminal capitate cluster and from
the axils of the connate-perfoliate leaves : corolla reddish or purple outside ; the limb white
within, fading to tawny yellow; lips over half-inch long; tube not gibbous: berries orange-
red. — Kew. i. 231; Willd. Spec. i. 984; DC. Prodr. iv. 332; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 159;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 5. Caprifolium gratum, Pursh, FI. i. 161.— Moist and rocky wood-
lands, N. New Jersey to Pennsylvania and mountains of Carolina according to Pursh, to
““W. Louisiana, Hale,” in Torr. & Gray, Fl. But it may be doubted if really different
from L. Caprifolium of Europe, and if truly indigenous to this country.
+ + Tube of corolla less than inch long, but larger than the limb; the throat or tube below
hairy within: Atlantic species.
++ Corolla bright orange-yellow; tube not gibbous, fully half-inch or more long: filaments and
style glabrous: *‘ flowers fragrant,’’ produced early.
L. flava, Sims. Somewhat glaucous, wholly glabrous: leaves broadly oval, 2 or 3 upper
pairs connate into a disk: flowers in a terminal capitate cluster: corolla glabrous ; the slen-
der tube at upper part within or prolonged adnate base of filaments hirsute-pubescent. —
Bot. Mag. t. 1318; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 338; DC. Prodr. iv. 332. Caprifolium Fraseri, Pursh,
Fl. i. 160, excl. N. Y. habitat. C. flavum, Ell. Sk. i. 271.—‘‘ Exposed rocky summit of
Paris Mountain in 8. Carolina,” in Laurens Co., Fraser. This very ornamental plant was
first noticed in Drayton’s View of South Carolina, published in 1802, p. 64, as growing on
Paris Mountain, Greenville; afterwards it was collected by Fraser. Ell. lc. Upper
Georgia, Boykin, &c. It has not been found elsewhere; but it is still sparingly in
cultivation.
++ ++ Corolla shorter, more or less hirsute within the throat; tube usually somewhat gibbous.
== Rather freely twining and high-climbing, little or not at all glaucous, pubescent: leaves deep
green above.
L. hirstta, Earox. Leaves oval, conspicuously veiny and venulose both sides (3 or 4,
inches long), soft-pubescent (as also usually the branchlets) and pale beneath; upper one
or two pairs connate, lower short-petioled: corolla orange-yellow fading to dull purplish
or brownish, more or less viscid-pubescent outside ; tube half-inch long, little exceeding the
limb; throat and lower part of filaments hirsute. — Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2, 307 (1818) ;
Torr. Fl. i. 342; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3103, & FL i. 282; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.6. L. villosa
Muhl. Cat. 22, not DC. LZ. Douglasii, Hook. 1. ¢., being Caprifolium Douglasii, Lindl.
Trans. Hort. Soc. vii. 244; DC. 1. c.; Loudon, Encl. Trees & Shrubs, 530, fig. 972. L.
parviflora, var.? Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7, mainly. LZ. pubescens, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 194; DC.
Prodr. iy. 332; Loudon, Encl. Trees & Shrubs, 529 (under L. flava). L. Goldii, Spreng.
Syst. i. 758. Caprifolium pubescens, Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 323; Hook. Exot. FI.
t. 27. — Rocky banks, &c., Northern New England and Canada to Penn., Michigan, and
north shore of Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan.
== = Feebly twining or merely sarmentose or bushy, 2 to 6 feet high, conspicuously glaucous.
L. Sullivantii, Gray. At length much whitened with the glaucous bloom, 3 to 6 feet
high, glabrous: leaves oval and obovate-oblong, thickish, 2 to 4 inches long, all those of
flowering stems sessile, and most of them connate, the uppermost into an orbicular disk:
corolla pale yellow, glabrous outside; tube half-inch or less long, little longer than the
limb: filaments nearly glabrous. — Proc. Am Acad. xix. 76.—Z. u. sp.? Sulliy. Cat. Pl
Columb. 57. Z. flava, var. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 6; Gray, Man., mainly. — Central Ohio to
Tllinois, Wisconsin, and Lake Winnipeg. also Tennessee and apparently in mountains of
N. Carolina.
L. glatica, Hirx. Glabrous, or sometimes lower face of leaves tomentulose-puberulent,
3 to 5 feet high, generally bushy: leaves oblong, often undulate (glaucous, but less whitened
than in the preceding, 2 or at most 3 inches long), 2 to 4 upper pairs connate : corolla quite
glabrous outside, greenish yellow or tinged or varying to purple, short; the tube only 3 or
4 lines long, rather broad, nearly equalled by the limb, within and also style and base of
filaments hirsute. — Hort. Kew. (1769) 446, t.18; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77. L. dioica,
L. Syst. Veg. 215; Ait. Kew. i. 230; Bot. Reg. t. 138, but not dicecious. L. media, Murr.
in Comm. Geett. 1776, 28, t. 3. L. parviflora, Lam. Dict. i.728 (1783); Torr. Fl. i. 243; DC.
2
18 CAPRIFOLIACEE. Lonicera.
lc.; Hook. l.¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. excl. var.; Gray, Man., and a part of var. Douglasii.
Caprifolium glaucum, Moench, Meth. 502. C. bracteosum, Michx. FI. i. 105. Cc. parviflorum,
Pursh, Fl. i. 161. C.diotcum, Rem. & Schult. Syst. vy. 260.— Rocky grounds, Hudson’s
Bay? and to Saskatchewan, Canada, New England, Penn., and mountains of Carolina ?
L. albiflora, Torr. & Gray. Wholly glabrous, or with minute soft pubescence, bushy, also
disposed to twine, 4 to 8 feet high : leaves oval, inch long, or little longer, glaucescent both
sides, usually only uppermost pair connate into a disk and subtending the simple sessile
glomerule: corolla white or yellowish-white, glabrous; the tube 3 to 5 lines long, hardly
at all gibbous: style and filaments nearly naked.— Fl. ii. 6; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii, 213.
L. dumosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 66, Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, the minutely pubescent form.
— Rocky prairies and banks, W. Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Arizona, first
coll. by Berlandier, Leavenworth, Lindheimer, &¢. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
+ + + Tube of corolla only quarter-inch long, equalled by the limb, gibbous, more or less
hairy within: Pacific species.
L. hispidula, Dover. Bushy and sarmentose, often feebly twining: leaves small (inch or
so in length, or the largest 24 inches), oval, or from orbicular to oblong, rounded at both
ends, or lower and short-petioled ones sometimes subcordate, uppermost connate or occa-
sionally distinct: spikes slender, commonly paniculate, of few or several whorls of flowers :
corolla from pink to yellowish, barely half-inch long: filaments and especially style more
or less pubescent at base. — Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1761 (the latter figured and pub-
lished the species as Caprifolium hispidulum) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 627, & Bot. Calif.
i. 280. ZL. microphylla, Hook. Fl. i. 283. — Polymorphous species, of which the typical form
(var. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c.) is hirsute or pubescent with spreading hairs, disposed to climb :
lower leaves mostly short-petioled and inclined to subcordate, not rarely a foliaceous stipule-
like appendage between the petioles on each side: inflorescence and pink corollas glabrous.
—Wooded region of Brit. Columbia to Oregon, first coll. by Douglas.
Var. vacillans, Gray, 1l.c. Stem and leaves either glabrous or pubescent, with or
without hirsute hairs: inflorescence and corollas pubescent or glandular, varying to glabrous :
otherwise like the Oregon type.— Z. Californica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7; Benth. Pl.
Hartw. JL. ciliosa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 143, 349, not Poir. ZL. pilosa, Kellogg, Proc.
Calif. Acad. i. 62. — From Oregon to Monterey, California.
Var. subspicata, Gray, 1.c. Bushy, more or less pubescent or glandular-pubescent
above, at least the pale pink or yellowish flowers: leaves small (half-inch to inch long), even
uppermost commonly distinct: stipule-like appendages rare. — ZL. subspicata, Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. 349; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, t. 29. — Common in
California, from Monterey to San Diego.
Var. interripta, Gray, 1c. Like the preceding, or sometimes larger-leaved and
more sarmentose, but glabrous or minutely puberulent, more glaucous: spikes commonly
elongated, of numerous capitellate whorls: corolla perfectly glabrous, pinkish or yellow-
ish, less hairy inside. — Z. interrupta, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 313. —Common in California: also
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon.
8. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Busw Honeysucxre. (Dr. Dierville took
the original species from Canada to Tournefort in the year 1708.) — Low shrubs
(of Atlantic N. America, Japan, and China); with scaly buds, simply serrate
membranaceous leaves, and flowers in terminal or upper axillary naked cymes,
produced in early summer. — The E. Asian species, Weigela, Thunb. (of which
D. Japonica is, common in cultivation),have ampliate and mostly rose-colored
corollas, herbaceous calyx-lobes deciduous from the beak of the fruit, and reticu-
late-winged seeds. Ours have small and narrow-funnelform corollas, of honey-
yellow color, thin-walled capsule, and close coat to the seed, the surface minutely
reticulated; herbage nearly glabrous. — Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 10.
D. trifida, Mexcu. Branchlets nearly terete; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, distinctly
petioled: axillary peduncles more commonly 3-flowered : limb of the corolla nearly equal-
ling the tube, sometimes irregular, three of the lobes more united, the middle one deeper
Diervilla. RUBIACES. 19
yellow and villous on the face: capsule oblong, with a slender neck or beak, crowned with
slender-subulate calyx-lobes.— Meth. 492; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. excl. var. D. Acadiensis
Jruticosa, &c., Tourn. Act. Acad. Par. 1706, t. 7, £1; L. Hort. Cliff. 63, t.7; Duham. Arb.
ed. 1. D. Tournefortii, Michx. Fl. i. 107. D. humilis, Pers. Syn. i. 214. D. Canadensis,
Willd. Enum. 222; DC. Prodr. iv. 330; Hook. Fl.i. 281. D. /utea, Pursh, F1.i.162. Lonicera
Diervilla, L. Mat. Med. 62, & Spec. i. 175.— Rocky and shady ground, Newfoundland and
Hudson’s Bay to Saskatchewan, south to Kentucky and Maryland, and in the mountains to
N. Carolina.
D. sessilifolia, Buckiey. Branchlets quadrangular: leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually
acuminate, closely sessile, of firmer texture, more acutely serrulate: cymes several-flowered ;
corolla-lobes nearly equal, shorter than the tube, one of them obscurely pilose : capsule short-
oblong, short-necked, and crowned with short lanceolate-subulate calyx- lobes. — Am. Jour.
Sci. xlv. 174; Chapm. F].170; Fl. Serres, viii. 292. — Rocky woods and banks, mountains of
Carolina and Tennessee, first coll. by Curtis.
OrpER LXX. RUBIACEZ.
Herbaceous or woody plants; with opposite entire and stipulate leaves, vary-
ing to verticillate, or in the Stedlate the leaves in whorls without stipules (unless
accessory leaves be counted as such); mostly hermaphrodite regular flowers,
either 5-merous or 4-merous; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; and stamens as
many as and alternate with the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its tube or
throat. Style single, sometimes with 2 or more lobes or stigmas. Fruit various:
seeds in our genera albuminous.
Of this vast and largely tropical order 26 of the 140 recognized genera come
within our limits, but more than half of them only in subtropical Florida. They
rank under 14 of the 25 recognized tribes, —too large a scaffolding for a frag-
mentary structure. So they are here disposed under three series; of which the
third is only a special modification in foliage of the second.
Series I. Crncnonace. Ovules numerous in each cell.
* Fruit capsular: seeds numerous, flat, winged all round.
1. EXOSTEMA. Calyx with clavate tube, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, with long and
narrow tube and 5-parted limb; lobes long-linear, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted
near the base of the corolla-tube: filaments and style filiform, exserted: anthers slender-
linear, fixed by the base. Capsule 2-celled, septicidal. Seeds downwardly imbricated on the
placentz.
2. PINCKNEYA. Calyx with clavate tube ; limb of 5 subulate-lanceolate lobes, or in the
outer flowers of the cyme one (or rarely two) of them an ample petaloid and petiolate leaf,
all deciduous. Corolla salverform with somewhat enlarging throat, and 5 oblong recurved-
spreading lobes, valvate or nearly so in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the corolla:
filaments filiform : anthers oblong, fixed by the middle, slightly exserted. Style exserted:
stigma barely 2-lobed. Capsule didymous-globular, 2-celled, loculicidal, and valves at length
2-parted. Seeds horizontal, with small nucleus, broad and thin lunate-orbicular wing, and
comparatively large embryo: cotyledons broad.
3. BOUVARDIA. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous. Calyx with turbinate or campanulate
tube, and 4 subulate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular or salverform, the 4 short lobes
valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat or on the tube below it: anthers sub-
sessile, oblong or linear. Style filiform and more or less exserted in long-styled flowers, much
shorter in the other sort: stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule didymous-globose,
coriaceous, loculicidal. Seeds peltate, somewhat meniscoidal, imbricated on the globular
placentz.
20 RUBIACEA.
* * Fruit capsular or at least dry, 2-celled: seeds several or numerous in each cell, wing-.
less: calyx-tube short ; lobes persistent: corolla valvate in the bud: almost all herbs, with
leaves no more than opposite: stipules not setose, or in one species setulose.
+ Summit or sometimes even three fourths of the capsule free from the calyx at maturity :
flowers in most and probably in all heterogone-dimorphous: seeds peltate: albumen cor-
neous.
4, HOUSTONIA. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes mostly distant. Corolla salverform to
funnelform, with 4-parted limb. Stamens (according to the form) inserted either in the
throat or lower down on the tube: anthers oblong or linear, fixed by near the middle. Style
reciprocally long or shorter: stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Capsule usually somewhat didy-
mous-globular, or emarginate at the free summit, there loculicidal, occasionally afterwards
partially septicidal. Seeds few or moderately numerous in each cell, on usually ascending
placentz, acetabuliform, meniscoidal, or sometimes barely concave on the hilar face, not
angulate; testa scrobiculate or reticulate.
+ + Summit of capsule not extended beyond the adnate calyx-tube: flowers not hetero-
gone-dimorphous, small: seeds numerous, angulate or globular, smooth or nearly so:
albumen fleshy.
5. OLDENLANDIA. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla from rotate to short-salverform, 4-lobed.
Stamens short: anthers oval. Capsule hemispherical, oval, or turbinate, loculicidal across
the summit. ,
6. PENTODON. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube turbinate or obpyramidal: limb of 5 del-
toid-subulate teeth, in fruit distant. Corolla short-funnelfurm, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, short:
anthers short-oblong. Capsule obconical, obscurely didymous, loculicidal across the trun-
cate summit. Seeds very numerous, minute, reticulated. Stipules or some of them 2-4-
subulate. '
* * * Fruit baccate or at least fleshy and indehiscent, many-seeded (rarely few-seeded),
+ Five-celled: shrubby.
7. HAMELIA. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, imbricated in the
bud. Stamens inserted low on the tube: filaments short: anthers linear. Style filiform:
stigma fusiform, sulcate. Berry ovoid. Seeds very numerous in the cells, minute, angulate
or flattened. Inflorescence scorpioid-cymose.
+— + Ovary and fruit 2-celled, sometimes imperfectly so by the placenta not meeting in
the axis: shrubs.
8. CATESBAA. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes subulate, persistent. Corolla funnel-
form ; lobes short, ovate or deltoid, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the
tube: anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled: style filiform: stigma undivided. Berry coriaceous,
globular. Seeds flattened.
9. RANDIA, Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-7-merous. Corolla salverform or somewhat ‘fun-
nelform; the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla:
filaments short or none: anthers linear, acute or acuminate. Ovary completely 2-celled:
style stout: stigma clavate or fusiform, entire or 2lobed. Berry globose or ovoid. Seeds
mostly imbedded in the pulpy placentz, sometimes very few: testa thin, adherent to the
corneous albumen.
10. GENIPA, Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube more or less produced beyond the summit
of the ovary, the border truncate or sometimes bearing small teeth. Corolla salverform;
the lobes convolute in the bud. Anthers linear, nearly sessile. Ovary one-celled, with two
projecting parietal placente: which almost meet in the centre. Berry large, becoming 2-
celled by the junction or coalescence of the ample pulpy many-seeded placente in the centre.
Seeds large, flat: albumen cartilaginous.
Series II. Correacez. Ovules solitary in the cells of the ovary: leaves
with obvious stipules, opposite or only casually in threes or fours.
% Shrubs: flowers compacted in pedunculate heads with a globose receptacle.
11. CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers 4-merous, crowded in a long-pedunculate head, but
distinct, dry in fruit. Calyx oblong, soon obpyramidal: limb obtusely 4-lobed. Corolla
RUBIACEA. 21
tubular-funnelform, with 4 short lobes imbricated in the bud, one lobe outside. Stamens
included : filaments short, inserted in the throat: anthers 2-mucronate at base. Style long-
exserted: stigma clavate-capitate. Ovary 2-celled, a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous
from near the summit of each cell. Fruits akene-like, obpyramidal by mutual presstfre, 1-2-
seeded.
12. MORINDA. Flowers usually 5-merous, compacted and the ovaries or fruits confluent
in a short-peduncled fleshy head. Calyx urceolate or hemispherical, with truncate or ob-
scurely dentate limb. Corolla salverform or somewhat funnelform, mostly short; lobes yal-
vate in the bud. Stamens short, inserted in the throat. Style bearing 2 slender stigmas.
Ovary 4-celled, or rather 2-celled and the cells 2-locellate ; an ascending ovule in each cell.
Fruits drupaceous, maturing 2 to 4 bony seed-like nutlets, all confluent into a succulent
syncarp.
* * Shrubs: flowers distinct, in cymes or panicles: fruit drupaceous,
+ With 4 to 10 cells, at least in the ovary.
13. GUETTARDA. Flowers 4-9-merous (sometimes polygamo-dicecious). Calyx with
ovoid or globular tube, continued above the ovary into a cupulate or campanulate limb; the
border truncate, commonly irregularly denticulate or dentate. Corolla salverform, with
elongated tube, and rounded or oblong lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on
the tube or throat of the corolla, included: filaments short or none: anthers linear. Style
filiform : stigma subcapitate or minutely 2lobed. Ovary 4-9-celled: an anatropous ovule
suspended from the summit of each cell on a thickened funiculus. Drupe globular, with
thin flesh, and a bony or ligneous 4-9-celled and lobed putamen; the cells and contained
seed narrow. Embryo cylindrical: albumen little or none.
14. ERITHALIS. Flowers 5-merous, varying to 6-10-merous. Calyx with obovate or glob-
ular tube and a truncate or denticulate short limb or border. Corolla rotate, parted into 5
or more oblong-linear divisions, valvate, or at tips slightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens
inserted on the base of the corolla: filaments hairy at base: anthers linear-oblong. Style
thickish : stigma of 5 or more minute lobes. Ovary 5-10-celled, with solitary pendulous
ovules. Drupe small, globose, 5-10-sulcate, containing as many bony seed-like nutlets. Em-
bryo small in copious albumen.
+— + With 2 (rarely by variation 3) cells to the ovary: ovules anatropous.
15. CHIOCOCCA. Flowers 5-merous, in axillary panicles or racemes. Calyx with ovoid
or turbinate tube and 5-toothed limb. Corolla funnelform, 5-cleft; the lobes valvate or at
apex obscurely imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla:
filaments monadelphous at base, somewhat hairy: anthers linear. Style filiform: stigma
clavate. Ovules suspended. Drupe globular, small, containing two coriaceous seed-like
nutlets.
16. PSYCHOTRIA. Flowers (small) 5-merous, sometimes 4-merous, in terminal naked
cymes. Calyx short. Corolla from campanulate to short-tubular or funnelform, not gib-
bous; lobes valyate in the bud. Stamens short, inserted in the throat of the corolla, distinct.
Stigma 2-cleft. Ovule erect from the base of each cell. Drupe globular, small, containing
2 flattened and commonly costate or cristate nutlets. Leaves mostly dilated and mem-
branaceous. Flowers in some heterogone-dimorphous.
17. STRUMPFIA. Flowers (very small) 5-merous, in axillary thyrsiform cymes. Calyx
short, 5-toothed. Corolla short, 5-parted ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, lightly imbricated in the
bud. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla: filaments very short, monadelphous :
anthers oblong, with adnate introrse cells, connate by their broad coriaceous connectives into
an ovoid tube. Style hirsute: stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovule erect from the base of each cell.
Drupe small, with a 2-celled 2-seeded (or by abortion single-seeded) putamen. Leaves linear,
rigid, Rosemary-like. :
* * *& Suffraticose and procumbent plants: flowers axillary and sessile: fruit drupaceous,
2-celled : seeds peltate.
18. ERNODEA. Flowers 4-6-merous. Calyx-tube ovoid ; lobes elongated, subulate-lanceo-
late, persistent. Corolla salverform; lobes valvate in the bud, linear, at length revolute.
Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, much exserted: filaments filiform: anthers
linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled, with a peltate amphitropous ovule borne at the middle of the
22 RUBIACEA.
cells. Style filiform, exserted: stigmas 2, obtuse. Drupe obovate, thin-fleshy, containing
2 cartilaginous plano-convex nutlets. Seed plano-convex. Embryo straight in fleshy albu-
men : cotyledons cordate, foliaceous: radicle inferior. Leaves fleshy-coriaceous, sessile.
* ¥* * * Low herbs, with entire and naked interpetiolar stipules: ovules erect, anatropous :
style filiform: stigmas filiform or lineav.
19. MITCHELLA. Flowers (3-6-) generally 4-merous, heterogone-dimorphous, geminate
at the summit of a peduncle and the ovaries of the two connate. Calyx-teeth persistent.
Corolla between salverform and funnelform ; lobes valvate in the bud, upper face densely
villous-bearded within. Stamens inserted in the throat of corolla, with oblong anthers, on
short filaments when the filiform style is exserted, on long exserted filaments when the style
and stigmas are included. Style-branches 4, hirsute-stigmatose down the inner side. Fruit
a globular baccate syncarp, containing 8 compressed roundish cartilaginous nutlets (4 to each
flower). Albumen cartilaginous: embryo minute. Prostrate and creeping evergreen.
20. KELLOGGIA. Flowers (3-5-) generally 4-merous, singly slender-pedunculate. Calyx
with obovate tube and minute persistent teeth. Corolla between funnelform and salver-
form; lobes naked, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, more
or less exserted : filaments flattened : anthers oblong-linear, fixed above the base. Style fili-
form, exserted : stigmas 2, linear-clavate, papillose-pubescent. Ovary 2-celled: ovules erect
from the base, anatropous. Fruit small, dry and coriaceous, beset with uncinate bristles,
separating at maturity into 2 closed carpels, which are conformed and adherent to the seed,
somewhat reniform in cross section. Embryo comparatively large, in fleshy albumen: coty-
ledons elliptical, as long as the radicle.
* * * * * Low herbs, with short-vaginate stipules setiferous or sometimes only 4-6-cus-
pidate: ovary 2-4-celled: solitary ovules borne on the septum and amphitropous: fruit
dry: seed sulcate or excavated on the ventral face: embryo in corneous or firm-fleshy
albumen; the radicle inferior: flowers small, sessile in terminal and axillary glomerules :
corolla funnelform or salverform; lobes valvate in the bud.
+ Fruit circumscissile, upper part with persistent calyx-limb falling off, exposing the seeds.
21. MITRACARPUS,. Flowers commonly 4-merous, capitate-glomerate. Calyx-lobes per-
sistent, unequal, the alternate pair mostly shorter or minute and stipule-like. Stamens in-
serted on the throat of the corolla. Short style-branches or stigmas 2. Fruit didymous,
membranaceous, 2-celled, a pyxidium, the upper half separating from the lower by transverse
circular dehiscence. Seed cruciately 4-lobed on the ventral side.
+ + Fruit septicidal into its 2 to 4 component carpels: calyx-limb gamophyllous at base
and circumscissile-deciduous as a whole at or before dehiscence: stamens borne on the
throat of the corolla.
22. RICHARDIA. Flowers (4-8-) commonly 5-6-merous and 2-4-carpellary. Calyx-lobes
ovate-lanceolate or narrower. Corolla funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear or spatulate.
Carpels separating from apex to base, coriaceous, roughish, closed or nearly so; no per-
sistent axis.
23. CRUSEA. Flowers (3-5-) usually 4-merous and 2- (sometimes 3-4-) carpellary. Calyx-
lobes subulate to triangular-lanceolate, sometimes very unequal or intermediate ones reduced
to small teeth. Corolla salverform to narrow funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear to spatu-
late-oval. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating from a persistent axis into obovoid or globular charta-
ceous carpels, which either open at the commissure or sometimes remain closed.
+ + + Fruit septicidal at summit or throughout, its 2 or rarely 3 carpels or valves bear-
ing persistent and quite or nearly distinct calyx-teeth.
24. SPERMACOCE. Calyx-teeth, lobes of the short corolla, and stamens 4, or two of the
former sometimes abortive. Fruit small, from membranaceous to thin-crustaceous, one or
both the carpels opening ventrally to discharge the seed : no persistent carpophore, or some-
times a thin dissepiment remaining.
25. DIODIA. Calyx-lobes (1 to 6) usually 2 or 4, distinct, distant. Corolla funnelform or
nearly salverform, with mostly 4-lobed limb, and stamens as many, inserted in its throat.
Style filiform, entire or 2-cleft: stigmas 2. Fruit somewhat fleshy-drupaceous or crustaceo-
coriaceous, tardily separating through the dissepiment into 2 closed carpels: no car-
pophore.
Bouvardia. RUBIACE. 23
Series III. Srerrar#. Ovules (peltate and) solitary in the cells of the
ovary: embryo incurved, in corneous albumen: leaves verticillate without stip-
ules, unless the supernumerary leaves be foliaceous stipules, which may in some
cases be nearly demonstrated.
26. GALIUM. Flowers 4-merous (rarely 3-merous), 2-carpellary, sometimes dicecious.
Calyx-tube globular ; limb obsolete, a mere ring or obscure border. Corolla rotate; lobes
valvate, and commonly acuminate or mucronate apex inflexed in the bud. Stamens with
short filaments and anthers. Style 2-cleft or styles 2: stigmas capitellate. Ovary 2-celled,
2-lobed ; a single amphitropous ovule borne on the middle of the dissepiment in each cell.
Fruit didymous, dry, fleshy-coriaceous, or occasionally baccate, articulated on the pedicel,
tardily separating into two closed carpels, or only one maturing. Seed deeply hollowed on
the face: seed-coat adnate to the albumen within, and often also to the pericarp.
1. EXOSTEMA, Rich. (Not Exostemma, to which later authors have
changed the name, which is from ¢&w, on the outside, and orjua, stamen, i. ¢.
stamens exserted.) — Tropical American shrubs or trees, one reaching Florida. —
Rich. in Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aquin. i. 131, t. 88. Exostemma, DC. Prodr.
iv. 8358; A. Rich. Rub. 200; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 42. Cinchona § Exostema,
Pers. Syn. i. 195 (1805), where the name first appears.
E. Caribéum, Rew. & Scucrt. Shrub 6 to 12 feet high, glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate
to lanceolate, coriaceous: stipules subulate, small: flowers on short and simple axillary pe-
duncles, fragrant: calyx-teeth very short: corolla white or tinged with rose; tube inch long
and lobes hardly shorter: seeds narrowly winged.— Syst. v. 18; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 36.
Cinchona Caribea, Jacq. Amer. t. 179; Lamb. Cinch. t. 4. C. Jamaicensis, Wright, in Phil.
Trans. lxvii. t. 10; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 481. — Keys of Florida. (W. Ind., Mex.)
2. PINCKNEYA, Michx. Georera Bark. (Charles Cotesworth Pinck-
ney.) — Single species.
P. ptibens, Micux. Tall shrub or small tree, pubescent: leaves ample, oblong-oval to
ovate, acute at both ends, petioled: stipules subulate, caducous: cymes terminal and from
upper axils, pedunculate: petaloid calyx-lobe resembling the leaves in form, pink-colored,
2 inches or more long: corolla inch long, cinereous-pubescent, purplish: capsule half-inch in
diameter. — Fl. i. 103, t. 18; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 49; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 7; Audubon,
Birds, t. 165; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 37. P. pubescens, Gertn. Fruct. iii. 80, t. 194. Pinkneu
pubescens, Pers. Syn. i. 197. Cinchona Caroliniana, Poir. Dict. vi. 40.— Marshy banks of
streams in pine barrens of the low country, S. Carolina to Florida; fl. early summer.
8. BOUVARDIA, Salisb. (Dr. Charles Bouvard.) — Low shrubs or per-
ennial herbs (from Texas to Central America, some cultivated for ornament) ;
with mostly sessile and not rarely verticillate leaves, subulate interposed stipules,
and handsome tubular flowers in terminal cymes. — Parad. Lond. t. 88; HBK.
Noy. Gen. & Spec. ili. t. 288; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 36. — Leaves in our
snecies mostly verticillate and corolla not glabrous, its short lobes ascending or
barely spreading. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous in the manner of Houstonia.
B. ovdta, Gray. Herbaceous, glabrous, obscurely scabrous: leaves mostly in fours, short-
petioled, ovate, one or two inches long, costately 5-veined on each side of the midrib: corolla
probably purple or reddish, inch long, minutely puberulent. — Pl. Wright. ii. 67. —S. Ari-
zona, between San Pedro and Santa Cruz, Wright.
B. triphylla, Saxiss. Suffruticose or more shrubby, scabro-puberulent, 2 to 5 feet high:
leaves in threes or fours (or on branchlets in pairs), from oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate,
usually hispidulous-scabrous, at least the margins, 3-4-veined each side of the midrib: corolla
scarlet, about inch long, outside furfuraceous-pubescent. — Parad. Lond. 1. c. (broad-leaved
var., but not with villous-closed throat in any form); Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 107; Sims, Bot.
24 RUBIACE. Bowvardia.
Mag. t. 1854; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 37. B. Jacquin, HBK. 1. c. 385; DC. Prodr. iv.
365; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 67. B. quaternifolia, DC. 1.¢. 4 B. coccinea, Link, Enum. i. 139.
B. ternifolia, Schlecht. in Linn. xxvi. 98. B. splendens, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 3781. Ixora
ternifolia, Cav. Ic. iv. t. 305. £. Americana, Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. iii. t. 257. Loustonia coc-
cinea, Andy. Bot. Rep. t. 106.— Rocky ground, 8. Arizona, &c., Wright, Thurber, Rothrock,
Pringle, Lemmon. (Mex.)
Var. angustifolia. Cinereous-puberulent or hirtellous: leaves smaller (8 to 18 lines
long), subsessile, less veiny, from oblong-lanceolate to almost linear. — B. hirtella & B. angus-
tifolia, HBK. 1. c. 384. B. hirtella, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 80, ii. 67. —S. W. Texas to Arizona,
Wright, &c. (Mex.) ,
4. HOUSTONIA, Gronoy. (Named by Gronovius, as says Linneus, in
memory of Dr. Wm. Houston, who died in Jamaica in 1733.) — Low herbs,
or one or two suffruticulose (Atlantic-American and Mexican), with heterogone-
dimorphous flowers; the corolla blue or purple to white, upper face of lobes
sometimes puberulous. — L. Hort. Cliff. 35, & Gen. ed. 1 (1737); Juss. Gen. 197 ;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 818, & Man. ed. 5, 212; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 60.
Hedyotis in part (Wight & Arn.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 36. (Macrohoustonia,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314, is a peculiar group of Mexican species, between
this genus and Bouvardia.)
§ 1. Evnoustéx1a. Low herbs, comparatively small-flowered: leaves not
rigid: capsule more or less didymous or emarginate, sometimes septicidal as well
as loculicidal across the broad summit. :
* Delicate species, inch to span high: corolla salverform: anthers or stigmas included or only par-
tially emerging from the throat: peduncles single, elongated and erect in fruit: seeds rather few
acetabuliform with a deep hilar cavity: stipules a transverse membrane uniting the petioles,
mostly entire or truncate and naked.
+— Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems: peduncles filiform, inch or
two long: seeds subglobose with orifice of the deep hilar cavity circular.
H. certlea, L. (Biuets of the Canadians, InnocENcE.) Perennial by slender rootstocks,
forming small tufts, erect, a span or more high, glabrous, and with lower leaves hispidulous :
these spatulate to obovate and short-petioled; upper small and nearly sessile: corolla violet-
blue to lilac, varying to white, with yellowish eye; tube (2 or 3 lines long) much exceeding
calyx-lobes, longer than or equalled by those of corolla: capsule obcordate-depressed, half
free. — Spec. i. 105 (Moris. Hist. sect. 15, t. 4, £1; Pluk. Alm. & Mant. t. 97, f. 9); Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 370; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. t. 34, f.1. H. pusilla, Gmel. Syst. i. 236% HA. Lin-
neei, var. elatior, Michx. Fl. i. 85. H. serpyllifolia, Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 2822, from habitat
and figure, but corolla-tube too short. Hedyotis cerulea, Hook. FI. i. 286; Torr. & Gray,
FL ii. 38. ZH. gentianoides, Endl. Iconogy. t. 89. Oldenlandia cerulea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 174.
— Low and grassy grounds, Canada to Michigan and the upper country of Georgia and
Alabama; fl. early spring.
H. serpyllifolia, Mronx. Perennial by prostrate extensively creeping and rooting fili-
form stems, and some subterranean ones, glabrous or slightly and minutely hispidulous
below: leaves orbicular to ovate or ovate-spatulate (2 to 4 lines long) and abruptly petioled,
or upper ones on flowering stems oblong and nearly sessile: corolla deep violet-blue, rather
larger than in H. eerulea. —FI. i. 85; Pursh, Fl. i.106. JZ. tenella, Pursh, 1. ¢. Hedyotis
serpyllifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 39. Oldenlandia serpyllifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 2; Chapm.
Fl. 180:— Along streamlets and on mountain-tops in the Alleghanies, from Virginia to
Tenn. and S. Carolina; flowering through early summer.
+ + Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root, glabrous or obscurely scabrous: pedun-
cles a quarter-inch to at length sometimes an inch long: capsule somewhat didymous, less than
half free; mature seeds generally as of the preceding.
H. patens, Eri. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending branches and erect pe-
duncles ; leaves spatulate to ovate: corolla much smaller than that of ZZ. cerulea; the tube
twice the length of the calyx-lobes and more or less longer than its lobes, violet-blue or pur.
Houstonia. RUBIACEA. 25
‘plish without yellowish eye.— Sk. i. 191; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314. JT. Linnai, vay.
minor, Michx. Fl. i. 85. Hedyotis minima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. in part, & WZ. eerulea, var.
minor. — Dry or sandy soil, 8. Virginia to Texas in the low country, also Illinois? and Ten-
nessee ; fl. early spring.
Var. pusilla. An inch or so high, more diffuse in age: leaves narrowly spatulate
(half a line or a line wide) ; upper ones nearly linear: seeds smoother, with more open and
oval hilar cavity, and sometimes an elevated line within, as described in Proc. Am. Acad.
1. ¢., a character not found in the larger and broader leaved form. Perhaps from the char.
this is the true ZZ. patens, Ell. But we have it only from Louisiana (/Zale, Drummond) and
Texas, Drummond and others; there passing into the other form.
H. minima, Brecx. More diffuse, commonly scabrous: leaves spatulate to ovate: flowers
usually larger: calyx-lobes more foliaceous, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes 2 lines long, very
much longer than the ovary, eyualling the tube of the purple or violet corolla; lobes of the
latter 2 or 3 lines long: primary peduncles sometimes declined in fruit ?— Amer. Jour. Sci.
x. 262; Gray, lc. Hedyotis minima, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., in part only. — Dry hills, Mis-
souri and Arkansas to Texas, first coll. by L. C. Beck about St. Louis; fl. early spring.
* % Slender leafy-stemmed annual, with lateral horizontal peduncles, and very small flowers:
corolla short-salverform: seeds crateriform, with a medial hilar ridge.
H. subviscdésa, Gray. .\ span or two high, minutely viscidulous-pubescent, with rather
simple spreading branches: leaves narrowly linear, half-inch long: peduncle in first fork
and from all following nodes, rather shorter than leaves, horizontally refracted in fruit :
calyx and capsule a line high: corolla about same length, white : capsule didymous, only the
summit free: seeds 10 in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314. Oldenlandia subviscosa,
Wright in Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 68. —S. Texas, Berlandier, Wright.
* * * Depressed or low-tufted species: corolla salverform or in one species funnelform: fila-
ments as well as anthers or summit of style reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat:
Jructiferous peduncles all short and recurved.
+— Annual, with small funnelform corolla: seeds open-crateriform: scarious stipules setulose-
ciliate!
H. humiftsa, Gray. Much branched from the root, repeatedly dichotomous, forming a de-
pressed tuft, puberulent and viscid : leaves linear-lanceolate, thickish (half-inch or more long),
mucronate : flowers in all the forks, crowded with the leaves at the ends of branchlets: calyx
4-parted into long setaceous-subulate spreading lobes: corolla pale purple or nearly white,
open-funnelform, 3 lines long, hardly twice the length of the calyx; the oblong lobes puberu-
lous inside: capsule a line in diameter, globose-didymous, three-fourths free, only the base
girt by the short accrete calyx-tube. — Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314 (not of Hemsl. Biol. Bot.
which is H. Wrightii). Hedyotis (Houstonia) humifusa, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 216. — Sandy
or gravelly plains and hills, Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, Reverchon, &c.: fl. spring.
+ + Perennials, prostrate, with naked stipules and elongated salverform corolla, flowering con-
spicuously in early spring; later growth producing through the summer inconspicuous cleistoga-
mous flowers, with short (yet mostly well-formed but unopening) corollas.
H. rotundifolia, Micux. Perennial by slender rootstocks or shoots, more or less creep-
ing, glabrous or with some hispidulous pubescence: leaves somewhat orbicular, slightly
petioled, not longer than the internodes: peduncles 2 to 4 lines long or in cleistogamous
flowers very short: developed corollas bright white, with filiform tube (3 or 4 lines long)
longer than the oblong lobes: capsule more than half free, somewhat didymous: seeds
comparatively large (half-line in diameter), rough-scrobiculate, acetabuliform.— Fl. i. 85;
Pursh, 1. c.; Ell. lc. Hedyotis rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 38. Oldenlandia rotundi-
folia, Chapm. Fl. 180, the later “apetalous fruiting ” flowers noted. — Low sandy ground,
S. Car. to Florida and Louisiana.
H. rubra, Cav. Suffrutescent and multicipital from a deep root, forming a depressed tuft
of 2 to 4 inches high, glabrous or minutely puberulent, densely leafy: leaves narrowly
linear, an inch or more long, or earlier ones rather lanceolate and shorter: corolla “red”
or rather purple, sometimes lilac or varying to white; tube half-inch to nearly inch long,
slender; oblong acute lobes 2 or 3 lines long: capsule 2 lines wide, less high, didymous, fully
threefourths free: seeds open-crateriform. — Ic. v. t. 474; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 15. IZedyo-
tis (Houstonia) rubra, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 61. Oldenlandia (Houstonia) rubra, Gray, Pl. Wright.
ii. 68. — Stony or gravelly hills, New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex.)
26 RUBIACEA. Houstonia.
+ + + Lignescent-rooted perennial, with small and short corolla and naked stipules.
H. Wrightii, Gray. Many-stemmed from a deep root, a span or less high, erect or
spreading, glabrous or very obscurely pruinose: branches quadrangular : leaves thickish,
linear or lowest rather lanceolate (half-inch to inch long): flowers in terminal glomerate
leafy cymes: corolla purplish or nearly white, between salverform and funnelform, 2 to
hardly 4 lines long, with narrow oblong lobes: capsules on very short recurved peduncles,
globose-didymous, about three-fourths free: cells 5-8-seeded: seeds crateriform, with a
small hilar ridge. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 202. H. humifusa, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 82, &
Oldenlandia humifusa, Pl. Wright. ii. 68, chiefly, not Pl. Lindh. — Hills, 8. W. Texas and
New Mexico to S. W. Arizona, first coll. by Wright. (Adj. Mex., Parry § Palmer.)
* * * * Erect perennials: corolla funnelform or in one species almost salverform, small: stamens
and summit of style reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat: fructiferous peduncles erect:
capsule from a third to nearly half free: seeds oval or roundish, barely concave on ventral face
and with more or less of a medial hilar ridge: stipules entire, scarious, between and connecting
the bases of the sessile cauline leaves: fl. mostly in summer.
H. purptirea, L. Forming small tufts or offsets by filiform rootstocks, a span to a foot high,
hirsutulous-pubescent to glabrous: radical leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled: flowers
corymbosely cymose: corolla funnelform, light purple or lilac, varying to nearly white :
capsule globular and obscurely didymous, upper half free. — Spec. i. 105; Pursh, Fl. i. 107 ;
Gray, Man. ed. 5,212. 4. varians, Michx. Fl. i. 86. H. pubescens, Raf. Med. Rep. & Desv.
Jour. Bot. i. 230, if of the genus. Oldenlandia purpurea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 173. Hedyotis
lanceolata, Poir. Suppl. ili. 14. H. umbellata, Walt. Car. 85% Anotis lanceolata, DC. Prodv. iv.
433. — Canada to Texas. — Truly polymorphous, of which the typical form “leaves ovate-
lanceolate,” L., or /atifolia, is comparatively large, often a foot high and pubescent: leaves
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, inch or two long, the larger with rounded closely sessile base:
calyx-lobes subulate, sometimes slightly sometimes conspicuously surpassing the emarginate
summit of the capsule. — H. purpurea, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.40. This form from Maryland to
Arkansas, and southward to Alabama, especially in and near the mountains.
Var. ciliolata, Gray, Man. 1.c. A span high: leaves only half-inch long, thickish ;
cauline oblong-spatulate ; radical oval or oblong, in rosulate tufts, hirsute-ciliate: calyx-lobes
a little longer than the capsule. — ZZ. ciliolata, Torr. in Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 40, & FI. i.
173. H., longifolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3099, not Gertn. Hedyotis ciliolata, Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 40 (excl. syn. . serpyllifolia, Graham).— Chiefly northward, on rocky banks along
the Great Lakes and their tributaries, Canada to Michigan and south to Kentucky, passing
into the next.
Var. longifélia, Gray, lv. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-leaved :
leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6 to 20 lines long) ; radical oval or oblong, less rosulate,
not ciliate: calyx-lobes little surpassing the capsule. — H. longifolia, Gertn. Fruct. i. 226,
t. 49, f.8; Willd. Spec. i. 583. Hedyotis longifolia, Hook. Fl. i. 286; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
HT. angustifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 106, partly. — Rocky or gravelly ground, Canada to Saskatche-
wan, Missouri, and Georgia.
Var. tenuifélia. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6 to 12 inches high, with loose inflorescence,
almost filiform branches and peduncles: cauline leaves all linear, hardly over a line wide:
otherwise as preceding. — J. tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 95. Hedyotis longifolia, var. tenuifolia,
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. —S. E. Ohio, and through the mountains, Virginia to N. Carolina and
Tennessee.
Var. calycdésa. Near a foot high: leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish: calyx-lobes
elongated (2 to 4 lines long), much surpassing the capsule. — Hedyotis calycosa, Shuttlew. in
distrib. Pl. Rugel.— Mountains of Alabama (fugel) to Arkansas (Nuttall), and Illinois
(E. Hall) ; also coll. by Drummond.
H. angustifolia, Micux. Rather rigid, becoming many-stemmed from a perpendicular
root, glabrous: leaves narrowly linear or lowest somewhat spatulate, on the stems commonly
fascicled in the axils: flowers corymbosely or paniculately cymose, short-pedicelled or sub-
sessile: corolla nearly salverform, 2 or 3 lines long, mostly white, upper face of the lobes
commonly villous-pubescent: capsule with turbinate or acutish base, only the summit free,
and barely equalled by the short calyx-teeth, first opening across the tip, at length septi-
cidal: seeds obscurely concave on the hilar face. (Transition to Oldenlandia.) —FI. i. 85;
Gray,lc. H. fruticosa & H. rupestris, Raf. Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. & Gray, lc. Olden-
Oldenlandia. RUBIACEA. 27
landia angustifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 68, & Man. ed. 2.— Barrens, Illinois to Kansas, and
Tennessee to Florida and Texas.
Var. filifélia, Diffuse, disposed to be lignescent at base: cauline leaves mostly fili-
form: flowers and capsules smaller, more pedunculate.— Oldenlandiu angustifolia, Chapm.
Fl. 181.— Rocky pine barrens near the coast, Florida. In Texas passing into the ordinary
form.
Var. rigidiuscula. A span to a foot high, stouter: leaves mostly rigid, from linear
to lanceolate : flowers disposed to be glomerate and sessile, but some pedunculate. — 8. and
W. Texas, Palmer, Havard, &c. Coast of E. Florida, Rugel. (Mex.)
§ 2. Ereic6tis. Fruticose or fruticulose: leaves setaccous or acerose-linear,
rigid, fascicled : flowers (purplish) and seeds nearly as in the last preceding sub-
division. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 203.
H. fasciculata, Gray, 1c. A span to a foot or more high, decidedly shrubby, with rigid
and tortuous spreading branches, glabrous or hirtello-puberulent: stipules very short:
leaves subulate-linear, thickish, 2 to 4 lines long, much fascicled : flowers cymulose, short-
pedicelled : corolla 2 or 3 lines long, between salverform and funnelform, the tube some-
times hardly or sometimes twice longer than the lobes: capsule barely a line long, about
one-third free: seeds 4 or 5 in each cell, elongated-oblong, barely concave on the ventral
face. — Includes some of Hedyotis stenophylla or Oldenlandia angustifolia, var. parviflora of
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. & ii. —S. W. borders of Texas and adjacent New Mexico, Bigelow,
Wright, G. R. Vasey. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
H. acerésa, Grar, 1. c. A span or two high, fruticulose, tufted, with slender ascending
branches, minutely hispidulous-pubescent or glabrate, very leafy throughout: stipules short,
commonly with a median cusp: leaves acicular-setaceous, 3 to 5 lines long: calyx-lobes
similarly setaceous : flowers sessile : corolla purplish, salverform with slightly dilated throat ;
its slender tube 3 or 4 lines long, much exceeding the ovate lobes: capsule globular, over a
line long, about a quarter part free, much overtopped by the acicular calyx-lobes; cells
12-20-seeded : seeds roundish, with small ventral excavation. — [/edyotis (Ereieotis) acerosa,
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 81. Oldenlandia acerosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 67. Mallostoma acerosa,
Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 31.— High plains and hills, S. W. Texas, and adjacent
New Mexico, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex., first coll. by Gregg.)
5. OLDENLANDIA, Plum. (Dr. H. B. Oldenland.) — Mostly subtrop-
ical and humble herbs, with inconspicuous white or whitish flowers. — Nov.
Gen. 42, t. 36, & Pl. Am. ed. Burm. t. 212, f.1; L. Gen. ed. 1, 862; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 58.
* Corolla salverform, surpassing the calyx: flowers cymose: calyx-lobes distant in fruit.
O. Greénei, Gray. Erect annual, paniculately branched, a span or more high, glabrous :
leaves spatulate-linear or broadly linear with narrowed base (the larger ones inch long):
flowers sessile in the forks and along the lax branches of the pedunculate cyme: calyx-teeth
triangular-subulate, about the length of the turbinate tube: corolla less than 2 lines long,
with tube longer than its own lobes and those of the calyx: capsule quadrangular-hemi-
spherical, or at first somewhat turbinate: seeds moderately angled. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 77. — Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Huachuca Mountains, §. Arizona,
Lemmon.
%* * Corolla rotate, shorter than the calyx-lobes, inconspicuous: capsule rounded at base: stipules
mostly bimucronate or bicuspidate: calyx-teeth approximate at base: diffuse low herbs; fl.
summer.
O. Béscii, Caarm. = Leaves usually of firm texture and inconspicuous reticulation, occasionally thin and
membranaceous or more veiny, not scabrous above, commonly glabrous as also the stems:
bracts of the involucre from broadly linear to narrowly oblong, obtuse.
w. Stem equably and very leafy up to or into the pyramidal compound thyrsus: leaves compara-
tively short and broad, even the lower not much narrowed downward, the secondary veins
often manifest.
S. Ellidttii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glabrous throughout, or the thyrsus somewhat
pubescent: stem tall, rigid: leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, apiculate-acumi-
nate or acute, minutely and sparsely serrate with appressed teeth, scabrous on the margin,
mostly closely sessile by a broadish base (1 to 4 inches long): heads (3 lines long) crowded
on the secund and spreading or sometimes ascending and straight racemiform or spiciform
branches of the pyramidal panicle: bracts of the involucre rather broadly linear: rays 8 to
12, short: akenes pubescent.— Fl. ii. 218, and 8. elliptica of the same, as to the plant of
New York. 9. elliptica? Ell. Sk. ii. 376. S. elongata, Hort. Par. 1832. — Moist ground near
the coast, Massachusetts to New York and through the low country south to Georgia.
154 COMPOSITA. Solidago.
b. Less leafy, or leaves toward the naked panicle small compared with the lower, which are con-
tracted or tapering into a conspicuous narrowed base or winged petiole: veins inconspicuous:
panicle commonly narrow, or its branches short: plants wholly smooth and glabrous, except
the somewhat ciliolate-scabrous margins to the leaves, in drier ground sometimes obscurely
scabrous.
S. neglécta, Torr. & Gray. Stem strict and simple, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves bright green,
lanceolate or the larger oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly serrate or serrulate ; radical ones
ample (often a foot or more long, including the elongated petiole): panicle generally thyr-
soid and narrow, of short and crowded more or less secund clusters, or in larger plants more
compound with spreading racemiform branches: heads at most 3 lines long: involucral
bracts oblong-linear: rays 3 to 7 and disk-flowers 5 to 7: akenes from sparsely puberulent
to glabrous. — Fl. ii. 213; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 204.—In swamps, especially in sphagnous
bogs, or on their borders, Lower Canada to Maryland, west to Illinois and Wisconsin. Forms
with almost entire leaves and strict panicle too nearly approach S. uliginosa, Nutt., while
some with large and serrate leaves are more like S. arguta. The most slender is
Var. linoides. Stem simple, commonly 2 feet high, slender: radical leaves 4 to 8
inches long, a third to half inch wide ; upper cauline very small and erect : panicle of rather
few and approximate racemiform secund clusters: heads rather smaller: rays only 2 or 3.
— 8. uliginosa, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 101, in part, but not of his own herb. nor
descr. SS. linoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 216, not of Soland. in herb. Banks, which is
S. stricta, Ait. Bigelovia? uniligulata, DC. Prodr. v. 329. Chrysoma uniligulata, Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 325. — Sphagnous swamps, Massachusetts to New Jersey.
S. Terree-Névee, Torr. & Gray. Still obscure species, probably a form of S. neglecta,
somewhat dwarfed and with a corymbosely paniculate thyrsus: involucral bracts rather
thinner and narrower. — Fl. ii. 206. — Sphagnous bogs, Newfoundland, Pylaie, Miss Brenton.
c. Stems not strict, disposed to branch below the inflorescence: racemiform clusters of the in-
florescence often leafy-bracteate, rather rigid, sparse and ascending, or forming a loose elon-
gated thyrsus: leaves more veiny and serrate; cauline commonly abruptly contracted into a
petiole-like or narrow base: rays not numerous, sometimes wanting: bracts of the involucre
rather firm, obtuse, mostly greenish toward the tip. ;
S. Bodttii, Hoox. Sometimes minutely scabrous-pubescent, or below hirsute with jointed
hairs, often quite glabrous: stem slender, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves rather finely serrate with
ascending teeth ; radical and lower cauline from ovate to oblong-lancevlate, acuminate (the
larger 3 to 5 inches long, besides the petiole-like base); upper small, oblong to narrowly
lanceolate, often entire: heads (2 and 3 lines long) rather loosely racemose: bracts of the
campanulate involucre oblong-linear: rays 2 to 4 or rarely 5, sometimes solitary or none:
akenes pubescent. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.215. S. Juncea, DC. Prodr.
yv. 834, not Ait.—Dry wooded ground, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. The
larger forms northward nearly approach the next species. Southward the smaller ones
pass inte
Var. brachyphylla, Gray. More slender; the flowering branches even filiform:
larger leaves an inch or two long, all from ovate to oblong, seldom acuminate, commonly
obtuse, upper reduced to half or quarter inch, sessile by a broad base: heads sparse, 4—7-
flowered: rays none or an imperfect one. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 195. S. brachyphylla,
Chapm. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 215, & Fl. 213.— Dry woodlands, Georgia and Florida,
Chapman, &c. ee
Var. Ludovicidna, Gray, l.c. Perhaps a distinct species, stouter, tall, rather large-
leaved: lower leaves and lower part of the stem sometimes roughish-hirsute or hispidulous
with many-jointed hairs, or glabrous: heads larger, even 4 lines long!—S. Boottit, var. ¢,
partly, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— W. Louisiana, Hale.
S. argtta, Arr. Glabrous, sometimes slightly pilose-pubescent: stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves
thinnish (in shade membranaceous), usually ample ; the lower and larger 5 to 9 inches long,
ovate or oval, acuminate, very strongly and sharply (or even doubly) serrate with salient
teeth; upper reduced to oblong-lanceolate, only the small ones of the branches entire: heads
somewhat crowded on the branches of the irregular panicle, fully 3 lines long: involucral
bracts oblong-linear: rays 5to 7, rather large: disk-flowers 10 to 12: akenes glabrous or
sometimes slightly pubescent. — Ait. Kew. iii. 218; Pursh, Fl.ii. 538; Muhl. Cat.; Darlingt.
Fl. Cest. 458; DC. Prodr. v. 383; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 180, 195; not Torr. & Gray,
~ Solidago. COMPOSITA, 155
who followed a wrong determination. S. verrucosa, Schrad. Hort. Geett.12,t.6% S. Muhlen-
bergii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 214. — Moist woodlands, New England and Canada to Ohio,
through Pennsylvania to the mountains of Virginia.
Var. Carolinidna. Leaves of firmer texture, simply serrate as in S. Bootti’, but
larger: heads thicker, with 4 or 5 short rays and 10 to 14 disk-flowers; involucral bracts
firmer, oblong: akenes pubescent. — Mountains of N. Carolina and of adjacent S. Carolina
and Georgia, G. R. Vasey, J. Donnell Smith. Perhaps distinct both from this and the pre-
ceding species.
d. Stems not strict, simple or corymbosely branched at summit: inflorescence an open spreading
panicle, usually as broad as high, composed of recurving naked and minutely subulate-bracteate
secund-racemiform clusters of crowded small heads, the rhachis and pedicels slender: rays
numerous and small.
S. juncea, Arr. Mostly smooth and nearly glabrous: stem 1 to 3 feet high, rigid, com-
monly simple up to the mostly crowded branches of the wide panicle: leaves of rather firm
texture ; radical oval to oblong-spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole, usually large and
sharply serrate ; cauline from narrowly oblong to lanceolate (larger 3 or 4 inches long), not
rarely almost entire or sparsely serrulate, the small upper not much narrowed at base : panic-
ulate racemes slender: heads seldom over 2 lines long: bracts of the involucre small and
pale: rays 7 to 12, hardly surpassing and little fewer than the disk-flowers: akenes gla-
brous or slightly pubescent. — Kew. iii. 213; Pursh, 1. c.; Hook. Fl. ii. 3; Gray, Proc. 1. ¢.
S. ciliaris, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iii. 2056; Darlingt. 1. c.; DC.1.c. 331 (excl. syn. S. glabra).
S. arguta, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 214, not Ait., &c., as was wrongly supposed. — Common in
dry or rocky ground, Hudson’s Bay and Saskatchewan to Wisconsin, avd through the
Northern States to the upper country of Carolina and Tennessee.— The original type by
Solander is a small form from Hudson's Bay. The specific name alludes to the inflorescence,
remotely resembling that of some species of Juncus. ‘S. ciliaris is a common broad leaved
form, the larger leaves a little ciliate.— Var. scABRELLA (S. arguta, var. scabrella, Torr.
& Gray, 1. c.) is a form with rigid and roughish leaves, growing in arid soil. Wisconsin
and Illinois to Kentucky; in which district the leaves become more or less triple-ribbed
and rigid, and seemingly pass into S. Missouriensis.
+- + + Not maritime: leaves more or less triple-ribbed, or with a pair of lateral veins con-
tinued by inosculation parallel to the midrib, yet these sometimes obscure or evanescent. —
Triplinervie.
++ Smooth and glabrous, at least as to the stem and bright green leaves (the latter sometimes a
little pilose-pubescent in S, serotina), not cinereous or canescent: inflorescence when well de-
veloped of naked and secund commonly recurving racemiform clusters, collected in a terminal
compound panicle: akenes more or less pubescent.
== Leaves of firm texture, rather rigid, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the slender lateral ribs not
rarely evanescent in the upper leaves: bracts of the involucre rather firm; the short outermost
ovate or oval and the inuer oblong-linear, all obtuse. A form of the first species connects with
the last preceding.
a. Rays rather small: stems leafy to the summit: leaves commonly with scabrous margins, the
larger mostly with some scattered teeth or denticulations.
S. Missouriénsis, Nutr. Low or middle-sized, smooth : leaves thickish, mostly tapering
to both ends, and the serratures when present sharp and rigid, somewhat nervose; lower
spatulate-lanceolate (larger 4 to 6 inches long) ; upper mostly linear and entire, acute ; some-
times all entire: racemiform clusters approximated in a short and broad panicle (like those
of S. juncea, but usually shorter), recurving in age: rays 6 to 13, small.— Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 32, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 327 (excl. hab. N. Carol.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 322. S. serotina, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97, not Ait. S. glaberrima, Martens in Bull.
Acad. Brux. viii. (1841), 68.— Dry prairies, Indiana and Tennessee to Texas, and westward
to the Rocky Mountains; in the more eastward stations passing into or else hybridizing
with S. juncea.
Var. montana, Gray. Dwarf, 6 to 15 inches high: leaves entire or with few small
serratures; cauline obscurely triplinerved, an inch or two long: panicle small and compact
(at most 2 or 3 inches long); its clusters short, crowded, seldom recurved or much secund.—
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 195. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. ¢., as to the
original from “upper branches of the Missouri, Wyeth.” — Dakota to the Saskatchewan and
west to Idaho.
156 COMPOSITA. Solidago.
Var. extraria, Gray, l.c. A foot or two high, robust:.leaves broader (the largest
sometimes an inch wide), sparingly serrate or entire: heads rather larger: rays more con-
spicuous. — Dry ground, in the mountains, Colorado to §. Arizona, Parry, Hall & Harbour,
Greene, Pringle, Lemmon, &c.
S. Gattingeri, Cuarm. ined. Slender, mostly strict and barely 2 feet high: branches and
inflorescence perfectly smooth and glabrous: leaves ciliolate; lowest cauline and radical
lanceolate-spatulate, appressed-serrulate, obviously triplinerved ; upper cauline mainly entire
and without lateral ribs, oblong-lanceolate and an inch or so long, and the upper reduced to
half or quarter inch, but near the inflorescence very small and bract-like: racemiform clus-
ters of small heads open and spreading, not recurving, disposed to form a corymbiform very
naked panicle: involucral bracts oblong, very obtuse, yellowish in the dried plant: flowers
15 to 20 in the head: akenes appressed-puberulent or the lower part glabrous. — S. Missouri-
ensis, var. pumila, Chapm. F]. Suppl. 627. — Rocky barrens and cedar glades, Rutherford Co.,
Tennessee, Galtinger. Between the preceding and the following.
S. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Slender, 2 to 4 feet high: upper part of stem and flowering
branches scabrous with minute appressed puberulence: leaves bright green, oblong-lanceo-
late, rather short (longer only 2 or 3 inches long, toward the inflorescence moderately
reduced), acute, mostly with a few small serratures: panicle oblong or pyramidal; its
racemiform clusters commonly slender and soon recurving: heads narrow, 10-14-flowered :
involucral bracts narrowly oblong: akenes pubescent. — FI. ii. 222.— Rocks, at the Falls of
the Ohio, near Louisville, Rafinesque, Short. N. W. Arkansas, F. L. Harvey.
&. Leaves with entire and smooth margins: rays larger. .
S. Marshalli, Rorur. Tall (only the upper part of stem known), slender: leayes linear-
lanceolate, acute ; the lateral ribs mostly obscure: panicle naked, of loose recurving racemes ;
the rhachis and slender pedicels setaceously bracteate: heads 3 lines long, rather broad:
bracts of the involucre broadish, of firm texture, mostly greenish on the back: rays about 8,
and disk-flowers more numerous: akenes pubescent.— Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146.
— Mountains of 8. Arizona, near the Chiricahua Agency, Lieut. Marshall.
== = Leaves thinner, sometimes membranaceous: bracts of the involucre chiefly linear, obtuse:
branches and upper part of the stem not rarely scabrous-puberulent or minutely hairy.
S. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stem strict, slender, rigid, 2 to 4 feet high, scabro-
puberulent even to below the middle: leaves mostly linear (3 or 4 inches long and as many
lines wide), very sharply and finely serrate, both ribs and veins inconspicuous: heads 3 lines
long, in an ample open panicle: involucral bracts thin, linear, obtuse: rays 10 or 12, small.
— Fl. ii, 223; Chapm. Fl. 214. — Damp soil, Florida to S. Carolina, near the toast, Leaven-
worth, Chapman.
S. rupéstris, Rar. Stem lax, 2 or 3 feet high, smooth nearly to the small panicle: leaves
membranaceous, linear-lanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrulate or denticulate, or the upper
entire (1 to 3 inches long): heads very small (barely 2 lines long): rays 4 to 6, small. —
Ann. Nat. 14; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 225.— Rocky banks of streams, along the Ohio River,
Kentucky, Indiana, and Western Virginia. Probably only an extreme glabrous form of
S. Canadensis.
S. serdétina, Arr. Stem stout, 2 to 7 feet high, very smooth and glabrous up to or near
the ample panicle, sometimes glaucous : leaves commonly ample, lanceolate or broader (3 to6
inches long), sharply and saliently. serrate, in the typical plant glabrous both sides: heads
crowded, rather large and full (3 lines long) : rays 7 to 14, moderately large and conspicuous:
bracts of the involucre broadly linear or linear-oblong. — Kew. iii. 211; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 179, 196. S. gigantea, Willd. Spec. iii. 2056, and subsequent authors. S. glabra,
Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 402; DC. Prodr. v. 331. S. fragrans, Hort. Par., not Willd. S. Pitcheri,
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 101, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 326, forms with broad and
comparatively short leaves and rather smaller heads. S. elongata, var., Torr. & Gray, l.c., in
part. — Moist or rich soil, Newfoundland to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, and south to Texas.
Passes insensibly into
Var. gigantéa, Gray, 1c. Commonly tall, 5 to 8 feet high: leaves with the lateral
ribs more prominent beneath, and these more or less pilose-pubescent.or hispidulous,
sometimes the veins or even the whole under surface pubescent.—S. gigantea, Ait. 1. c.
S. serotina, Willd.; Torr. & Gray, etc. — Chiefly’ in the Atlantic States, from Canada to
Solidago. COMPOSITA. 157
Texas. From Willdenow to the latest authors this has passed as the true S. serotina, and
that for this.
++ ++ Minutely pubescent or glabrate, not cinereous nor scabrous, thinnish-leaved, and the
lateral ribs commonly obscure: panicle mostly erect and thyrsiform, often compact. and the
heads little if at all secund: involucre of small and thin narrow bracts: rays 12 to 18, small.
(Related to the preceding and following, also to S. rugosa.)
S.lépida, DC. A foot or two high: leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, acute, 3 or 4
inches long, very sharply and mostly coarsely serrate, sometimes for most of their length,
sometimes only above the middle, in some the teeth almost none : thyrsus very short and
compact, an inch or two long, little surpassing the upper leaves, not at all secund: heads
fully 3 lines long: bracts of the involucre subulate-linear, attenuate-acute. — Prodr. v. 339.
S. gigantea, Hook. FI. ii. 2, in part. — Alaska, coast and islands, Henke, Kellogg, &c., and
Brit. Columbia.
S. elongata, Nurr. Like the preceding, or taller, sometimes a yard high: leaves com-
monly narrower: thyrsus more developed and compound, 3 to 8 inches long, its branches
occasionally spreading: bracts of the involucre linear, acutish or obtuse. — Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. Lc.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 223, mainly. S. stricta, Less. in Linn. vi. 502. S. e/ata, Hook.
FL. ii. 5, not Solander. — Along streams, Brit. Columbia to California, and east to Montana,
Slave Lake, &c. Seemingly passes on the northwest coast into S. lepida, and eastward into
S. Canadensis.
++ ++ ++ Pubescent (at least the stem), either hirsutely or canescently, or hispidulous-scabrous:
branchgs of the panicle when well developed secund.
== Leaves tapering gradually to an acute or acuminate point, generally thin or thinnish: panicle
open, of naked and secund mostly recurving racemiform clusters: bracts of the involucre nar-
row and thin: rays small and short.
S. Canadénsis, L. Stem 2 to6 feet high, from scabrous- or cinereous-puberulent to hirsute :
leaves mostly lanceolate, puberulent, pubescent, or nearly glabrous, sharply serrate or the
upper entire, veiny, and with lateral ribs prolonged parallel to the midrib: heads small,
ordinarily only 2 lines long: bracts of the involucre small and pale, narrowly linear, acutish
or obtuse: rays 9 to 16, more numerous than the disk-flowers.— Spec. ii. 878 (excl. syn.
Pluk.); Ait. Kew. iii. 210; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 221. S. altissima, L. 1. ¢., that is Virga-
aurea altissima, etc., Martyn, “ Cent.” (Hist. Pl.) 14, t. 14; not of most subsequent authors,
who have followed the conjectural references to Dill. Elth. S. reflexa, Ait. 1. c. 211; Willd.
Spec. iii. 2056. .S. nutans, Desf. Cat. ed. 3,402. S. longifolia, Schrader, in DC. Prodr. y. 330.
— Moist or dry and shady ground, New Brunswick to Brit. Columbia (and north to Slave
Lake), south to Florida and mountains of Arizona: flowering rather early. —The more
marked forms varying from the ordinary are the following.
Var. précera, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Leaves less serrate or the upper entire, at least
the lower face and upper portion of the stem cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose with very
short and fine pubescence: inflorescence less open or the branches ascending in less de-
veloped or cultivated plants: heads sometimes larger. —S. procera, Ait. 1. c.; Willd. 1. c.
S. eminens, Bischoff, hort. Heidelb. —Opén ground, Canada and Saskatchewan to Idaho and
Texas, the northwestern forms commonly dwarf. ©
Var. scdbra, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Like the foregoing, but the short pubescence
rough or hispidulous: leaves shorter, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, more entire, more
veiny (approaching rough-leaved forms of S. rugosa): heads sometimes 3 lines long. —
S. scabra, Muhl. Fl. Lancast. ined., not Willd., which is S. rugosa.— Drier and sunnier
places, Penn. to Florida and Texas. (JS. scabrida, DC. Prodr. v. 331, of Mexico, appears to
be a form of this.) ;
Var. canéscens, Gray. Stem and both faces of the narrow and commonly entire
leaves canescent with soft and fine pubescence: bracts of the involucre broader and more
obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 197.—S. W. Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer, Bigelow, and
S. New Mexico, Thurber.
Var. Arizonica, Gray, l.c. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, hardly
scabrous: stems low: heads mostly 3 lines long: thin bracts of the involucre commonly
acutish. — S. mollis, Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146.— Mountains of S. Utah, Ward, and of
New Mexico & Arizona, Bigelow, Rothrock. (Heads, &c., nearly of S. velutina, DC., a Mexi-
can species, which approaches this and the preceding ambiguous forms of S. Canadensis.)
158 COMPOSITA. Solidago.
== = Leaves obtuse or abruptly apiculate, or acutish, of firm or coriaceous texture, upper ones
entire: pubescence all close, cinereous or canescent, or scabro-hispidulous; lateral ribs com-
monly incomplete, often obscure or wanting: panicle mostly compact, naked: bracts of the
involucre broadish and obtuse, of firm texture: rays fewer and larger, golden yellow. The
species are confluent.
w. Cinereous to canescent with fine and soft or at length minutely scabrous pubescence: leaves firm
but seldom very rigid.
S. Califérnica, Nutt. Stem rather stout, either low. or tall, canescently puberulent or
pubescent: leaves oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate and the lower obovate, obtuse or
apiculate, entire or the lower with some small teeth, canescently puberulent or beneath more
pubescent: thyrsus virgate, 4 to 12 inches long, dense; the racemiform clusters erect or
barely spreading in age, when elongated mostly secund, and even with the apex at length
recurved: heads 3 or 4 lines long: bracts of the involucre lanceolate-oblong or oblong-linear,
mostky obtuse, externally somewhat puberulent: rays 7 to 12, fewer than the disk-flowers:
akenes minutely pubescent. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 203; Gray,
Bot. Calif. i. 319. S. puberula, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. vi. 502, not Nutt. S. petiolaris,
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 145, partly. S.velutina, DC., var. “ panicula contracta,” DC. Prodr.
v. 332, Henke, whose “ Real del Monte” is Monterey, California.— Dry ground, California
to the borders of Nevada and Mexico.
Var. Nevadénsis, Gray. Thyrsus and its clusters more secund: heads rather
smaller: involucre mostly glabrous. — Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Sierra Nevada, California, and
Nevada from Plumas Co, to Owens Valley, &c. Transition to S. nemoralis.
S. nemordalis, Arr. Mostly low, with the fine and uniform close pubescence éither soft or
(in age and in dried specimens) minutely scabrous: leaves from spatulate-obovate to ob-
lanceolate or somewhat linear; upper entire and small (half-inch or more long) ; radical and
lower cauline sparingly serrate: thyrsus and its compact racemiform clusters secund, com-
monly recurved-spreading: heads 2 or 3 lines long: bracts of the involucre oblong-linear or
narrower, obtuse, smooth and glabrous: flowers (appearing rather early) deep yellow: rays
5 to 9, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers : akenes closely pubescent. — Kew. iii. 213;
Pursh, Fl. ii. 537; DC. Prodr. v. 333; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. S. hispida, Muhl. in
Willd. Spec. iii. 2063 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 541. S. conferta, Poir. Dict. viii. 459. S. cinerascens,
Schwein. in Ell. Sk. ii. 375. 4S. decemflora, DC. Prodr. v. 322. S. puberula, DC. 1. c. 333,
not Nutt. — Dry hills or sterile soil, throughout Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida and
Texas, and west to Arizona, Utah, and Nevada; in the eastern region soft-cinereous; be-
yond the Mississippi often greener and more scabrous; or in Utah and New Mexico greenish
and hardly scabrous. In the Rocky Mountains and northward mostly occur low and more
canescent forms. (Adj. Mex.) —
Var. incana, Gray, Proc. 1c. Dwarf, a span to a foot high: leaves oval or oblong,
rigid, more or less canescent, sometimes rather strongly serrate, sometimes mostly entire:
racemiform clusters erect or the lower somewhat spreading, collected in a dense oblong or
conical thyrsus. —S. mollis, Bartl. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1836, 5; DC. Prodr. v. 279; in
cult. specimens the involucral bracts are narrowish and somewhat acute, as also in one form
of S. incana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 221 (excl. var.), while in a similar one, collected with it by
Nicollet, they are linear-oblong and obtuse. — Plains of Minnesota and Dakota (Nicollet, &c.)
to the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Colorado. (Adj. Mex.) :
S. nana, Nurr. A span to‘a foot high, canescent with minute dense puberulence, not sca-
brous in age: leaves mostly obovate or spatulate and entire, small: heads (3 lines long)
broad, few or rather numerous in an oblong or corymbiform panicle, not at all secund:
bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, very obtuse: otherwise nearly as S. nemoralis. — Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 327 (in herb. “ S. pumila”); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Rocky Moun-
tains and high plains, Wyoming to N. Arizona and N. E. Nevada; first coll. by Nuttall.
b. Hispidulous-scabrous, rigid, green!
S. radula, Nutr. Stem a foot or two high, scabro-puberulent: leaves rigidly coriaceous,
short, loosely reticulate-veined, occasionally with well-developed lateral ribs, obtuse, sparsely
serrate or entire, from oval or obovate to oblong-spatulate (lowest 2 or 3 inches long, upper-
most an inch or less, or rounded ones on the branches reduced to half or quarter inch), very
hispidulous-scabrous at least on the veins, the midrib and margins often hispid: branches of
the thyrsus secund and when well developed recurved-spreading : heads 2 and at most 3
Solidago. COMPOSITA. 159
lines long: bracts of the involucre rather rigid, glabrous, oval to linear-oblong: rays 3 to 6,
rather fewer than disk-flowers: akenes minutely pubescent. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 327;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. S. rotundifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 332, & S. scaberrima, Torr. & Gray,
lc, broad-leaved form. S. decemflora, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 223, not DC.—Dry hills and
aa S. W. Illinois to Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas; first coll. by Berlandier and
Nuttall.
c. Seabro-puberulent, somewhat cinereous, small-leaved: the lateral ribs obsolete.
S. sparsiflora, Gray. Founded on incomplete specimens (branches), of doubtful affinity,
scabrous rather than puberulent, leafy into the narrow and strict branches of the panicle:
leaves all small (the larger hardly an inch long), lanceolate-linear, rather acute at both ends,
rigid, entire, with lateral ribs and veins almost obsolete: heads somewhat scattered or few
in the short imperfectly racemiform and somewhat secund clusters, 3 lines long: bracts of
the involucre rather small, oblong-linear, barely obtuse: rays 6 to 10, little surpassing the
disk. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146.—S. Arizona, near Camp
Lowell, Rothrock. Llano Estacado, N. W. Texas on the borders of New Mexico, Bigelow. —
To which must be added
Var. subcinérea, Gray. Quite cinereously puberulent, the leaves scabro-puberulent :
heads more crowded and secund in the virgate panicles: rays more conspicuous. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 197. — Rucker Valley, S. Arizona, Lemmon. Base of stem and lower leaves
unknown: the affinity decidedly with S. nemoralis. Also a form between this and i$. Cana-
densis, var. canescens, with larger heads, &c., coll. New Mexico in the Mogollon Mountains,
1881, Rusby.
= = = Leaves thinnish, puberulent but green, broad, acute, divergently triplinerved and
veiny: branches of the loose panicle racemiform, secund, leafy: bracts of the involucre nar-
towly oblong, obtuse, outer with greenish tips: rays few.
S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Soft-puberulent: stem 3 feet high, freely branched:
leaves ovate or broadly oval, nearly or quite glabrous above; cauline copiously serrate, com-
monly acute at both ends, almost petioled (lower 3 or 4 inches long and 2 or more broad);
those of the flowering branches numerous even through the inflorescence, from 2. inches
down to a quarter-inch long, obtuse, sparingly denticulate or entire: rays 4 or 5, often
3-lobed, rather large. — Fl. ii. 217. S. ulmifolia, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97.—S. W. Ili-
nois and Missouri to Louisiana, flowering late; first coll. by Drummond. Allied in some
respects to S. rugosa and S, amplexicaulis.
%* * * * * Heads in a compact and corymbiform thyrsus or cyme: radical leaves mostly
long-petioled and with prominent midrib: akenes except in the first species wholly glabrous. —
CoryYMBOS#.
+ Leaves, even the radical, not triplinerved, flat; cauline sessile, very numerous: involucre of
oblong-linear to oval faintly striate bracts: akenes very glabrous.
S. rigida, L. Somewhat cinereous with a short and dense, either soft or (in age) rather
scabrous pubescence: stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high (rarely more dwarf) : leaves rigid, obscurely
serrate or entire; radical and lowest cauline oval or oblong, rounded at both ends or acute
at base, 3 to 7 inches long; upper cauline ovate-oblong, gradually smaller upward, with
slightly clasping or decurrent base: clusters dense: heads about 5 lines long, campanulate,
_many- (over 30-) flowered: involucral bracts broad: rays 7 to 10, rather large: akenes
turgid, 12-15-nerved. — Spec. ii. 880; Ait. Kew. iii. 216; Michx. Fl. ii. 118; Ell. Sk. ii. 390;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 208. S. grandiflora, Raf. in Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 359, & Desv. Jour.
Bot. i. 226. — Dry and gravelly or sandy soil, Canada to the Saskatchewan, south to the upper
part of Georgia, southwest to Texas and W. Colorado. Varies with smaller heads, looser
inflorescence, and greener more scabrous leaves, in Texas, &e.
S. corymbosa, Ez. Stem and leaves (except their margins) quite smooth and glabrous,
green: heads (3 to 5 lines long) in looser inflorescence: akenes short, turgid, 10-nerved :
otherwise as in the preceding, of which it may be a glabrous variety. — Sk. ii. 78; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c.; not of Poir. Suppl. v. 461, which is a form of S. Virgaurea.— Upper and middle
Georgia and Alabama; first coll. by Mr. Jackson ; apparently also in Texas.
S. Ohioénsis, Ripper. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high:
radical and lower cauline leaves lanceolate or elongated-oblong, 5 to 9 inches long, half-inch
to an inch or more wide, attenuate at base, almost entire; upper lanceolate, sessile by a
160 COMPOSITA. Solidago.
narrowed base: cyme fastigiate: heads pedicellate, small (3 lines long), narrow, 16-24-
flowered : bracts of the involucre narrower: rays 6 to 9, small: akenes slightly 5-nerved. —
Synop. 57; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Low prairies or meadows, W. New York to Ohio and
Indiana; first coll. by Riddell.
+ ++ Leaves somewhat conduplicate; lower slightly triplinerved.
S. Riddéllii, Franx. Glabrous and smooth, or the inflorescence puberulent: stem a foot
or two high, very leafy: leaves elongated-lanceolate, entire; radical 8 to 12 inches long,
attenuate at both ends; cauline rather long, erect at the base which nearly sheathes the
stem, partly conduplicate above, and the upper part falcately arcuate: heads densely cymose,
3 or 4 lines long, 20-30-flowered : rays 7 to 9, small and narrow: akenes faintly 5-nerved.—
Riddell, Synops. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 210. S. amplexicaulis, Martens in Bull. Acad.
Brux. viii. (1841) 68.— Wet prairies, Ohio (first coll. by Riddell) to Iowa and Missouri.
(Also Fort Monroe, Virginia, Vasey and Chickering, these adventive ?)
S. Houghtoni, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, 10 to 20 inches high: leaves indistinctly
nerved, rather rigid, scattered (3 or 4 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide): heads rather few in a
corymbiform cyme, 20-30-flowered: rays 7 to 10, rather large: bracts of the involucre
oblong-linear: akenes 4—5-nerved.— Gray, Man. ed. 1, 211, ed. 5, 242.— Swamps, north
shore of L. Michigan, Houghton. Genessee Co., New York, Paine. Flowering early.
+ + + Leaves flat, smooth, and glabrous, linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, more or less tripli-
nerved or 3-nerved, or nervose: heads only 3 or 4 lines long.
S. nitida, Torr. & Gray. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, very smooth except the summit and inflo-
rescencé, which are minutely hirsute: leaves coriaceous and rigid, evidently nervose, punc-
tate (the larger 4 to 6 inches long, 3 to 5 lines wide): heads numerous in the corymbiform
cyme, about 14-flowered : rays 2 or 3, large: bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong: akenes
10-nerved. — Fl. ii. 210. — Dry pine woods and barrens, W. Louisiana and Texas; first coll.
by Drummond and Leavenworth.
S. pumila, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, a span or more high, many-stemmed from a woody
branching and cespitose caudex, glabrous throughout, punctate, somewhat resinous: leaves
rigid, 3-nerved, acute; radical 2 or 3 inches long: cyme glomerate-fastigiate: heads nar-
rowly oblong, 5-8-flowered: rays 1 to 3, short: involucral bracts rigid, somewhat carinate,
and with small green (sometimes mucronulate) tips: mature akenes flattish and unusually
broad, rather longer than the rigid pappus: akenes 5-nerved. — Fl. ii. 210. Chrysoma pumila,
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 325.— Rocky dry places, N. W. Texas to S. W. Utah,
Nevada, and Idaho, mostly in the mountains; first coll. by Nuttall.
§ 2. Eurumia, Nutt. Receptacle of the flowers fimbrillate or the alveoli
pilose: rays very small, almost always more numerous than the disk-flowers and
never surpassing them in height: heads glomerately and fasciculately cymose,
small: leaves very numerous, all linear, entire, 1-5-nerved, somewhat punctate,
sessile: akenes villous-pubescent, short and turbinate: filiform rootstocks exten-
sively creeping. — Huthamia, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 471; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc., l. c.
* Taller and paniculately branched Pacific species.
S. occidentdélis, Nurr. Stems 2 to 6 feet high; the branches terminated by small clus-
ters of mostly pedicellate heads: leaves usually 3-nerved, glabrous and smooth even on the
midrib, and margins obscurely scabrous: bracts of the involucre rather narrow: rays 16 to
20: disk-flowers 8 to 14.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 156. S. lan-
ceolata, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. vi. 502; Hook. FI. ii. 6, partly. Euthamia occidentalis,
Nutt, in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vii. 326. Aplopappus baccharoides, Benth. Bot.
Sulph. 24. — Moist ground, British Columbia to S. California, extending eastward to New
Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. — Long rootstocks tuberous-thickened at the extremity.
* * Comparatively low, a foot or at most a yard high, cymosely much branched above and flat-
topped: heads mostly glomerate-sessile: Atlantic species.
S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, distinctly 3-nerved and the larger with an
additional outer pair of more delicate nerves, minutely scabrous-pubescent on the nerves
Lessingia, COMPOSIT. 161
beneath: outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, and the inner linear: rays 15 to 20:
disk-flowers 8 to 12.— Mant. 114; Ait. Kew. iii. 214; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226. S. gramini-
Solia, Ell. Sk. ii. 391. Chrysocoma graminifolia, T.. Spec. ii. 841. Euthamia graminifolia, Nutt.
Gen. ii. 162 (subgen.), & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.— Low ground, Canada to Georgia, and
northwest to Montana.
S. tenuifdlia, Pursu. Lower (a foot or two high), slender, more resinous-atomiferous
and glutinous, but glabrous: leaves all narrowly linear, one-nerved or with a pair of indis-
tinct lateral nerves: heads smaller: rays 6 to 12: disk-flowers 5 or 6.—FI. ii. 540; Ell. Sk.
ii. 892; Torr. & Gray, lc. S. lanceolata, var. minor, Michx. Fl. ii. 116. Erigeron Carolini-
anum, L. Spec., being Virgaureu Carol., &c., Dill. Elth. 412, t. 306, f. 394. Euthamia tenui-
folia, Nutt. 1. c. —Sandy or gravelly and moist or dry ground, coast of New England to
Florida and Texas.
S. leptocéphala, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, with more simple branches, wholly
smooth and glabrous except the margin of the leaves; these with prominent midrib, very
obscure lateral nerves, and no apparent veins: bracts of the involucre and the head narrower:
rays 8 or 10: disk-flowers 3 or 4.— Fl. ii. 226.— Low ground, W. Louisiana and Texas;
first coll. by Leavenworth and Drummond. Also, in a narrow-leaved form, N. W. Arkansas,
F. L. Harvey.
§ 3. Curyséma, Torr. & Gray. Suffruticose: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, peculi-
arly areolate-venulose in the dried state: otherwise as § Virgaurea. —Chrysoma,
Nuitt., in part.
S. pauciflosculésa, Micnx. A foot or two high, much branched from the shrubby base,
glabrous, somewhat viscid: leaves from spatulate-oblanceolate to linear, very obtuse, entire,
an inch or two long and with a contracted petiole-like base, one-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved,
not venose, but minutely and uniformly venulose, the impressed veinlets forming microscopic
quadrate or roundish meshes over both surfaces: thyrsus somewhat corymbosely paniculate ;
the clusters only obscurely secund: heads 3 or 4 lines long: rays 1 to 3, rather large: disk-
flowers 3 to 5, deep yellow: akenes pubescent: pappus brownish. — Fl. ii. 116; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 224. Chrysoma solidaginoides, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 67, & Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 325.— Dry hills and sand-banks on the sea-shore, 8. Carolina to Florida and
Alabama; flowering late. (Bahamas.)
33. BRACHYCH ATA, Torr. & Gray. (Bpaxvs, short, yaéry, bristle,
from the very abbreviated setose pappus, which, with the cordate leaves, some-
what artificially distinguishes the genus from Solidago.) — Single species, flower-
ing in late summer and autumn. — FI. ii. 194.
B. cordata, Torr. & Gray, 1l.c. Soft-pubescent: stems 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial
root: leaves membranaceous, veiny, mostly acutely serrate; radical rather large, round-
cordate, on long and nearly wingless petioles; cauline ovate, the lower on winged petioles:
heads 2 or 3 lines long, narrow, solitary or fascicled in the racemiform and secund clusters
or narrow thyrsus: bracts of the involucre with greenish tips, inner ones linear-oblong :
flowers golden yellow, those of the disk and short ray each 4 or 5: pappus shorter than the
akene and shorter than the proper tube of the corolla. — Solidago sphacelata, Raf. Ann. Nat.
(1820), 14. S. cordata, Short, Cat. Pl. Kentucky, Suppl. Brachyris ovatifolia, DC. Prodr. v.
313.— Open woods, &c., W. North Carolina and E. Kentucky to the upper part of Georgia ;
apparently first coll. by Rafinesque.
34, LESSINGIA, Cham. (Dedicated to the eminent German author,
G. E. Lessing, and to his grand-nephews, Karl Lessing the painter, and Christian
Fr. Lessing, author of Syn. Gen. Compositarum.) — Californian annuals or bien-
nials, flocculent-woolly when young; with alternate leaves and rather small heads
of flowers, either of the xanthic or cyanic series; the pappus becoming fuscous
or rufous. Nerves of the corolla-lobes deeply intramarginal, the wstivation indu-
11
162 COMPOSITA. Lessingia.
plicate up to the nerve. — Linnza, iv. 203; Gray in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 315,
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, viii. 864, & Bot. Calif. i. 306. — Flowering spring and
summer,
%* Flowers yellow, sometimes purplish in age; some of the marginal ones with conspicuously larger
and more or less irregular and radiatiform corolla: bracts of the involucre with herbaceous tips:
akenes narrow, compressed, 2~3-nerved: style-branches truncate-obtuse, bearing a brush-like
tuft of bristles, in which a minute or obscure setiform tip is partly or wholly hidden: heads
about 3 lines high, terminating spreading slender branchlets.
L. Germanorum, Cram.l.c. Low and diffusely spreading from the base, or procumbent,
arachnoid-lanate with appressed white tomentum, glabrate with age; filiform flowering
branches sparsely leafy or naked: lower leaves spatulate and usually pinnatifid or incised,
with long tapering entire base; those of the branches becoming linear and entire, all nar-
rowed at base: involucre hemispherical; its bracts with loose and foliaceous tips or the outer
foliaceous, all glandless.— Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 326, t. 7 (style bad); Gray in PL
Hartw. 1. c., & Bot. Calif. 307, only in part.— Open dry ground, near San Francisco and in
adjacent parts of California; first coll. by Chamisso. Corollas said by Chamisso to be
“ croceous.”
L. glandulifera, Gray. Diffusely much branched from an erect stem, more rigid, above
glabrous or early glabrate: leaves more commonly entire, sometimes spinulose-dentate ;
those of the branches small and very numerous (3 to 1 lines long), or minute and almost
covering flowering branchlets, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, thick and rigid, commonly beset
along the margins with yellowish tack-shaped glands: involucre campanulate to turbinate ;
its bracts more appressed, the outer successively shorter, and some or all of them glandulif-
erous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207, Z. Germanorum in part, & L. ramulosa, var. tenuis,
Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., in part. — Arid grounds, from Monterey to San Diego, San Ber-
nardino, &c.; common. The glands are like those of Calycadenia on a smaller scale, some-
times copious and strongly marked, sometimes few and inconspicuous.
%* %* Flowers purple or white; the corollas all alike and regular or nearly so: bracts of the involu-
cre with appressed or erect tips: akenes less or hardly at all compressed, 4—5-nerved.
+ Stems slender and loosely branching, erect, a span to a foot or two high: white wool deciduous
in age: leaves oblong to lanceolate or the lower spatulate, entire or sparingly dentate, the small
upper with partly clasping or adnate base: involucral bracts mostly herbaceous-tipped.
L. ramuldsa, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat granulose- or hirtellous-glandular on the glabrate
branches and upper leaves, occasionally with some minute tack-shaped glands: stem usually
stout at base: heads (3 or 4 lines long) terminating diffuse slender branchlets: involucre
campanulate or somewhat turbinate, 10-20-flowered : corollas short (purple) : style-append- .
ages with minute setiform tip.—On dry hills, not rare through the northwestern part of
California to Bay of San Francisco; first coll. by Pickering and Brackenridge. A
Var. ténuis, Gray. A slender and ambiguous form, not thickened at base of stem,
low and diffuse, analogous to the depauperate states of the next species. — Bot. Calif. i. 307,
as to pl. of Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 364.— Southeastern California, at head of Peru
Creek, Rothrock.
L. leptéclada, Gray. Glabrous after denudation of the floccose wool: stem slender (the
taller forms 2 feet or more high, the most depauperate only 3 or 4 inches), and with long
virgate or filiform branches bearing solitary or few heads: upper leaves commonly with
sagittiform-adnate base: involucre turbinate, from 20-flowered down (in depauperate plants)
to 5-flowered ; its bracts in numerous ranks: corolla conspicuously exserted : style-append-
ages with a conspicuous subulate tip.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Dry
ground, common through the western and central parts of California, in very diverse forms;
sometimes with numerous heads spicately crowded along the summit of the branches, and
too nearly approaching the next.
L. virgata, Gray. More densely woolly: stem and virgate branches more rigid: upper
leaves appressed, concave, carinately one-nerved: heads spicately sessile, each in the axil of
a leaf of nearly the same length: involucre cylindrical, woolly, 5~7-flowered : style-branches
with a conspicuous subulate tip.— Pl. Hartw. 1. ¢.; Bot. Calif. 1. c.—On the Sacramento,
probably in the northern part of the State, Pickering and Brackenridge, Newberry.
Aphanostephus. COMPOSIT&. 163
+— + Depressed or dwarf, flowering from the ground: inner bracts of involucre cartilaginous-
aristate!
L. nana, Gray, l.c. Usually stemless, a very woolly and pellet-like tuft from a slender root,
an inch or two high, a cluster of sessile (half-inch long) heads, each surrounded by a rosulate
cluster of spatulate or lanceolate leaves: involucre 10-12-flowered ; its outer bracts linear-
lanceolate, mucronate-acute or cuspidate, little herbaceous; inner ones pearly white, scarious-
chartaceous, tapering into a rigid subulate acumination or awn which equals the flowers and
very rufous pappus: akenes short and turgid: tip to the tufted style-appendages wanting. —
Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 338, t. 7, poor. — Dry ground, foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada,
from Siskiyou Co. to Kern Co., Pickering, Fitch, Muir, Canby, Rothrock.
Var. cauléscens. Leaves larger; radical ones much surpassing the sessile heads in
their axils: also several developed stems, of an inch to 4 inches high, sparsely leaved, and
as either solitary or 3 or 4 spicately disposed heads. — S. California, at Tehachipi Pass,
arry.
35. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy. (Latin name, from bellus, pretty.) — Low
herbs, of the northern hemisphere ; the typical species perennial and stemless:
radical leaves obovate: rays white, rose-colored, or purple. ‘The akenes in the
two perennial Mexican species, viz. B. xanthocomoides (Brachycome, Less.) and
B. Mexicana, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 93 (coll. Wright and Bourgeau), as also in our
annual species, are less flat, and marginal nerves slender or less thickened, than
in the Old World species. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 265.
B. peréynts, L., the common European Daisy, is escaping from cultivation and beginning
to be spontaneous in a few places.
B. integrifélia, Micux. Annual, sparsely pilose-pubescent, diffusely branched and leafy,
aspan to a foot high: leaves spatulate-obovate and the upper narrower, entire: peduncles
terminating the branches: bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-mar-
gined: rays half-inch or less in length, usually pale violet. — FI. ii. 131; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3455; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 189. clipta integrifolia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 602. Astranthium
integrifolium, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 312.—Low grounds, Kentucky to
Arkansas and Texas; fl. spring and summer.
36. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC. (Adare, vanishing or inconspicuous,
and ovédos, crown ; from the pappus.) —Texano-Mexican annuals or biennials,
sometimes perhaps of longer duration, pubescent, leafy-stemmed and branching ;
With rather showy heads, resembling those of Daisy, on solitary peduncles termi-
nating the branches, and nodding before anthesis: leaves from entire to pinnately
lobed: rays from white to violet-purple: akenes almost or quite glabrous. Fi.
summer. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 262; Gray, Proce.
Am. Acad, xvi. 80. Aphanostephus, Keerlia (excl. one species, which is a Xantho-
cephalum), & Leucopsidium, DC. Prodr. v. 309, 310, vi. 43.
%* Pappus a very short crown with a ciliate-fringed edge, which commonly is obsolete in age: base
of the corolla-tube seldom thickened.
A. Arizonicus, Gray. Erect, a foot high, minutely soft-pubescent, not cinereous: upper
leaves linear and entire; lower linear-spatulate, 3-5-lobed or laciniate: heads small, on at
length clavate-thickened peduncles: akenes narrow, terete, evenly striate with about 10 nar-
row ribs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 81. A. ramosissimus, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 147.
— Arizona, on the Gila River, Rothrock.
A. ramosissimus, DC. Erect or at length diffuse, slender, a foot or less high, hispidu-
lous-pubescent: upper leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or few-toothed; lower laciniate-
pinnatifid or incised: heads on slender peduncles: rays 3 to 5 lines long: akenes almost
terete and even, the ribs or nerves few and mostly obscure, except on some outermost. —
Prodr. v. 310; Gray, Pl. Wright. l.c.; Torr.in Marcy Rep. t.9. A. Riddellii, Torr. & Gray,
FL ii. 189. A. pilosus, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad., a remarkably hispid form. Lgletes
164 COMPOSITA. Aphanostephus.
ramosissima, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 71, & Pl. Lindh. ii. 220.— Rocky. and saxtdy prairies, Texas.
(Adjacent Mex.)
A. himilis, Gray, lc. Low and diffuse, soft-pubescent and cinereous: leaves rarely entire,
often pinnatifid: heads on slender peduncles: rays 3 or 4 lines long: akenes shorter and
more distinctly costate-angulate. — Leucopsidium humile, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 18. Eogletes
humilis, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 71.— Southern and western borders of Texas, Wright, Palmer (but
his plant, no. 494, doubtful), Reverchon. (Mex.) ;
A. ramésus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90 (Keerlia ramosa, DC.), Mexico, Keerl, is im-
perfectly known.
* %* Pappus more conspicuous and dentate or laciniate: base of the corolla-tube in age promi-
nently thickened and indurated, long persistent on the strongly angulate-costate akene.
A. Arkansdnus, Gray, 1. c. Diffuse, a foot high, cinereous-pubescent: leaves from
oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate; lower often toothed or sinulate-lobed : heads larger :
rays commonly half-inch long: outer akenes usually suberose-angled or ribbed: pappus
mostly obtusely 4-5-lobed or pluridentate. — Leucopsidium Arkansanum, DC. Prodr. vi. 43.
Keerlia skirrobasis, DC. Prodr. v. 310; Deless. Ic. iv. t.18; Hook. Ic. t. 240. Egletes Arkan-
sana, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 394; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 411.— Plains of Arkansas,
Kansas, and Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier.
Var. Hallii, Gray, 1.c. Somewhat smaller: leaves varying from entire to pinnately
parted : crown of the pappus more conspicuous, deeply cleft into 4 or 5 unequal subulate-
acuminate lobes! — Texas, /. Hall (no. 303, 304), Palmer.
87. GREENELLA, Gray. (Rev. Edward Lee Greene, the discoverer.)
— Slender and low winter annuals; the typical species (analogous to Gutierrezia)
diffuse and conspicuously radiate ; an ambiguous species rayless, and perhaps not
truly congeneric. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 81.
G. Arizénica, Gray, l.c. Smooth and glabrous, diffusely branched from the base: leaves
small (inch or less long), entire, veinless, sessile, alternate ; radical ones lanceolate or ob-
scurely spatulate, hispidulous-ciliolate; cauline narrowly linear and gradually reduced to
subulate: heads solitary at summit of divergent filiform branchlets: involucre 2 or 3 lines
high and wide; bracts with a conspicuous subapical green spot: rays 10 to 16, oblong or
obovate, white: mature akenes densely white-villous, the hairs tipped with a capitellate
gland: border of the pappus-crown multisetulose-dissected.—Mesas of Arizona, Greene
(1877), Lemmon, Pringle. The rovt obviously not perennial.
G. discoidea, Gray. Stems or branches numerous from a probably monocarpic but lig-
nescent root, strict, very leafy : leaves all narrowly linear, acute ; the lower (over an inch
long) with obscurely ciliolate-scabrous margins: heads somewhat corymbose: involucre
barely 2 lines high; the bracts more scarious and with indistinct green spot: rays none:
ovaries glabrous: pappus pluridenticulate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2.—S8, Arizona, in
Tanner's Cafion, Lemmon.
88. KEERLIA, Gray. (F/. W. Keerl, a German traveller in Mexico.) —
Diffusely and slenderly branched Texan herbs, leafy-stemmed; with small panicu-
late heads on almost capillary peduncles, white or purple rays, and oblong entire
sessile leaves ; the style-appendages in one species much elongated (in the manner
of the preceding genus), and this has only sterile ovaries in the disk. — PJ. Lindh.
ii. 220, & Pl. Wright. i. 92, not DC., whose genus of this name was founded on
two species of Aphanostephus and a Xanthocephalum, to which was added a syn-
onyme belonging to a Bellis.
K. bellidifolia, Gray & Enczrm. Annual, pubescent, effusely branched from near the
base, a span or two high; when young with the habit of Bellis integrifolia: lower leaves
obovate or spatulate ; uppermost somewhat linear: involucre only 2 lines long: rays 4 to 15,
blue: style-appendages in the disk-flowers short and very obtuse: akenes obovate-clavate
and moderately compressed. — Proc. Am. Acad. i. 47; Pl. Lindh. 1. c.; Pl. Wright, lc. —
Fertile soil, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright.
Dichetophora. COMPOSIT&. 165
K. effasa, Gray. Perennial, often 2 feet high, with simple stem branching above into an
effuse ample panicle: leaves (an inch or less long) hispid as well as the stem, rigid and sca-
brous, oblong, mostly with a broad sessile base: heads very numerous: involucre more
turbinate: rays 4 to 7, white: disk-flowers somewhat more numerous, apparently always
sterile, and with elongated linear-lanceolate style-appendages : fertile akenes obovate, flat,
callous-nerved at the margins (or with one margin 2-nerved).— Pl. Lindh. ii. 221; Pl.
Wright. i. 93. — Hillsides, central parts of Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer.
89, CHAXTOPAPPA, DC. (Xairy, bristle, and rérmos, pappus.) — Low
and small Texano-Mexican winter annuals, diffusely branched; the branches
terminated by small heads: rays white or purple: leaves entire, the lower spatu-
late, upper gradually becoming linear or reduced to subulate bracts. FI. spring
and early summer. — Chetanthera, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 111. Che-
tophora, Nutt. in DC. Chetopappa & Distasis, DC. Prodr. v. 801, 279; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 268. Diplostelma, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 72.
C. asteroides, DC.1.c. Slender, 2 to 10 inches high, pubescent: involucre (2 lines long)
rather narrow, of 12 to 14 bracts: rays 5 to 12: disk-flowers 8 to 12: style-appendages very
obtuse: akenes slender, little compressed, obscurely few-nerved, pubescent, all the central
ones sterile and often awnless: pale of the pappus very thin and hyaline, narrowly oblong,
not rarely lacerate or cleft. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 187. Cheetanthera asteroides, Nutt. 1. c. —
Dry ground, Texas to Arkansas and the borders of Missouri. (Adjacent Mex.)
Var. imbérbis, Gray. Awns of the pappus wanting in all the flowers: the paler
rather broader and sometimes coroniform-concreted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. — E. Texas,
Wright.
C. Parryi, Gray. More rigid, 9 inches or more high: leaves subcoriaceous, hispidulous ’
and glabrate: involucre (3 lines long) turbinate: rays 6 or 7: style-appendages short and
very obtuse: akenes quite glabrous; the fertile ones fusiform and somewhat compressed,
4nerved, with a pappus of 4 or 5 firmer and cuneiform-quadrate pale which are laciniately
fimbriate at the truncate apex, and of few or sometimes solitary more delicate awns, these
occasionally little longer than the palex, sometimes wanting; disk-akenes mostly inane and
awnless. —Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. Listasis modesta, var., Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 78. —
Mt. Carmel, on the Rio Grande, between Texas and Mexico, Parry.
C. modésta, Gray, 1.c. Less slender and pubescence more hirsute than in C. asteroides :
involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts obtuser and more numerous: rays 9 to 20: disk-
flowers 40 to 60, all but the central fertile; their style-appendages narrower and acutish:
akenes oblong or linear, much compressed, pubescent when young, with merely marginal
nerves or occasionally a facial one, only the central ones sterile: pappus of 5 oblong erose-
truncate at length subcoriaceous palew, alternating with as many rather rigid awns.— Dis-
tasis modesta, DC. Prodr. v. 279. Diplostelma bellioides, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 73. — Dry ground,
Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &. (Adjacent Mex.)
Dfsrasis? HETEROPHYLLA, Hemsl. Biol. Centr-Am. Bot. ii. 119, of Mexico, is hardly of
this genus, probably not of the tribe.
40. MONOPTILON, Torr. & Gray. (Movos, single, wridov, feather, al-
luding to the solitary plumose bristle of the pappus.) — Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc.
vy. 106, t. 13; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 307; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 306.— Single
species.
M. bellidiférme, Torr. & Gray, 1c. A small but pretty annual, much branched from
the very base, depressed, villous-hirsute: heads terminating the numerous leafy branchlets,
half,inch in diameter, inclusive of the white or violet-purple rays: leaves small, spatulate or
linear-spatulate, the uppermost involucrate around the head.— Arid or desert plains, S. E.
California to 8. W. Utah, Fremont, Parry, Palmer, Parish.
41. DICH AZ TOPHORA, Gray. (Aids, xairn, popd, bearing two bristles,
i, e. pappus-awns.) — Pl. Fendl. 73. —Single species; in Benth. & Hook. Gen.
166 COMPOSITE. Dichestophora,
ii. 209, referred (along with a species of Perityle and an Achetogeron) to a section
of Boltonia.
D.-campéstris, Gray. A small and Daisy-like winter annual, at first acaulescent with a
scapiform peduncle (1 to 3 inches high), at length with leafy branches terminated by a slen-
der monocephalous peduncle: leaves spatulate, entire, somewhat hirsute: head 2 or 8 lines
high, the ovate disk soon surpassing the involucre: rays 16 to 20, apparently white or rose-
color. —Pl. Fendl. 73, perhaps excl. syn. Brachycome? xanthocomoides, Torr. & Gray, FI.
ii. 190, the specimen of which is too young for determination. — Southern borders of Texas,
Berlandier (no. 1465, specimen too young), Havard, in fruit. (Adj. Mex., Gregg, Palmer.)
42. BOLTONIA, L’Her. (James Bolton, an English botanical author.)
— Perennial and leafy-stemmed herbs (wholly of the United States), Aster-like,
glabrous, glaucescent, mostly tall; with striate-angled stems, entire sessile leaves
commonly becoming vertical by a twist at base, rarely decurrent; and with rather
showy heads; the numerous rays white, purplish, or violet; fl. autumn. — Sert.
Angl. 27 (with figures cited which were never published); DC. Prodr. v. 301;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 269, excl. § Asteromea, Blume, which passes into Cali-
merts, and also § 3, which is a mixture. Wings of the akene broadish and thin,
narrow and thickish, or obsolete in the same species, or even in the same head.
* Stems (2 to 7 feet high) paniculately much branched and slender: heads small; the disk only
about 2 lines high and wide.
B. diffasa, E1zt. Lower leaves lanceolate; upper linear, those of the loose and almost fili-
form flowering branches or branchlets becoming linear-subulate and minute; rays mostly
white, barely 2 lines long: involucre as in the next, but the bracts more numerous and un-
equal. — Sk. ii. 400; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97; DC. 1. ¢. & Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. syn.
Bot. Mag. — Low grounds, South Carolina to Texas and along the Mississippi region north
to Illinois.
* %* Stems (2 to 8 feet high) simple and more cymose-paniculate at summit: leaves broadly lan-
ceolate or the uppermost linear-lanceolate’ heads short-peduncled, larger; the disk in fruit a
third to half an inch in diameter: rays 4 to 6 lines long. :
B. asteroides, L’Hrr. Bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute, mostly greenish : rays
from white to purplish or pale violet-color: setulose squamelle of the pappus mostly nn-
merous and conspicuous: the two awns sometimes wanting or obsolete, more commonly
present and little shorter than the akene. — Matricaria asteroides, L. Mant. i16. MM. glasti-
folia, Hill, Hort. Kew. 19, t. 3. Chrysanthemum Carolinianum, Walt. Car. 204. Boltonia
glastifoia & B. asterodes, L’Her. 1. ¢.; Michx. Fl. ii. 1832; Willd. Spec. iii. 2162; Sims, Bot.
Mag. t. 2381 & 2554; DC. 1. c.— Moist or wet ground along streams, Pennsylvania to Ili-
nois and Florida. The awnless form (B. asteroides) is not constant to this character, but
is commonly smaller, and with fewer and smaller heads.
Var. dectrrens, Excerm. in herb. A large form (in cultivation 7 or 8 feet high).
with leaves alate-decurrent on the stem and even the branches; the wings sometimes ending
below in a free and subulate point: pappus-awns slender. — Missouri, Eygert.
B. latisquama, Gray. Heads rather larger and more showy. rays blue-violet: bracts of
the involucre oblong to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate : awns of the pappus uniformly
present and conspicuous, the setulose squamelle small.— Am. Jour. Sci. ser 2, xxxiii, 238.
— Kansas and W. Missouri, near the mouth of the Kansas River, Parry. Now not rare in
cultivation, the handsomest species.
Var. occidentdlis. Heads rather smaller: rays white.— River-bottoms of Union
Co., Eastern Oregon, Cusick.
43. TOWNSENDIA, Hook. (David Townsend, botanical associate of
Dr. Darlington of Penn.) — Depressed or low many-stemmed herbs (of the
Rocky Mountains); with from linear to spatulate entire leaves, and comparatively
large heads, resembling those of Aster; the numerous rays from violet or rose-
Townsendia. COMPOSITA. 167
purple to white; fl. from early spring to summer. Akene commonly beset with
bristly “duplex ” hairs, having a forked or glochidiate-capitellate apex. Involu-
cral bracts mostly ciliate. — Fl. ii. 16, t. 119; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 185; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. For structure of the achenial hairs, see Macloskie in
Proc. Am. Nat. xvii. 31, xviii. 1102.
* Bracts of the involucre ae attenuate-acuminate: head large; the involucre half-inch
or more high, and rays half-inch long: fl. summer.
+ Caulescent biennials or annuals, somewhat hirsute-pubescent, but the foliage at length glabrate:
involucre naked; its bracts from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate: rays showy, bright blue or
violet. (Pappus of the first species anomalous!) sy aed
T. eximia, Gray. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branching, 6 to 14 inches high: leaves
spatulate or the upper lanceolate: head sparingly leafy-bracted or naked at base: involucral
bracts ovate-lanceolate and somewhat rigidly cuspidate-acuminate, whitish-scarious with
green centre: akenes broadly obovate, almost cartilaginous, glabrate (sprinkled with a few
short and obscure glochidiate-tipped hairs) : pappus wholly persistent, of 2 subulate at length
corneous stout awns which are rather shorter than the akene (sometimes wanting in the ray),
and a circle of rigid squamelle which are mostly coroniform-concreted at base and rigid in
age. — P]. Fendl. 70; Pacif. R. R. Exp. iv. 98; Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 83. — Mountain sides,
New Mexico and adjacent part of Colorado, Fendler, Bigelow, &e.
T. grandiflora, Nurr. Stems spreading from the base, sometimes divergently branched
above, a.span or two high: upper leaves often linear, 2 or more uppermost subtending the
head: involucre nearly of the preceding : akenes n narrowly obovate, sprinkled with glochidi-
ate-capitellate hairs: pappus in the ray reduced to a crown of short squamellx, in the man-
ner of the genus, and of the disk plurisetose and longer than the akene.— Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. u. ser. vii. 306; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Plains and hills, Wyoming and W. Nebraska to
the borders of New Mexico; first coll. by James and Nuttall.
T. Parryi, Earoy. Stems erect, simple, stout, naked and pedunculiform above, 2 to 6 inches
high (the taller forms sometimes branching) : leaves mostly spatulate: bracts of the very broad
involucre lanceolate, thinner, with softer and less attenuate tips, or the outer barely acuminate:
akenes narrowly obovate, canescently pubescent, the hairs acute and simple or many of them
1-2-dentate at tip: pappus of the ray plurisetose like that of the disk, or somewhat more
scanty, rays “blue” or violet.— Am. Naturalist, viii. 212; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 1. c.
— Wyoming, Montana, and E. Idaho, Hayden, Parry, &c.
Var. alpina, Gray, 1c. yather firm bracts mostly oblong-lanceolate, acute or mucronate: style-appendages ovate-
202 COMPOSIT. Aster.
subulate: akenes oblong, 7-10-nerved: pappus rather rigid. — Fl. ii. 161; Chapm. FI. 205. —
Pine-barren swamps, W. Florida, Chapman, Curtiss.
A. tenuifdélius, L. Stem simple or paniculately branched above, a foot or two high from
a weak and slender rootstock, often flexuous, somewhat sparsely leafy : leaves rather fleshy,
at least thickish, linear, tapering to both ends, acute ; the lower (2 or 3 lines wide) with long
tapering base; upper subulate-attenuate: involucre turbinate; its bracts lanceolate-subulate
and attenuately very acute: style-appendages linear-subulate: akenes narrow, 5-ribbed, his-
pidulous-pubescent : pappus soft. — Spec. ii. 873 (excl. syn. Pluk.) & herb. ; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 647. A. fleruosus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 154; Torr. & Gray, l.c. A. sparsiflorus, Pursh,
Fl. ii. 547; Ell. Sk. ii. 346, not Michx. A. Tripolium, Walt. Car. 210.—Salt or brackish
marshes, coast of Mass. to Florida. This is one of the plants of Clayton which by the char-
acter in Gronov. Fl. Virg. was referred by Linnzus to A. linifolius.
++ + Heads rather small (quarter-inch high), with conspicuous violet or purple rays: little im-
bricated involucre with peduncles and upper part of stem viscid-glandular: wholly herbaceous,
western, might be sought among the Glandulusi of true Aster.
A. paucifiorus, Nutr. Stem 6 to 20 inches high from a slender creeping rootstock, simple
and bearing few heads, or branching above and with several corymbosely disposed short-
peduncled heads: leaves moderately fleshy, linear, or radical subspatulate or elongated-
lanceolate, entire, uppermost reduced to short sparse bracts: bracts of short hemispherical
involucre rather fleshy and green, moderately unequal and rather loose, in only 2 or 3 ranks:
style-appendages lanceolate-subulate: akenes narrow, compressed, striate-nerved, appressed-
pubescent. — Gen. ii. 154, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 164. A.
caricifolius, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 92, t. 333. Tripolium subulatum, Nees, Ast. 167;
Lindl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 15, & DC Prodr. v. 254. 7. caricifolium, Schauer in Linn. xix. 721.
— Wet saline soil, Saskatchewan and Dakota to New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. (Mex.)
Var. gracillimus, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76, a very slender form, with leaves almost
filiform ; from New Mexico,. Wright. :
‘+ + + Heads small or rather small, with close imbricated involucre and whole herbage smooth
and glabrous: branching plants with lignescent base, or even shrubby, all of the Southwestern
borders and Mexican, and in saline soil.
++ Low and spreading or tufted, with merely lignescent base, leafy: rays purple or violet, rather
conspicuous, about 3 lines long.
A. blepharophyllus, Gray. Loosely surculose-tufted, with ascending flowering stems a
span or two high: leaves fleshy, conspicuously hispid-ciliate with strong bristles; those of
creeping sterile shoots and rosulate tufts linear-spatulate, half-inch long; of the branching
flowering stems much smaller, short-linear, and upper ones reduced to minute and merely
bristle-tipped scales: heads 3 lines high: involucre turbinate; its bracts dry and pale, ovate-
oblong to lanceolate, rather obtuse, carinate-one-nerved: rays 10 to 14: style-appendages
short-subulate: akenes obscurely striate-nerved, not compressed, sericeous. — Pl. Wright.
ii. 77. — Las Playas Springs, New Mexico, Wright.
A. rip4rius, HBK. A foot or two high from a somewhat lignescent base, diffusely branched :
branches terminated by solitary heads (of 4 or 5 lines in height and equally broad): leaves
linear and entire, or lowest spatulate and incisely few-toothed, an inch or less long, on the
branches toward the heads gradually reduced to small subulate bracts: involucre shorter
than the disk; its numerous well-imbricated bracts narrowly lanceolate and with subulate-
acuminate greenish tips: style-appendages subulate, rather short: akenes pubescent, ob-
scurely striate: pappus rufous. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 92, the rays said to be white, which
is probably a mistake, and the involucre subsquarrose, but it is not so, though the outer may
be a little loose. A. Sonore, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76.— 8. Arizona, west of the Chiricahui
Mountains, Wright. (Mex., Humboldt.)
++ ++ Taller, much branched, rigid, woody at base, with small heads terminating the branchlets:
rays small (a line or two long) and white or none: anomalous species.
A. carnosus, Gray. Glaucescent or pale, 2 or 8 feet high; the rigid slender stems diffusely
and at length intricately much branched: lower leaves linear and very fleshy, an inch or
jess long; upper and those of the branchlets reduced to small or minute subulate scales :
heads 3 or 4 lines high: involucre campanulate or turbinate, of lanceolate acute chartaceous
bracts: rays wanting: style-appendages linear-subulate: akenes sericeous-pubescent. — Lino-
Aster. COMPOSITA. 203
syris? carnosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 80. Bigelovia intricata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
208, a slender form, with smaller heads. — Saline arid region, S. Arizona, Wright, to Cali-
fornia, in the Mohave Desert, Parry, Greene, Pringle, Parish, and near Visalia, Congdon.
A. spinosus, Bentu. Base of stem usually persistent and woody, sending up (3 to 8 feet
long) slender and lithe striate green branches, resolved into paniculate branchlets, terminated
by small heads: cauline leaves small, linear or spatulate-lanceolate, entire, mostly few and
fugacious, some of them with soft subulate spines in or above their axils; those of the
branchlets reduced to subulate scales or wanting: involucre hemispherical, 2 lines high, of
small and thinnish subulate-lanceolate bracts, imbricated in about 3 series: rays white, 2
lines long: style-appendages subulate-triangular, much shorter than the stigmatic portion :
akenes glabrous.— Pl. Hartw. 20; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 165; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 219. —
Banks of streams, or in moist ground, S. W. Texas to Arizona and S. California, common ;
first coll. by Berlandier. (Mex.)
A. Palmeri, Gray. Decidedly shrubby, with the habit of a small-leaved Baccharis, 3 or 4
feet high, very much branched throughout: branchlets slender, striate-angled, terminated by
the small heads : leaves apparently not fleshy, narrowly linear (of the branches an inch or
less long), entire: involucre equalling the disk, barely 3 lines high, of closely imbricated
narrowly oblong obtuse rather dry bracts: rays 6 to 10, a line long: disk-flowers about 20:
akenes sericeous-pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209. Perhaps rather of the W. Indian
genus Gundlachia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 100.—S. Texas, at Corpus Christi Bay,
Palmer.
Series II. Biennials and annuals.
§ 11. Oxyrripétium. Involucre of § Orthomeris; the bracts thin and nar-
row, linear-lanceolate or linear-subulate, gradually very acute or acuminate,
commonly greenish above or in the centre, but without herbaceous tips, imbri-
cated in few series, the outer successively shorter, all erect-appressed: rays at
least equalling the disk, numerous, often more numerous than the disk-flowers
(revolutely coiled in drying): style-appendages lanceolate-subulate: akenes nar-
row, more or less pubescent, few-nerved: pappus fine and soft: glabrous and
smooth annuals, chiefly of saline soil, paniculately branched, bearing numerous
small heads, with bluish or purplish rays, and with entire narrowly lanceolate or
linear leaves, on the branchlets reduced to subulate bracts. — Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvi. 98. Tripolium § Oxytripolia, DC. Prodr. v. 253, excl. spec. Tripo-
lium § Astropolium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 296. Aster § Oxy-
tripolium, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 161, in part. The two species are quite distinct
in the Atlantic U. S., but seemingly confluent in Mexico and 8. America.
A. exilis, Ett. Mostly slender and diffusely branched above: principal cauline leaves linear
-(3 or 4 inches long, 1 or 2 lines wide, lowest sometimes broader and lanceolate, rarely with
a few serratures): heads 3 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear-subulate or more Jan-
ceolate and acuminate: rays 15 to 40, bluish or purple, rather conspicuous (about 2 lines
long), usually much surpassing the pappus: disk-flowers generally more numerous. — Ell.
Sk. ii. 344; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 163: believed to be the species here described; but the
original of herb. Ell. is now lost. A. divaricatus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not L., &e. A. subu-
latus, Michx. Fl. ii. 111, in part. Tripolium subulatum, Nees, Ast. 157, in part; DC. Prodr.
lc. 254, excl. var. boreale. Tripolium divaricatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 296. —
Subsaline or even not at all brackish moist soil, 8. Carolina to Texas, Arizona, and Cali-
fornia; on the southern borders occurs with very short ligules. (Mex., W. Ind., &.)
Var. australis, the commoner Mexican and S. American form of this polymorphous
and widely diffused species, is less diffuse, less slender, often broader-leaved, and with larger
heads, the involucral bracts broader, less acute, and greener or purplish-tinged. — A. subu-
latus, Less. in Linn. vi. 120. Erigeron multiflorum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 87. Tripolium
conspicuum of authors, but not the original of Lindley. — Coast of Oregon and California (at
Visalia, in the interior, Congdon, a form with unusually large heads), &c. (Mex. to Chili
Brazil, &c.)
204 COMPOSITA. Aster.
A. subulatus, Micnx. Stouter, only a foot or two high, with short usually purplish stems
and branches: leaves somewhat fleshy, linear-lanceolate (lower 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4
lines wide), or the upper linear passing into subulate: heads narrower, cylindraceous, 4 lines
high: bracts of the involuere linear-subulate with much attenuate apex: rays 25 to 30, pur-
plish, very small and inconspicuous, hardly surpassing thedisk, with ligule very much shorter
than the tube, often surpassed by the (not very copious) mature pappus, more numerous
than the (10 to 15) disk-flowers. — Fl. ii. 111, partly (char. “ligulis minimis,” & hab.) ;
Nutt. Gen. ii. 154. Tripolium subulatum, Nees, DC., &c., in part. Aster linifolius, Torr. &
Gray, FI. ii. 162, not L., not even as to the syn. “Gron. Virg.” cited (which belongs to A.
tenuifolius, p. 202).— Salt marshes, from New Hampshire to Florida. Closely connects with
the following section.
§ 12. Conrzdépsis. Involucre campanulate, of 2 or 3 series of linear or
oblong bracts, nearly equal in length; the outer foliaceous or herbaceous and
loose, resembling the rameal leaves; the inner more membranaceous or scarious:
rays small and not longer than the mature pappus, or the ligule wanting; the
female flowers mostly in more than one series and more numerous than the her-
maphrodite ; these with slender corolla, its limb 4~5-toothed: style-appendages
lanceolate: akenes narrow, not compressed, 2—3-nerved, appressed-pubescent :
pappus simple, very soft: low and branching leafy-stemmed annuals (of W. North
America and N. E. Asia, and of moist subsaline soil), nearly glabrous, except
that the linear (or the lowest spatulate) chiefly entire leaves are more or less
hispidulous-ciliate ; the numerous rather small heads in well-developed plants
disposed to be racemose-paniculate. (Char. from the two genuine species, which
are intermediate between the Oxytripolium section, A. subulatus connecting them,
and Conyza.) —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. Aster § Oxytripolium, subsect.
Conyzopsis, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 162. Brachyactis, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495 ;
Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xii. 6 (excl. spec.), & Gen. Pl.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 647, & Bot. Calif. i. 326.
A. frondésus, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot or more high, branching from ‘the base,
when low usually spreading, when taller the branches bearing numerous spicately paniculate
heads (of 4 lines in height): outer bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, wholly foli-
aceous and loose, numerous: rays in anthesis exserted, a line long, linear, pinkish-purple,
always longer than the style, but equalled or surpassed by the mature copious pappus.—
FL ii. 165. TZripolium frondosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. vii. 296. A. angustus,
Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 76; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 144, not Torr. & Gray. Brachyactis ciliata,
var. carnosula, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xii.6. B. frondosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. ¢.; Bot.
Calif. l. c.— Borders of springs, pools, &c., Rocky Mountains of Idaho to the Sierra Nevada,
California, and the Rio Grande in New Mexico.
A. angtstus, Torr. & Gray. Leaves commonly narrower: bracts of the involucre all
linear, acute: corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to the tube and much shorter than the
elongated style, or rarely with a rudimentary ligule? — FI. ii. 162. Crinitaria humilis, Hook.
Fl. ii. 24. Linosyris? humilis, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 234. Erigeron ciliatus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv.
92, & Ie. t. 100. Conyza Altaica, DC. Prodr. v. 380. T'ripolium angustum, Lindl. in Hook.
FI ii. 15, & DC. 1. c. 254. Brachyactis ciliata, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495; Benth. 1. c. (excl.
var.); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. (The poor figure in Ledeb. Ic. 1. ce. represents a
ligulate female flower, which accords with neither specimens nor character.) — Saline wet
ground, Saskatchewan to Utah and Colorado, eastward to Minnesota, and now extending
to Chicago, &. (N. Asia.)
§ 13. Macua#rantutra. Involucre pluriserially imbricated, hemispherical
or campanulate; the bracts linear, coriaceous below, and with herbaceous or
foliaceous spreading tips: rays numerous and conspicuous, violet or bluish purple:
akenes narrowed downward, compressed, few-nerved, and the faces somewhat
Aster. COMPOSITA, 205
striate: receptacle alveolate. the alveoli toothed or lacerate: style-appendages
from linear-lanceolate to filiform-subulate: pappus copious and simple, of rather
rigid unequal bristles: leafy-stemmed and branching biennials (sometimes more
enduring, but no rootstocks, stolons or buds below the crown), or occasionally
annuals (W. N. American and Mexican): the showy heads terminating the
branches: involucre either canescent or somewhat viscid or glandular: leaves
from sparingly. dentate to bipinnately parted, the teeth or lobes apt to be bristle-
tipped. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647, & Bot. Calif. i. 322. Macheranthera,
Nees, Ast. 224; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 90. Dieteria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii. 800; Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 99.
* Anomalous, seemingly perennial and multicipital, but otherwise of this section.
A. Coloradoénsis, Gray. A span or less high, forming a tuft of short few-leaved stems
on a strong tap root, canescently pubescent, not at all glandular: leaves spatulate or ob-
lanceolate (about an inch long), coarsely dentate, the teeth tipped with conspicuous bristles :
heads solitary, broadly hemispherical, half-inch high: involucral bracts small and numerous,
well imbricated, subulate-lanceolate, rather close: rays 35 to 40, violet-purple, bareiy half-
inch long: akenes turbinate, short, densely canescent-villous, half the length of the compara-
tively rigid pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 149, t. 7.—
Common in South Park, Colorado, Porter, Canby, Greene, &c. Also San Juan Pass, at
12,000 feet, Brandegee.
* * Genuine species, with annual or biennial but never truly perennial root.
+ Involucre densely hispidulous as well as viscid, very squarrose: akenes glabrous or glabrate:
pappus slender: heads large and broad (the disk two-thirds to full inch in diameter): herbage
green, not canescent, glabrate: leaves from incisely dentate to entire, their teeth or tips ob-
seurely if at all mucronate-setigerous: rays bright violet, showy: root biennial or somewhat
more enduring.
A. Pattersoni, Gray. = = Rays of the small heads not excessively numerous, nor very narrow (2 or 3
lines long), white or barely purplish-tinged; the bristles of their pappus commonly wanting or
very few: outer pappus a short crown of distinct or partly united slender squamellz, persistent
after the fragile inner pappus has fallen: tall and erect winter annuals or biennials, leafy,
branched above, bearing corymbosely cymose or paniculate heads, commonly produced all sum-
mer: leaves green, sometimes serrate or the lower incised: weedy species, of wide distribution;
the two generally distinct in the Atlantic States, hardly so on the Pacific side. — Phalacroloma,
Cass. Dict. xxxix. 404.
EH. dunuus, Pers. Sparsely hirsute with spreading hairs, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves membra-
naceous, from ovate to broadly lanceolate, mostly serrate, lower often very coarsely so:
Erigeron. COMPOSITA. 219
involucre commonly beset with some bristly hairs. — Syn. ii. 431; Hook. Fl. ii. 20; Torr. &
Gray, FL ii.175. E. heterophyllus, Muhl. in Willd. iii. 1956; Pers. 1. c.; Pursh, Fl. ii. 148;
Bart. Veg. Mat. Med.t.21. £. strigosus, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2,302, not Muhl. Aster annuus,
L. Hort. Cliff. & Spec. ii. 875. Pulicaria annua, Geertn. Fruct. ii. 462. Diplopappus dubius,
Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817 & 1818. Stenactis dubia, Cass. Dict. xxxvii. 485. S. annua & S.
strigosa (excl. syn.), DC. Prodr. v. 299. Phalacroloma acutifolinm, Cass. Dict. xxxix. 405.
— Fields and open, grounds, common from Canada to Virginia: also in Oregon, &c., in a
form quite intermediate between this and the following. (Nat. in Eu.)
E. strigdsus, Mun. Pubescence appressed, either sparse and strigose or close and minute :
stem seldom over 2 feet high: leaves of firmer texture, lanceolate and the upper entire ;
lower from spatulate-lanceolate to oblong, often sparingly serrate: involucre with few or no
bristly hairs. — Willd. Spec. 1. c.; Ell. Sk. ii. 394; Hook. 1.c.; Torr. & Gray, lc. E. ner-
vosum, Pursh, 1. c., not Willd. £. ambiguus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 147. E. Philadelphicus, Bart.
Veg. Mat. Med. t. 20. £. integrifolius, Bigel. 1c. Doronicum ramosum, Walt. Car. 205.
Phalacroloma obtusifolium, Cass. Dict. xxxix. 405. Stenactis ambigua, DC. 1. ec. — Dry open
grounds, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas, Oregon, and California. Passes into or mixes
with the preceding. Occurs rarely with abortive rays, var. discoideus, Robbins, in Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 237.
Var. Beyrichii. A slender form, with minute and sometimes almost cinereous pu-
bescence, smaller heads, and rays from white to pale rose-color.— Torr. & Gray, Le. EF.
Beyrichii, Hort. Berol. Stenactis Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. v.27. Pha-
lacroloma Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. vi. 63. — Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas, perhaps
first coll. by Beyrich.
++ ++ Leaves pinnately parted into narrow divisions: rays very numerous (100 or more) and nar-
row: pappus alike in ray and disk; the bristles of the inner very deciduous; the short squa-
melle of the outer more or less confluent into a multidentate crown. — Original of Stenactis,
Cass. ex Benth. Polyactis, Less. Syn. Comp. 188. Polyactidium, DC. Prodr. y. 281.
E. Neo-Mexicanus, Gray. A foot or two high from a biennial or winter-annual root,
leafy, paniculately branched, hispidulous or hispid with spreading bristly hairs: divisions of
the cauline leaves 3 to 9, linear or linear-spatulate, obtuse, of the radical shorter and broader :
rays white or purplish-tinged, narrowly linear, 4 or 5 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2.
E. delphinifolius, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 77; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 153 (where the root
is said to be perennial, which needs confirmation), not Willd. — Hillsides, New Mexico and
Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Palmer, Rothrock, Lemmon,
E. pevpuiniFoOxivs, Willd. (Stenactis, Cass., Polyactidium, DC.), from which Bentham first
distinguished our very similar species, appears to be wholly Mexican, has appressed pubescence
and more numerous as well as more slender rays.
§ 2. TrrmorPH&A. Rays inconspicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not
exceeding the disk: within them a series of rayless filiform female flowers (com-
monly none in the last species): leaves entire or nearly so. — Trimorphea, Cass.
Dict. xxxvii. & liv.
%* Stems low from a truly perennial rootstock, mostly simple and monocephalous: ray-corollas
bearing a few long and articulated hairs on the upper part of the tube: short outer pappus
manifest.
E. alpinus, L. A span or so high, 1-3-cephalous: herbage and involucre more or less hir-
sute: leaves entire; lowest spatulate, uppermost usually linear: rays purple, about twice
the length of the pappus.—Spec. ii. 864; Engl. Bot. t. 464; Fl. Dan. t. 292; Hook. FL. ii.
18, excl. vars.; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 914.— High region of Northern Rocky Moun-
tains, Drummond, only specimen seen is not certain. (Eu., N. Asia.)
* %* Stems a span to a foot or more high from a biennial or sometimes more enduring root, the
larger plants branching and bearing several or numerous somewhat paniculately disposed heads:
pappus nearly or quite simple.
E. Acris, L. More or less hirsute-pubescent, varying towards glabrous (not glandular):
cauliné leaves mostly lanceolate, the lower and radical spatulate: involucre hirsute: rays
slender, equalling or moderately surpassing the disk and pappus, purple: filiform female
flowers numerous. — Spec. ii. 863; Engl. Bot. t. 1158; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 917; Blytt, Norg.
220 COMPOSIT. Erigeron.
FL 561. £. alpinus & E. glabratus, in part, Hook. Fl. le. Trimorphea vulgaris, Cass. Dict.
liv. 324.— Anticosti to Labrador, Saskatchewan, &c., to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, and in
the Rocky Mountains south to Colorado and Utah. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. Drosbachénsis, Bryrt, 1. cv. Somewhat glabrous, or even quite so: involucre
also green, naked, at most hirsute only at the base, often minutely viscidulous: slender
rays somewhat slightly exserted, sometimes minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus.
— E. Drebachensis, O. Mueller, Fl. Dan. t. 874; Fries, Summa Scand. 182; Reichenb. Ic. Fl.
Germ. xvi. t. 916. . elongatus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 91, & Fl. Ross. ii. 487. E. Kamtschati-
cus, DC. Prodr. v. 290. £. glabratus, Hook. Fl. ii. 18, mainly, not Hoppe. — New Bruns-
wick and the north shore of Lake Superior to the Arctic Circle and Kotzebue Sound, south
along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, at about 10,000 feet. Clearly passes into
the other form. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. débilis. Sparsely pilose: stems a span to a foot high from an apparently per-
ennial root, slender, 1-3-cephalous: leaves bright green; radical obovate or oblong; cauline
spatulate to lanceolate, short: involucre sparsely hirsute or upper part glabrate, the attenu-
ate tips of the bracts spreading: rays in flower rather conspicuously surpassing the disk. —
Northern Rocky and Cascade Mountains, Montana, Canby, Sargent, at Woodruff’s Falls, the
tips of involucral bracts strongly recurved. Mount Paddo, Suksdorf, Howell. Also Hud-
son’s Bay, Burke, and N. Labrador, named by Steetz, Z. Drabachensis, var. hirsutus. Pass-
ing into that species or form.
BH. armerizefélius, Turcz. Sparsely hispid-hirsute or the leaves glabrous and most of the
(narrowly linear and elongated) cauline bristly-ciliate: inflorescence more racemose and
strict: involucre sparsely hirsute: rays filiform, extremely numerous, slightly surpassing the
disk, whitish, no filiform rayless flowers seen (even in Siberian specimens, though described
by Turezaninow). — Cat. Baik. & DC. Prodr. v. 291; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 489; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 648, & Bot. Calif. i. 326. £. lonchophyllus, Hook. Fl. ii. 18. £. glabratus,
var. minor, Hook. 1. c., partly. £. racemosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 312,— Sas-
katchewan and along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, mountains of S. Utah, Nevada, and
the Sierra Nevada, California. (N. Asia.)
§ 3. Cayétus, Nutt. Rays of the small and narrow seemingly discoid (and
mostly thyrsoid-paniculate) heads inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk
or pappus ; the narrow ligule always shorter than its tube, often shorter than the
style-branches, or even obsolete : disk-flowers sometimes few, with usually 4-toothed
corolla: annuals or biennials, with the aspect of Conyza, and passing into that
genus: the pappus in the genuine species simple: bracts of the involucre not
rarely somewhat unequal and imbricated. — Gen. ii. 148; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii, 281.
* Floccose-lanuginous with white wool, destitute of either hirsute or viscid pubescence.
E. eriophyllus, Gray. A foot or two high, bearing few heads on almost leafless branches:
lower leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse, serrate near the apex (inch long); upper linear, entire:
involucre glabrate (3 lines high): corollas purplish, not exceeding the pappus: akenes ob-
long-obovate, flat, callous-margined : pappus completely simple, somewhat deciduous in a
ring. —Pl. Wright. ii. 77.—S. Arizona, on the Sanoita, Wright.
* * Lightly arachnoid, but green and at length naked, somewhat viscid-pubescent.
BE. subdecutrrens, Scnutrz Bre. A foot or two high, strict, bearing numerous heads in a
virgate racemiform leafy thyrsus : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate (inch or less long), spar-
ingly dentate, or the lower sometimes sinuate-laciniate, the base partly adnate-clasping: invo-
lucre (2 lines high) sparsely hirsute with viscid hairs: flowers whitish : ligules very short:
disk-flowers 6 to 10: pappus scanty, somewhat deciduous in a ring. — Conyza subdecurrens,
DC. Prodr. v. 379. C. Coulteri, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 155, not Gray. — Arizona, on
Mount Graham at 9,000 feet, Rothrock. (Mex., Schaffner, Parry & Palmer, &c.)
* * «* Pubescence hirsute or hispid, neither lanate nor viscid, very leafy.
+ Introduced weed: heads fully 3 lines high.
HB. vinirézivs, Willd. A foot or two high, rather strict, bearing loosely paniculate heads,
hirsute, also somewhat scabrous with minute appressed pubescence: upper leaves narrowly
Baccharis, COMPOSITE. 29]
linear, mostly entire, narrowed downward; lowest broader, incisely toothed or laciniate-
involucre cinereous-pubescent: ligules very small, shorter than the style and the at length
ferruginous pappus. — Spec. iii. 1955 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 495. EZ. ambiguus, Schultz Bip.
in Phyt. Canar. ii. 208. £. Bonariensis, DC. Prodr. v. 289, in part. Conyza ambigua, DC.
Fl. Franc. & Prodr.l.c. C. sinuata, Ell. Sk. ii. 328. — Waste grounds, coast of 8. Carolina
to Florida. (Intr. from tropics.)
+ + Indigenous weeds; but the common species now cosmopolitan: heads only 2 lines high:
involucre almost glabrous: leaves commonly more or less hispid-ciliate.
H. Canadénsis, L. From sparsely hispid to almost glabrous: stem strict, 1 to 4 feet high,
with numerous narrowly paniculate heads, or in depauperate plants only a few inches high
and with few scattered heads: leaves linear, entire, or the lowest spatulate and incised or
few-toothed : rays white, usually a little exserted and surpassing the style-branches. — Spec.
ii. 863; Fl. Dan. t. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 167. E. paniculatus, Lam. Fl. Franc. E. pu-
sillus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 148, a depauperate form. L. strictum, DC. Prodr. v. 289, a strict and
setose-hispid form. Senecio ciliatus, Walt. Car. 208.— Open or waste grounds, throughout
temperate N. America, especially the warmer parts. (Nat. in Eu., &c.)
H. divaricatus, Micux. Low (a span to a foot high), diffusely much branched, somewhat
fastigiate: leaves all narrowly linear or subulate, entire: rays purplish, rarely surpassing
the style-branches or the pappus. — Fl. ii. 128; Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.— Open
grounds and river banks, Indiana to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Texas.
50. CONYZA (Tourn., L. in part), Less. (Name used by Dioscorides and
Pliny for some kind of Fleabane, supposed to come from Kavu, a flea.) — Her-
baceous or some shrubby, of various habit; what were the original species belong
to Inula, &c., those now referred to it are of warm regions, and approach the
Cenotus section of Ertgeron. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 283.
C. Cotilteri, Gray. Apparently annual, a foot or two high, commonly branched, bearing
numerous small heads in a mostly crowded thyrsoid leafy panicle, viscidly pubescent or
partly hirsute with many-jointed hairs: cauline leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate-
oblong and with partly clasping base, from dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid (an inch or two
long): involucre 1 or 2 lines high, hirsute with rather soft spreading hairs, considerably
shorter than the soft pappus: flowers whitish ; the numerous female with an entire corolla-
tube barely half the length of the style; hermaphrodite flowers only 5 to 7.— Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 355, & Bot. Calif. i. 332. C. subdecurrens, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 78, & Pl. Wright.
i. 102, not of DC. Erigeron discoideus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 55. E. subdecurrens,
Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 78.— River-bottoms, &c., W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and
California. Much resembling C. subdecurrens, DC., which, from the more developed corolla
of the ray, is referred to Erigeron, but has also a different pubescence. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. tenuisécta. Greener, extremely leafy: leaves pinnately or even somewhat
bipinnately parted into linear lobes: heads smaller and very numerous in an ample panicle.
—S. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. Apparently growing with the ordinary form.
51. BACCHARIS, L. (Named after Bacchus, unmeaningly.) — Shrubs,
undershrubs, or some perennial herbs; with alternate simple leaves, sometimes
reduced to scales, and the branches commonly striate or sulcate-angled, bearing
small heads of white or whitish or yellowish flowers. A huge American genus,
chiefly tropical and S. American. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 286; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 212.
§ 1. Pappus of the fertile flowers very copious and pluriserial, elongated in
fruiting, soft: akenes 5-10-costate: stems herbaceous from a lignescent or more
woody base: leaves linear, l-nerved: receptacle flat and broad, naked. Here
also B. juncea, of S. Brazil (Arrhenachne, Cass., Stephananthus, Lehm.), and.
B. Seemanni, of Mexico. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 211.
222 COMPOSITE. Baccharis.
B. Wrightii, Gray. Very smooth and glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branching,
sparsely leaved: slender branches terminated by solitary heads: leaves small; uppermost
linear-subulate : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high; its bracts lanceolate, gradually
acuminate, conspicuously scarious-margined, with a green back: pappus fulvous or some-
times purplish, four times the length of the scabrous-glandular 8-10-nerved akene. — Pl.
Wright. i. 101, & ii. 88. — W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
B. Texadna, Gray. Glabrous, a foot or more high, with many nearly simple rigid stems
from a woody base, leafy to the top, where it bears a few somewhat corymbosely disposed
heads: leaves an inch or two long, rather rigid: involucre 3 lines long,of firmer and nar-
rower merely acute bracts: akenes smoother. — Pl. Fendl. 75, & Pl. Wright. 1c. Linosyris
Texana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 232, male plant. Aplopappus linearifolius, Buckley in Proc.
Acad. Philad. 1861, 457.— Texas, forming large patches in dry prairies, Berlandier, Drum-
mond, Wright, &c.
§ 2. Pappus of the fertile flowers more or less copious, but uniserial or nearly
so, conspicuously elongating in fruiting, soft and fine, mostly flaccid and bright
white: akenes 10-nerved: branching shrubs, glabrous or nearly so, usually
viscous with a resinous exudation: leaves sometimes lobed or angulate-dentate :
heads glomerate or paniculate : receptacle naked and flat.
%* Eastern species, of the coast or along streams in subsaline soil: shrubs 3 to 12 feet high.
B. halimifodlia, L. Cauline leaves from dilated-obovate to oblong with cuneate base, attenu-
ate into a petiole, laciniately or angulately 3-9-toothed, those of the flowering branchlets be-
coming lanceolate and mostly entire: heads in pedunculate and paniculate glomerules (3 to 5
together) : involucre of the male heads only 2 lines long, of oblong-ovate obtuse bracts; of
the female rather longer and narrower, the inner bracts linear-lanceolate and acute. — Spec.
ii. 860; Michx. Fl. ii. 125; Duham. Arb. i. t. 60.— Sea-coast, New England to Florida and
Texas. (W. Ind.)
B. glomerulifiéra, Pers. Brighter green: leaves mostly cuneate-obovate or the upper-
most spatulate, less petioled or sessile, merely angulate-toothed: heads larger, sessile or in
very short-peduncled glomerules in the axils of the upper leaves: involucre of both sexes
campanulate, pluriserially imbricate, of obtuse bracts. — Syn. ii. 423; Pursh, Fl. ii. 523.
B. sessiliflora, Michx. F1.ii. 125; Ell. Sk. ii. 320, not Vahl. — Swamps near the coast, N. Caro-
lina to Florida. (Bermuda.)
B. salicina, Torr. & Gray. Leaves mostly subsessile, from oblong to linear-lanceclate,
sparingly toothed, rarely entire: heads or glomerules pedunculate: involucre of both sexes
campanulate (nearly 3 lines long), of mainly ovate and acutish bracts. — Fl. ii. 258. B. sali-
cifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 337.— Colorado (banks of the Arkansas, &c.) to
W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, near El Paso.
B. angustifolia, Micnx. Rather strict: leaves narrowly-linear (larger 2 or 3 inches long,
a line or two wide), entire or with few denticulations; and some lower ones broadly lanceo-
late and more serrate: heads or glomerules short-pedunculate, amply paniculate: involucre
2 lines long, of oblong-ovate or lanceolate bracts, the outer obtuse, innermost acute. — Fl.
ii. 125; Ell. l.¢.; Torr. & Gray, lc. B, salicina, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 101, not of ii., nor
Nutt. — Brackish marshes, &c., S. Carolina to Florida, and to Texas on the Rio Grande; also
8. Arizona, Lemmon. (Adj. Mex.)
* %* Western species (Pacific coast to Arizona): branches smooth or nearly so, striate-angled.
B. pilularis, DC. Either depressed, spreading on the ground, or more erect and sometimes
4 feet high, leafy up to the glomerate sessile heads: leaves short (seldom over inch long),
obovate and cuneate or roundish, very obtuse, sessile, coarsely few-toothed or some entire:
involucre nearly hemispherical, 2 lines long; its bracts oval and oblong, all but the inner-
most very obtuse: flowers bright white: fertile pappus not over 4 lines long. — B. pilularis
& B. consanguinea, DC. Prodr. v. 407, 408; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 259; Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25.
B. glomeruliflora, Less. in Linn. vi. 506; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 147.— Near the coast,
Monterey, California, to Oregon.
B. Hmoryi, Gray. Erect, with slender branches, 2 to 15 feet high: cauline leaves mostly
oblong or the lower broader, with attenuate or cuneate base and the larger somewhat
Baccharis, COMPOSITA. 223
petioled, more or less triplinerved, often with 2 to 4 short lobes or teeth; those of the
branches from oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire, 1-nerved: heads somewhat nakedly
paniculate on the branchlets, short-pedunculate or the glomerules more or less pedunculate :
involucre campanulate or oblong, 3 or sometimes 4 lines long, mostly of firm coriaceous and
obtuse bracts; the outermost oval, inner oblong, the innermost thin, linear and acutish: pap-
pus of male flowers bearded towards the tip; of the female in fruit half-inch long. — Bot.
Mex. Bound. 83, & Bot. Calif. i. 333, described from mere branches. B. pilularis, Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. l.c., partly, not DC. B. salicina, Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 156,
& Bot. Calif. ii. 456, partly. — Along watercourses, from Los Angeles southward, through
Arizona and in 8. Nevada and Utah.
B. sarothroides, Gray. Erect, fastigiately much branched, 10 to 15 feet high: leaves all
nearly linear, entire, 1-nerved, rigid, small; the larger (less than inch long and 2 lines wide)
narrowed at base; those of the slender and strongly striate-angled branchlets commonly
sparse and minute: heads loosely paniculate, terminating ultimate naked branchlets, small:
involucre of the male campanulate, hardly 2 lines long; of the female rather oblong, only
about 10-flowered ; short outer bracts ovate or oval, very obtuse, innermost thin and broadly
linear: clavellate tips of male pappus naked: female pappus in fruit 3 lines long. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 211. —S. California, from San Diego to the Mexican line, Sutton Hayes,
Palmer. Has been confounded with B. Emoryi and B. sergiloides. (Adj. Mex.)
* * * Species of Mexican border, with branchlets terete, less striate, pruinose-scabridous.
B. pteronioides, DC. Diffusely branched: leaves small (rarely half-inch long), crowded
and fascicled on the branchlets, from lanceolate-spatulate to linear, thickish, nearly veinless,
the larger 2-6-dentate: heads singly terminating very short densely leafy branchlets, which
are crowded in a virgate or racemose way along the branches: involucre 3 lines long, cam-
panulate ; the outer bracts ovate or oblong: pappus of the male flowers not at all clavellate ;
of the female in fruit 4 lines long, not much surpassing the corolla. — Prodr.v. 410. B.ramu-
losa, Gray, Pl. Thurb. 301, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 84.