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TESTIMONY
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THE JOINT SELECT COMMITTEE
TO INQUIRE INTO
THE CONDITION OF AFFAIRS
THE LATE INSURRECTIONARY STATES
SOUTH CAKOLINA.
^ O m, TJ 3YT E I.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1872,
THE KU-KLUX CONSPIRACY.
This report consists of thirteen volumes.
Volume I contains the report of the committee and the views of the minority.
Volume II contains the testimony taken by the committee in relation to North Caro lina, and the report of the trials in the United States circuit court held at Raleigh, North Carolina.
Volumes III, IV, and V contain testimony taken by the committee in relation to South Carolina, and the report of the trials in the United States circuit court held at Columbia, South Carolina. Index to the three volumes is contained in volume III.
Volumes VI and VII contain testimony taken by the committee in relation to Geor gia. Index is contained in. volume VI.
. Volumes VIII, IX, and X contain testimony taken by the committee in relation to Alabama. Index is contained in volume VIII.
Volumes XI and XII contain testimony taken by the committee in relation to Mis sissippi. Index is contained in volume XI.
Volume XIII contains miscellaneous testimony taken by the committee, testimony in relation to Florida, and miscellaneous documents.
CONTENTS.
[Names of witnesses in chronological order.]
GENERAL COMMITTEE.
Washington, June 6.
Page. Hon. James L. Orr 1
Washington, June 7.
S. T. Poiuier. C.D.O'Keefe.
36
Washington, June 8. J. J. Neason 41
Washington) June 10.
D. H. Chamberlain 48
A. J. Willard 59
Washington, June 12. J.RGoss 62
Washington, June 14.
D.T. Corbin 68
Reuben Toinlinson 85
Washington, June 22. E.W.Seibels 94
Washington, June 24.
C.H.Suber 138
Robert Aldrich 106
Washington, June 26.
L. M. Gentry 183
WasJiington, June 30.
Joseph Herndon . 206
Washington, July 8.
R. B. Carpenter' 226
Washington, July 15.
L. A. Bigger 273
(SUB-COMMITTEE. ) Columbia, July 3.
W. B. Anderson 289
C. P. Price 296
H. Henderson 306
I — S C
Page. |
Henry Johnson, (col.). 316 Willis Johnson, (col.). 326
Columbia, July 4.
E. W. Everson 330
Spartanburgh., July 6.
John Geuobles 349
W. M. Champion 365
Margaret Black well.. 373 Clem Bowdeii, (col.)-- 379 Charlotte Fowler, (col.)386
Spartanburgh, July 7.
G.W. Garner... .. 392
William Moss, (col.)-- 400
Samuel Simmons,(col.) 402
P. W. Tanner, (col.) . . . 407
Elias Thompson, (col.) 410
Piuckney Dodd, (col.)- 416
Julius Cantrell, ( [col.). 419
D. Lipscomb, (col.) 427
John Lewis, (col.) 435
Willis Butler, (col.). . . 439
A. Boniier. (col.) 440
Spartanburgh, July 8.
4
Hon. J, Chesnut 446
(Tax-payers' convent'n)472 Jackson Surratt, (col.) 520 Jane Surratt, (col.). .. 524
Barnet Russell 526
Miain McCrary, ( col. ) . 538
Spartanburgh, July 10.
Tench Black well 551
William Bright 559
James Henley 564
EliHood 568
S. F. White 571
A. H. Foster 574
Samuel Bonner, (col.). 576 Jeff. Huskius, (col.) . . 580 HarrietHernaudez,(col)585 Matt. Lancaster, (col.) 591
Doc. Huskie, (col.) 595
Hamp Parker, (col.).. 597 Joseph Miller, (col.).. 600 Samuel Gaffney, (col.) 601 Lucy McMillan, (col.). 604 Willis Smith, (col.)... 611 James Gaffney, (col.). 616
Spartanburgh, July 11.
John Winsmith 620
'
Page.
W.G.Bryant 632
S. D. Splawn 651
J. T. Splawn 658
L. Chaffin 662
J. Lipscomb, (col.) 666
Reuben Bryant 675
Saucho Daniels, (col.) . 678
Spencer Snoddy, (col.) 680
H. Lipscomb, (col.). .. 681
Spartanburgh, July 12.
N. Oglesby, (col.) 687
John Hines, (col.) 690
J. Montgomery, (col.) 695
Caleb Jenkins, (col.). . 696
Merven Givens, (col.). 698
Eliphaz Smith, (col.). . 700
T. M. Graham 701
Hugh Thomas 722
R.M. Smith 625
SpartanburgTi, July 13.
Gabriel Cannon 758
Simpson Bobo 796
Joel Foster 810
Spartanburgh, July 14.
William Ir win 843
I. H. Cantrell 865
D. R. Duncan 872
G. W. H. Legg 882
Spartanburgh, July 15.
P. Q. Camp 895
A. W. Cummings 917
L. M. Gentry 937
C.L.Casey 941
Junius Thompson 960
J. D. Carpenter 965
A. P. Camp 966
Union, July 17.
R. W. Shand 968
J. B. Steadman 1010
Union, July 18.
J. F. Gist 1041
Laura Gowan 1068
D. D. Going 1069
John Rodger 1076
J. J. Mabry 1081
H.T.Hughes 1086
J. L. Young 1096
W. T. M. Williams ... 1103
I.C. Hawkins.., . 1106
II
CONTENTS.
|
Page. |
|
|
W. K. Tolbert |
1256 |
|
J. I. Christie |
1265 |
|
York, July 24. |
|
|
J. W. Tomlinson |
1266 |
|
R. B. McLain |
1278 |
|
J. R. Williams |
1283 |
|
J. J. Hunter |
1284 |
|
D. S. Russell |
1288 |
|
J. A. Benfield |
1298 |
|
W. D. Simpson |
1302 |
|
B.W. Ball |
1326 |
|
York, July 25. |
|
|
J. R. Bratton |
1342 |
|
W. K. Owens |
1362 |
|
J. W. Akius |
1402 |
|
Elias Hill, (col.) |
1406 |
Page. Govan Hopper 1416
York, July 26.
A. P. Wylic 1424
B. F. Briggs 1455
Col. Lewis Merrill .... 1463
William Sahms 1487
L. C. McCallum 1490
York, July 27.
I. D. Witherspoon 1497
J. B. Porter 1556
Hampton Hickliu,( col) 1564
Martha Garrison, (col.) 1574
Lucretia Adains, (col.) 1577
Benjamin Gore, (col.). 1580
And'w Catlicart,(col.) 1591
Page. A. W. Thompson 1112
Columbia, July 20.
W. A. Bolt 1118
Eliza Chalk, (col.).... 1128
Alfred Vanlue, (col.).. 1135
Christna Page, (col.). . 1142
J. A. Crews 1144
Thomas Vanlue, (col.) 1155
Samuel Nuckles, (col.) 1158
Jack Johnson, (col.) .. 1165
Alfred Wright, (col.).. 1173
Henry Nuckles, (col.). 1178
Columbia, July 21.
Dennis Rice, (col.) 1182
M. C.Butler 1185
Wade Hampton . . 1218
Abbeville County, Ku-Klux operations in, 293, 295.
Adams, Calvin, goes to the Laurens riot, 1170.
Adams, Creecy, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1474.
Adams, George, captain of a militia company, ordered to bring in his guns by General Anderson, 711.
Adams. Lucretia, (colored,) testimony of, 1577; York County ; whipped by Kn-Klux; implicates her husband ; identifies John Watson, Bob Faulkner, Oliver Boehmgart, <?harles Boehmgart, John Woods, Bill Leslie, Bill Thomas, and Newman Thomas, 1403.
Affidavit, by Genobles, in regard to the unsealing of his election-box, 360 ; by Daniel Lipscomb, in regard to the double-quicking of McArthur, 433:
Akins, J. W., testimony of, 1402; democrat, York County; farmer; case of Pink Hill; denies writing Ku-Klux notice to Francis and Pink Johnson, 1403.
Aldrich, A. .P., reports on taxation and representation in tax-payers' convention, 496. f Aldrich, Robert, testimony of, 166-183 ; is a native and resident of Barn well County ; is a lawyer ; thinks the laws have been very poorly administered in that county, 166 ; considerable complaint of lawlessness in the form of larceny, arson, and burglary, principally larceliy, 167; the principal complaint, the inefficiency of officers charged with the administration of the laws, corruption of the inferior magistrates, 168; murder of two democratic candidates for minor offices in Barn- well County ; coroner's inquest held and not sufficient testimony reported to enable the finding of a bill of indictment, 168, 169 ; has heretofore acted with the demo cratic party, except that last fall he acted with the reform party, 169 ; gives his experience as to the administration of justice before the military tribunal, and the effect of this administration, 169, 170, 171, 172; was in the confederate army; says that military tribunals w'ere distasteful to the people, 171 ; states the nature of the crimes committed in the county ; cites cases of murders by various parties ; has not heard of the Ku-Klux organization in his county or of any instances in which colored people have been beaten by men in disguise ; charges of corruption against State and county offices, 173; describes state of feeling among the colored people as to carpet-baggers ; says the negroes are obliged to vote for the nominees of the republican party, and gives reasons therefor, 174j 175 ; never knew of a democrat attempting to intimidate or prevent a republican from voting ; thinks the intimi dation in this county is generally practiced against the men who vote in opposi tion to the republican ticket, 175; describes attack by negroes upon B. G. Hughes, (white,) 175, 176 ; knows of many instances of depredations upon property of indi viduals ; cites the case of Ayer as an aggravated one, 176 ; thinks pardons by the governor frequent ; defines a carpet-bagger, 177 ; comparative length of session of legislature and pay of the members before and since the war; states manner of procuring from the legislature charter for the Dorn Mining and Manufacturing'' Company, 178 ; describes the mode in which the election laws are administered, and cites his own case when a candidate for the legislature, 179, 180 ; does not know of any Ku-Klux or secret political organization in the State ; refers appeal of cases to General Canby, 181 ; thinks he was legally elected, but was defrauded out of his election, 182 ; states Barn well to be a planting county ; speaks of size of plantation ; the white populations, he states, generally supported the cause of the southern confederacy, and are now democrats, 183.
Alexander, Hiram, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1480.
CONTENTS. Ill
Allen, Cliamc, identified by John Lipscomb, 667.
Allen, John, identified by Garner, 393.
Allison, Mr., burning of houses of, 219.
Ammunition, issue of, to the negro militia, 768.
Anderson, killed for burnings, 703.
Anderson, General, quiets troubles at Yorkville, 711.
Anderson, Trone and sou, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Anderson, W. B., testimony of, 289; republican; Abbeville County; farmer; election, manager ; whipped by Ku-Klux November 30, 1870 ; assaulted in February ; warned to leave, 289 ; identities Langdon Connor, John W. Moore, and John S. Moore, (colored,) 290; refugee in Columbia 293.
Andrews, David, ovitrages upon, 44.
Anstell, Gabriel, whipped by Ku-Klux, 683.
Arms, importation of, after election of 1868, 467; State arms, 627,628; issue of, to the negro militia, 767, 969, 1303.
Armstrong, Lawsou, identified by Porter, 1558.
Arrests for outrages. (Wiusuiith,) 630.
Ashley, Mr., killing of a negro by, 173.
Atkinson, Mrs., visited by negro Ku-Klux, 1429.
Anstell, Thomas, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Austin, Thomas, whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
A very, Mr., expresses himself in favor of Ku-Kluxism, 1520.
A very, Bully, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
A very, Major J. W., quarters North Carolinians, 1297.
Avery, William, chief of the Ku-Klux Klan in Yorkville, 1363, 1391.
Ayer, Mr., outrage by James Kerse, (negro,) upon, 176.
Bagwell, Cy-, identified by John Lipscomb, 667.
Bailey, Minor, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1476.
Baker, L. A., introduces bill in legislature for indemnity, 738.
Baker, Mr., outrage upon, 123, 133, 134.
Ball, B. W., testimony of, 1326; democrat, Laurens County; lawyer; riot at Laurens the day after election, 1326 ; party feeling in the canvass, 1329 ; State arms, 1330; whippings, 1335 ; character of the negroes, 1336 ; denies being Ku-Klux, 1338 ; local secret organization, 1340.
Balleuger, J., congratulates Genobles upon renouncing republicanism, 352.
Ballot-box stuffed at Laurens, 345 ; ticket slipped in by a woman, 353, 358.
Bankard, United States assessor, a rumor regarding him that he received money for tampering with election boxes, 860.
Bank-notes of the State, issued in carrying on the war, 466.
Bank of State of South Carolina, purchase and redemption of notes of, 112, 113, 128-130, 155, 161, 164, 236, 254, 255.
Barber, senator, notified by Ku-Klux, 316.
Barfield, gives information of Goss to Chestnut, 451.
Barnett, B. F., Gentry denies advising him to renounce the republican party, 941.
Barn well County, colored men assault judicial officers in, 464.
Barrett, Dave, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1372, 1390.
Barrou, Auday, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Barron, Andy, whipped by'Ku-Klux, 1478.
Barrou, Billy, beaten by Ku Klux, 1411.
Barren, Julia, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Barrou, Miles, wife of, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1409, 1475.
Barron, Sylvester, beaten by Ku-Klux, 1475.
Barry, J. L., knew of Elias Hill's whipping beforehand, 1415.
Bates, General B. F., makes a correction relative to his testimony before an investigat ing committee in regard to the sale of lauds to the land commissioner, 833 ; affair at his house in which he killed a man named Hampton, (William Irwin,) 848 ; the killing of Hampton described, 854.
Beaty, James, a democrat, from Horry, in the legislature, reported to have been pur chased, 729.
Beech Spring, public meeting at, 752.
Belone, Joe, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1071.
Belone, young, threatens Simmons, 404.
Benfield, J. A., testimony of, 1278 ; democrat, York County ; farmer ; denies being in raid upon the county treasury, 1298 ; denies being Ku-Klux, 1300 : identified as a Ku-Klux by W. K. Owens, 1368.
Bennett, Jim, identified by W. K. Owens, 1370.
Berry, Major, insults Mr. Wallace, 1533.
Bigger, James L., a neighbor of Elias Hill, who rejoices at his whipping, 1414.
Bigger, Leander A., outrage upon, 48. (See Bigger, Leander A., testimony of.)
IV CONTENTS.
Bigger, Leander, A., testimony of, 273-288; has been a resident of Manning, Clarendon County, and did a general business, merchandising, at Hodge's Corners; was in the Federal Army; went to the State in 1867, and for eight months was there as Bureau agent ; invested the profits of his business in lands, which he rented out in small , parcels, some for a stipulated sum, and others on the share, 273 ; had no difficulty in business until last winter; got along finely ; had no political quarrels; there had been some trouble in the upper counties during the fall ; -men had been whipped, shot, warned to leave their homes; felt uneasy, but WHS assured of protection by democrats; whipping of John Plowden, a republican, 274; case of J. W. McCloud, a republican, 274, 275 ; thinks some colored men were taken out and whipped ; Ram e and an Irishman, both republicans, warned to leave— to close up their busi ness, 275 ; details outrage upon himself and his clerk, Parker, by a band of masked men ; plundering of his store and burning of his goods, 275-279, 284 ; gives par ticulars of the attack upon Eame's house and store, burning of his goods, and the outrage upon his clerk, 279, 280 ; burning of Rame's store ; took the advice of his lawyer and concluded not to make any prosecutions; tried to close up his business, 280 ; details second outrage upon himself and Parker, 280-282, 284, 286 ; robbed of all his money ; fails to receive protection from the sheriff, mayor, and governor ; went into Georgia, and remained three weeks ; then returned to his home under the protection of a deputy marshal, 282 ; went into bankruptcy ; Colonel H. L. Benbow offers his influence to protect him, .and gives him a letter to Scott Harvins, at Manning, 283 ; assassination of Lemon, county commissioner, 283, 286, 287 ; gives theory of the men with whom he talked as to the reason of the commission of this crime upon him, 285 ; effect upon the community of these whippings and other outrages, 277, 278.
Bird, Emory, visits Hugh Thomas, 723.
Black, Daniel, at Stern's hotel1, the night of the raid on Union jail, 1588 ; implicated in the raid on Union jail, 1137 ; identified by Sylvanus Wright, 1155.
Black, John, beats Margaret Black well, 374 ; disguised, 377.
Black, Robin, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Black, Thomas, alias Roundtree, killed by Ku-Klux, 1472,1511; record in the case of Randall, Hicks, and Byars, tried for the murder of, 1544.
Blackwell, Jason, visited by Ku-Klux, 373.
Blackwell, Margaret, testimony of, 373 ; Spartanburgh County; testifies to the visit of Ku-Klux to Jason Blackwell; identifies Thomas Davis and Ben Cash, 373; Ku-Klux abuse witness, 374 ; struck by John Black, 375.
Blackwell, Tench, testimony of, 551 ; republican, Spartanburgh County, farmer, man ager of elections; armed party come to election-box, 551 ; Capt. Lyle at the box; threats ; notice to resign as trial-justice by Tom Davis and J. H.Ezell, 552 ; threats by David Cudd ; renounced the republican party in the Spartauburgh paper, 553.
Blake, A. K., gets Grenobles to make affidavit in regard to election-box, 361.
Blantou, Charity, and child, shot by Ku-Klux, 919.
Blautou, Jordan, whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
Blanton, Sally, whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
Blue Ridge Railroad Company, bonds issued by, 463.
Bobo, Simpson, testimony of, 796 ; democrat, Spartanburgh County ; lawyer and planter ;
condition of the State, 796 ; acts of violence, 797 ; administration of justice, 798;
Grenobles's renunciation of republicanism, 800; lawless organizations, 801; Union
i County raids, 803 ; carpet-baggers, 804 ; judicial proceedings, 807 ; Ku-Klux as jurors,
809; communication from S.'T. Poiuier, 809.
Bobo, Watt, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897 ; character of, 904.
Boehmgart, Charles, identified by Lucretia Adanis, 1577.
Boehmgart, Oliver, identified by Lucretia Adams, 1577.
Bolt, W. A., testimony of, 4118; republican, Union County; trial justice; testifies in regard to raids on Union jail, 1118; making Ku-Klux masks, 1121, 1127; Yellow House raid, 1122.
Bond, Mr., goes to the Laurens riot, 1170.
Bonds, alleged hypothecation by Governor Scott of State, 232, 252, 253; indorsement by the legislature of railroad, 8, 20, 233, 255, 266.
Bonner, Alberry, (colored.) testimony of, 440; republican, Spaftauburgh County, 440; farmer ; whipped by Ku-Klux February, 1871 ; identifies Israel Champion, 441 ; church of colored people torn down, 442 ; Union League, 445.
Boniier, Ann, and daughter, beaten twice by Ku-Klux, 897.
-Bouuer, Otto, father of Dr. Husliie, 596.
Bouner, Samuel, (colored,) testimony of, 576; republican, Spartanburgh County, 576; farmer ; whipped by Ku-Klux April, 1871 ; also mother and sister whipped, 577.
Boone, George, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Bowdeu, Clem, (colored,) whipped, 184, 366; testimony of, 379; republican, Spartan burgh County; farmer; severely whipped by Ku-Klux October, 1870, 380; member of Union League ; house carpenter ; wife whipped ; witness identifies Willie John-
CONTENTS. V
son and Robert Stacy, 381 ; Daniel Lipscomb and Mr. Champion whipped the same night ; Mr. Champion and witness engaged in teaching a Sunday school, 382.
Bowdeu, Minerva, whipped by Ku-Klnx, with husband, 184, 428.
Bo wen, C. C., negroes influenced by, 468.
Boweus, Reuben, has talk with Rose about burnings, 707.
Boyce, Matthew, killed by Ku-Klux, 1472.
Brauuon, James, robbed by Ku-Klux, 921.
Bratton, John, writes to Major A very for protection, 709.
Brattoii, Lang, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Bratton, J. R., testimony of, 1342; democrat, York County; physician; acts of vio lence, 1342 ; raid on the county treasury, 1345 ; rails taken up when troops expected, 1346; approves Ku-Klux manifesto, 1348; public meetings of negroes, 1349, 1352, 1353 ; negro colonization, 1354 ; murder of Roundtree, 1355 ; burnings, 1357; veracity of Ku-Klux, 1358; extract from Yorkville Enquirer on the negro, 1359; meeting at Clay Hill, 1361 ; identified by W. K. Owens as a Ku-Klux, 1365, 1386,
Brewton, Dick, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Briggs, B. R, chief of an organization in York, 1274, 1278 ; testimony of, 1455; national republican, anti-radical ; York County ; farmer; member of the legislature, 1455; member of Ku-Klux organization in 1868 ; A. S. McEhvee, cyclops, 1456 ; Ku-Klnx sign of recognition, 1457 ; written regulations of the order, 1459 ; Ku-Klux signal, 1460 ; John Tomlinson, Robert Galbraith, and E. E. McCaffrey identified as Ku- Klux in 1868, 1460.
Bright, William, testimony of, 559 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; farmer ; visited by Ku-Klux April 30, 1871 ; double-quicked and beaten, 5CO ; republicans whipped and threatened, 561 ; questioned by Mr. Gentry, 563.
Brock, Mrs., makes costumes for a fancy ball, 1068.
Brough, Isaac, whipped twice by Ku-Klux, 921.
Brown, Anderson, killed by Ku-Klux, 211, 1268, 1492.
Brown, Doctor, signs paper, 229.
Brown, Elijah, advises Genobles to put his name in the paper, 352.
Brown, Howard, (democrat.) outrage vpon, 148, 149.
Brown, Isham, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Brown, Minty, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Bryant, Dave, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1481.
Bryant, Dr. Javan, threats upon life of, by Ku-Klux, 676 ; view of the Ku-Klux ques tion, from an article in the Columbia Phoenix, 929,936 ; elected by the democrats to the legislature, 934. •
Bryant, Reuben, testimony of, 675 ; republican, Spartanburgh County, 675 ; farmer ; visited by Ku-Klux May, 1871, and required to give up United States guns, 676 ; abuse of Joseph Harvey by Ku-Klux, 678.
Bryant, W. G., testimony of, 632 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; testifies to see ing Miles Gentry on the road near Cowpens' Furnace the night after the whipping of the election managers in Limestone Township, October 16, 1871, 632 ; Ms travels with a girl, 637.
Burke, Jack, makes an assault on Cudd, 652, 660.
Burnett, Woodman, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Burning of barns, dwellings, &c., 447, 462 ; of Lucy McMillan's house, 605 ; rumors of burnings, 760 ; burnings, (Steadman,) 1015; burnings, ^Wylie,) 1427.
Bush, William, identified by Isham McCrary, 540 ; identified by Lucy McMillan, 605.
Butler, M. C., testimony of, 1185 ; democrat ; Columbia ; lawyer ; late major general Con federate States army ; candidate for lieutenant governor ; temper and manner of canvass of 1870, 1185 ; reconstruction measures, 1190; freedom of opinion, 1191 ; land commission frauds, 1192, 1213; character of Judge Carpenter, 1198; causes of violence, 1200; constabulary force, 1202; militia, 1205; State debt, 1209; immi gration and emigration a remedy for existing evils, 1209, 1217 ; political disabili ties, 1212 ; negro labor, taxation, 1216.
Butler, Willis, (colored,) testimony of, 439 ; republican, Spartanburgh, County ; farmer; whipped by Ku-Klux June, 1871, 440. •
Byars, Cy, and wife, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1071.
Byars, Tom, convicted of burning Captain Walker's dwelling, 1015.
Bynurn, James, beaten by Ku-Klux, 1411.
Bynuin, John, whipped severely by Ku-Klux, and compelled to publish a card in the newspaper, 1480.
Cain, R. H., a colored man, editor of the Charleston Republican, 774.
Caldwell, identified by W. K. Owens, 1368.
Caldwell, Pinckuey, identified by Porter, 1558.
Calmes, gets republicans to sign paper, 320.
Cainden, disorderly conduct of negro militia in, 450.
Camp, A. P., testimony of,-966 ; republican ; subpoena served on Skip Price, 966.
/4
^
VI CONTENTS.
Camp, Clayton, identified, 293 ; prosecuted, 385 ; subpoena served on by Christie, 1265.
Camp, John J., makes complaint for Clem Bowdeu, 384.
Camp, Julius, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Camp, P. Q., driven from home by Ku-Klux, 432 ; testimony of, 895 ; republican, Spar- tanburgh County; farmer; trial justice: charges against Surratt, Stacey, and Phillips for committing an offense in disguise; visited by Ku-Klux October 16, 1871, 895; refugee from home, 896; list of 118 persons whipped or maltreated in Limestone Township, 897 ; awe of the republicans, 898 ; arrest of McArthur for the whipping of two election officers, 914 ; notices to leave, 915 ; clamor OArer conduct toward McArthur, 917.
Camp, Solomon, son threatens Daniel Lipscomb, 431.
.Camp, Thomas, and father, beaten twice by Ku-Klux, 897.
Camp, William S., abused by Ku-Klux, 884.
Campbell, shooting of, by McKinney, 186.
Campbell, Lot, alias Miller, killed by Ku-Klux, 1473.
Cannon, Gabriel, speech of, on proportional representation in tax-payers' convention, 93 ; testimony of, 758 ; democrat, Spartauburgh County ; democratic State can- , formerly member of the legislature, and lieutenant governor, 758; admin istration of justice; acts of violence ; causes of dissatisfaction, 759 ; lawless organ izations, 762, 784 ; case of Dr. Wiusmith, 763; issue of arms, 766; State expendi tures, 769, 792 ; alleged threats to the negroes in a speech prior to the election in 1868, 779 ; conduct of the negroes during the war, 796.
Cantrell, Isaac Hazard, threatens to kill Julius Cantrell if he reports Ku-Klux, 420 ; testimony of, 865 ; democrat, Spartanburgh County; denies the statement of Ju lius Cantrell, colored, of threats if he testified against Ku-Klux, 865.
Cantrell, Julius, (colored,) testimony of, 419; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer ; visited by Nathan Horton ; Barnet Kussell avows himself and his brother James to be Ku-Klux, 419 ; witness threatened by Hazard Cantrell if he reported the Ku-Klux ; assaulted by James Russell, 420 ; James Russell speaks of Kinchen Gilbert, Miles Mason, and Littlebery Gilbert as belonging to the Ku-Klux, 422.
Cautrell, Stephen, robbed by Ku-Klux, 921.
Canvass of 1870, parties divided upon moral rather than political grounds, (Chest nut,) 458, (Winsmith,) 628 ; party feeling in; (Ball,) 1329.
Cardozo, a republican on the reform ticket, 450.
Carinel Hill Church, fight with negroes at, 1449.
Cannon, Charles, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Carolina, Spartan, letter to, from members of the legislature, 752.
Carpenter, J. D., testimony of, 965 ; democrat ; Spartanburgh County ; merchant ; de nies knowledge of John B. Howell, of Rutherford, 966.
Carpenter, Richard B., testimony of, 228-272 ; has lived in the State since 1867 ; was register of bankruptcy, judge of the first circuit, and the reform candidate for governor; his circuit embraced Charleston and Orangeburgh Counties; canvassed every county of the State except Hony, 226 ; thinks there is a great deal of dis content, and that there have been many cases of violence in the State ; thinks a secret organization has existed in perhaps eight or ten counties, and that the ' causes of that organization are purely local ; assigns therefor corruption of the State legislature, lavish pardons issued by the governor, the character of persons appointed to fill offices under the executive, the organization and arming of the militia of the State, the election law and the manner in which it was executed, and the general character of the legislation, 227-229, 237, 238 ; says there have been a great many outrages other than by the Ku-Klux ; the Loyal League very efficient in mischief ; instances meetings broken up by colored persons, as he be lieves, by the instigation of certain white people;' never heard any expression of hostility to the Government of the United States during his campaign; cause of all the complaints the incapacity aud venality of the State government; several men killed during the campaign ; not charged to the Ku-Klux ; colored men voting the reform ticket to be shot by order of the League, proclaimed publicly in more than one place ; reform challengers seized, and their tickets taken away ; intimi dation of reform voters, 229, 230j the reform movement had no national signifi cance, simply to remedy the crying evils of the local administration, 230 ; official statement of the public debt of the State for year ending October 31, 1870, by the treasurer and comptroller general, 230, 231* 232 ; thinks neither of these papers is a correct statement of the debt of the State ; says it does not include the liability of the State for the bonds, which, he asserts, have been hypothecated by Governor Scott ; gives his opinion as to amount of bonds sold or hypothecated, 232 ; thinks the statement incorrect, as understating the debt in October, 1867, and that the bonds authorized by the legislature and those guaran teed by the State to the Blue Ridge Railroad Company, the Greenville and Colum bia Railroad, the Spartanburgh road, and the Laurensburgh road, should be included in the present debt, 233 ; gives debt of the State as $17,450,000 ; names owners
CONTENTS. VII
of stock of the Greenville and Columbia and the Bine Ridge Railroad, and par ticulars of the transfer and purchase of the stock of the former, 234 ; release of the State mortgage on the road, and the effect of the release, 234, 235; states his knowledge of the workings of the laud commission, 235,269; names holders of the notes of the hank of the State of South Carolina, the particulars of the funding of the bills, and circumstances connected therewith, 236,254,255; the pardoning power, as exercised by the governor, and its effect upon the sense of security, 236, 237,262,263,270,271/272; cites instance of the operation of mixed juries, 237: * character of the colored population, their control by men who have acquired their confidence, and the manner in which this control was obtained and maintained, 233, 239, 265, 266; effect and purpose of the arming, by the governor, of the negroes and State militia, 239 ; thinks the intimidation of negroes who desired to vote the reform ticket was general throughout the State, 240 ; election frauds ; cites elec tion in Mr. Wallace's district, 240, 241, 255; had very little joint debate in the can vass ; general character of the speeches of Crew s and others made to the negroes, 241 ; gives his knowledge in regard to the assessment and taxation of property by the State, 241, 242, 253, 254, 272 ; gives general character of the taxation for county and municipal purposes, and its effect, 242, 243 ; political status of the members of the State legislature; does not think that politics had anything to do with these outrages in a single case, 243, 245, 246, 257 ; names counties in which he thinks a secret organization existed, and thinks it was a military organization, showing itself in first warning its subjects, and directing them to leave the country or to vacate their offices, followed up by personal violence; thinks they operated at night and in disguise ; gives his idea of the class of .men of which these organiza tions are made up, 244 ; thinks the outrages committed are not confined to persons holding official places, 245; his impression that the shooting of Dr. Winsmith was the result of private feuds, 245, 246; went to South Carolina, as a republican, and still entertains the same principles ; was supported by the democrats generally, 246 ; voting population of the State and relative party vote, 247 ; states manner of con ducting the canvass during the last election, the line of argument, and character of the speeches, &c., 247, 250 ; arming and parading of 150 men under Crews, and the frightening of the people, 248; organization of the National Guard, and prob able result of an armed conflict between the whites and blacks, 248, 249 ; intimi dation of voters by armed negroes ; killing of Stevens, 251 ; hypothecation of bonds, 252, 253 ; guarantee of railroad bonds by the legislature in 1868, 1869, 255, 256 ; has heard of bands of disguised men going about in 1868 ; does not think there was any violence in the State from the November election in 1P68 till after the election of 1870, 256 ; mentions instance of a democrat visited by the Ku-Kkix ; says that as a general thing these outrages have been committed upon republi cans ; the general charge against the colored people who have been Ku-Kluxed has been the attempt to swindle the people in some way ; cites the case of a man in Clarendon, 257 ; is a native of Vermont; was residing in Kentucky before the war; a democrat then, and voted for Mr. Breckinridge ; voted for Mr. Lincoln as against General McClellan; stumped Pennsylvania and New York for him; opin ion in the State as to carpet-baggers, 258; gives his views as to the party politics of the State in the last campaign, 259 ; character of the election lawTs ; thinks bal lot-stuffing occurred in every county in the State, 261 ; negroes voting the demo cratic ticket to be shot; intimidation of voters, 262; the charges of corruption against Governor Scott, and the action of the tax-payers' convention ; thinks he had peculiar facilities for obtaining knowledge as to these official corruptions, 263 ; Governor Orr's knowledge of them, and his political status, 263, 265, 271 ; denun ciation of Governor Scott and his administration by leading republicans ; was a member of the Union League; thinks the Leagues went into operation in the State in 1866 and 1867, and still exists there, 267 ; gives Governor Orr's and his own po litical status, 267, 268 ; says that outrages were committed by men belonging to the Leagues; does not say that the "State officers incited them, 268; thinks tlio burnings supposed to have been done by the colored people was a matter of private revenge, 270; threatened impeachment of Governor Scott, 267,271; character of, 458, 1198.
Carpet-baggers, Greeley's definition of, 744.
Casey, C. L., deputy United States marshal, takes Julius Cantrell to jail to prevent Ku- Kiux from killing him, 421 ; testimony of, 941 ; republican, Spartanburgh County, 941; cases of illicit distilling; pay of witnesses ; Dr. Curniniugs's list, 942; five- hundred whipped in the county; issue of warrants for Ku-Kluxing, 943; soldiers attacked by Ku-Klux, 944 ; Union League, 948 ; ritual, constitution, &c., of tho U. L. A., 949.
Cash, Benjamin, identified by Margaret Blackwell, 373.
Cash, Major, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Cathcart, Andrew, (colored,) testimony of, 1591; republican, York County; owns plan tation ; whipped by Ku-Klux ; identifies Henry Reeves, 1591 ; identifies Jimmy
VJII CONTENTS.
Jones ; daughter a school-teacher, 1592 ; memorandum of visit, March 11, 1871, 1593.
Gates, Moses, whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
Cat-heart, James, tells the Taylors of Ku-Klux that whipped Genobles, 355.
Cavin, trial of, for killing Martin, 1513.
Chaffin, La Fayette, testimony of, 662 ; democrat, Spartanburgh County ; farmer and wagoner ; denies whipping John Lipscomb, 662 ; denies giving notice to Lipscomb, 664 ; identified by John Lipcomb, 667.
Chalk, Eliza, (colored,) testimony of, 1128 ; Union County ; mother of Joseph Vaulue, 1128 ; affair at the Yellow House ; conversation with her son when in Union jail, identifying Hughes, 1129.
Chamberlain, D. H., testimony of, 48-59 ; is attorney general of the State and a resi dent since December, 1865 ; the enforcement of the law has been very much inter rupted by Ku-Klux operations ; many outrages, homicides, and whippings, 48 ; principally in the up country, in ten counties north and west of Columbia : believes that no information has, as yet, been obtained as to the individuals engaged in these violations, except in one instance ; thinks these operations are carried on by means of an organization directed from some central source of authority ; offenses notably committed in Spartanburgh, Newberry, Union, and York Counties ; most general and numerous whippings in Spartanburgh County ; there has been no con victions, and no arrests except in the case of the Ku-Klux wounded in the raid at Newberry Court-House ; thinks, with the exception of the portions of the State named, the laws are generally executed and the rights of persons protected ; his attention, as a public officer, has been called to these organized bands, 49 ; went to South Carolina from Massachusetts, and resides at Charleston ; states common re port as to the arming of the democrats about the time of the election in 1868 ; has no knowledge of any general arming of the republicans at that time; thinks there is an improved state of feeling since the passage of the enforcement act ; the cause of this change, 51 ; has little hope of suppressing these outrages from legislation ; gives his opinion as to the cause of these outrages, and an account of the abuses of the State government, 52 ; thinks the operations of the Ku-Klux are not con fined to men of bad repute, but rather against certain men of the republican party than against the party itself, 53 ; Mr. Leahey, judge of probate in Newberry County, notified to leave, and his tender of resignation of office ; its non-accep tance by the governor ; he is lying out nights ; thinks the Ku-Klux sometimes discriminate between good and bad men ; republican majority in Newberry County about 1,300, 54 ; political status of the county offices in Union, Spartauburgh, York, Chester, Lancaster, Laurens, and Chesterfield Counties, 54, 55 ; thinks the charges of corruption of the legislature were usually attributed to the republicans, 55 ; Mr. Wallace, member of Congress, advised that it was not safe for him to return home ; gives relative vote in the State, white and colored, at the election in March, • 1868, 56; thinks a majority of the whippings, &c., has been committed upon col ored people, and that the class who have suffered most have been the corrupt office holders; cites instances of corruption upon the part of county officials ; thinks there is no difficulty in convicting these criminals; gross charges of corruption made against the governor and the executive officers, 57 ; thinks that a man is safe in the hands of the Ku-Klux if he conducts himself decently ; charges of corruption made against the land commission ; purpose and object of that com mission, 58 ; resolutions offered by. in the tax-payers' convention, 461,486; letter of, on the situation in the State, 1250.
Champion, Israel, identified by Alberry Bonner, 441.
Champion, W. M., whipping of, 184; testimony of, 365; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer and miller ; severely whipped by Ku-Klux October 16, 1870, 365 ; subsequent notice by Ku-Klux, 367 ; O. P. McArthur talks about Ku-Klux, 368-372 ; election manager, 373 ; taught a Sunday-school, 382 ; active among the negroes, 442 ; compelled to leave his neighborhood, (Bright,) 561 ; article in Unionvillo " Times " relative to Mr. Poiner publishing in his paper an account of the whip
ping of, 864. sll ri
Chappell riot, the, 143.
Charleston and Savannah Railroad bonds, liabilities assumed, 469.
Charlotte, negroes take refuge in, 442.
Checks, Abram, hung up by Ku-Klux to make him tell where Rev. Louis Thomson
was, 1001. Chester, S. C., raid upon, 39-41 ; expedition to, (Steadman,) 1028 ; political meeting in,
during the canvass of 1870, (Butler,) 1185; disturbances at, 1425, 1439 ; Colonel
Grist's expedition to, (Wylie,) 1448, 1450; (Gore,) 1580. Chester County, killed by Ku-Klux in, Wade Darby. Reuben Levi, Eli McCallum, Sam.
Scaife, Hamp Toliver, Tilman Ward — 6. (For page see name elsewhere.) Chesterfield, State employe" killed in, 447.
>5 ; arming of the negroes, 467 ; State debt, 468 ; the witness formerly United Senator, 472: proceedings of the tax-payers' convention, 472-510; makes
CONTENTS. IX
Chestnut, otth( the tent,
Governor tion, 465 :
report upon Mr. Chamberlain's resolutions in "tax-payers' convention, 462, 494 ; makes report on Mr. Dudley's paper, 495.
Christie, J. I., testimony of, 1265 ; sergeant-at-arms ; subpoenas served on David Gist and Clayton Camp, 1265.
Church for colored people burned in expedition of Gist to Chester, 1063.
Citizens, driving from their homes of, 29, 33, 37.
Clark, Adeline, whipped by Ku-Klux, 596.
Clark, Mada, whipped by Ku-Klnx, 596.
Clarke, a blacksmith at Jouesville, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1105.
Clawsou, Henry, identified by Porter, 1558.
Clay Hill, public meeting of whites and blacks at, 1362.
Cleary, Ellison, identified, 309.
Cleary, John, threatens Daniel Lipscomb, 431.
Clement, Thomas, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Clowuey, Jerry, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1481.
Coates, William, father of Willis Johnson, 330.
Col cock, Bill, a Ku-Klux, who helped initiate W. K. Owens, 1388.
Coleman, Mr., outrage upon, 48.
Colman, Eufus, quarrels with James Gafrney, 619.
Columbia, political meeting at, (Wylie,) 1434.
Columbia and Greenville Kailroad, purchase, &c., of, 111, 112, 126, 127, 137, 152, 160, 161, 164, 165, 234, 235.
Couners, W. M., secretary of tax-payers' convention, 473.
Connor, arrested, 289 ; identified, 290.
Constables, State, escape of, from Laureus riot, 337 ; forces of, 1202.
Convention, the tax-payers', 8, 19, 35, 121, 153, 162,263.
•Jonvicts pardoned by the governor, 765 ; retain their franchise, 766.
Cook, visited by Ku-Klux, 318.
Cooke, Wilson, member of legislature, from Greenville, acting with Tim Hurley, 729.
Copeland, a conservative man, (Eversou,) 334.
Copeland, James, wants to shoot young Crews, 1146.
Corbiu, Augustus, congratulates Genobles upon renouncing republicanism, 352.
Corbin, DavidT., testimony of, 68-85 ; is United States attorney for the district of South Carolina, and a member of the State senate, 68 ; thinks the laws have generally been well executed in a large portion of the State ; crimes of a special character, such as political murders, &c., have mainly been in Chester, Union, York, Spartan- burgh, and Laurens Counties ; these special outrages are ordinarily called Ku-Klux offenses; gives an account of a riot in Laureus County, 69; and says that nothing could be done by the State courts in the matter, 69-70 ; an attempt to prosecute the parties under the enforcement act, but the indictments were all ignored by the grand jury, 70, 71 ; gives particulars in the case of Mr. Young, county commis sioner, Edgefield County, and of Faulkner, wounded in the attack, 72, 73 ; perfect military organization in Chester, Union, and York Counties, for the purpose of clearing out carpet-baggers and negroes holding office; details raid upon the jail in Union County, and the shooting of the prisoners taken therefrom, 74 ; the reason assigned for the shooting was, that the juries would not convict them ; thinks there were two attacks made upon the jail, 75 ; gives his opinion that there is no security for life in* the counties named, as against these organized bands ; ordinary offenses generally punished ; his information is that the organization still exists ; difficulty in getting the parties outraged to make affidavits, 76 ; riot in Laurens, 76, 77 ; thinks there was a general organization of the Loyal Leagues in the county, and that it was a political one, for the purpose of bringing the negroes together, and getting them united to vote, 77 ; the white men killed at Laureus were all republicans and office-holders ; has heard of no democrat injured on that occasion, 78 ; question of intent before the grand jury in the case of the Laurens riot; states what he considers to be the general purpose of the Ku-Klux organization ; its victims always republicans, 79; killing of a whisky peddler by negroes ; illict distilling and violation of the revenue laws, 80 ; convictions of parties indicted therefor ; corrup tions in the legislature not confined to either party ; relative numbers of the two parties in the legislature, 81 ; Laurens County democratic, 81,82; believes there wras intimidation by the whites against the colored voters in 1868, 82 ; states details of the election law, and the opportunity for fraud, 82, 83 ; election frauds in Beau fort County, in the congressional election, 83, 84, 85 ; his opinion as to the effect of
X CONTENTS.
the administration of the land commission. 84 : party majorities in Laurens in 1865
and 1868, 85.
Corcle, Tom, identified by Owens as a Ku-Klux, 1397. Corkland, candidate for legislature in Fairfield County, 323. Cothran, James, threatens Anderson, 289.
Corruption, charges of, against the legislature and executive, 471. Council of safety, constitution of the, 23, 25.
Council of safety, nature, extent, &c., of organization of the, 102-105, 122. Council of safety, printing and distribution of constitution of the, 2, 3 ; Joel Foster
distributes pamphlets in relation to, 820.
County commissioners of Clarendon County, killing of one of the, 87. County treasurer of York County, raid upon, 97.
Coward, Colonel, at the head of a local organization in Yorkville, 719. Crawford, E. A., writes to Major Avery for protection, 709. Crews, J. A., testimony of, 1144; republican; Laurens County; refugee in Columbia,
1144 ; describes riot at Laureus, October 20, 1870, 1145. Crews, Joseph, corrupt acts of, (Joel Foster,) 829 ; evidence of before a committee to
investigate the transactions of the committee on the electoral affairs of the third
congressional district, 842 ; conduct of, (Simpson, ) 1304, 3314. Crime in South Carolina, neither in extent nor atrocity equal to Boston or New York,
(Chestnut, ) 448.
Cudd, David, threatens Tench Blackwell, 553. Cudd, J.R., whipped by Ku-Klux, 1022, 1071. Culbertson, Caesar, visited by Ku-Klux, 1325. Cummings, Rev. A. W., Carolina Sparton gives "a reverend gentleman's evening
prayer," 790 ; testimony of, 917 ; republican, Spartanburgh County, teacher, 917 ;
assessor and tax collector ; list of 227 persons outraged in Spartauburgh County,
920; corporation taxation, 933 ; obligation of Union League, 928; intimidation of
negroes, 934 ; Dr. Cummings's list, (Casey,) 942. Cumulative voting, report on in tax-payers' convention, 489. Curtis, Newton, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920. Curtis, Samho, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897. Curtis, William, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897. Daniels, Saucho, (colored,) testimony of, 678 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ;
visited by Ku-Klux, and made to promise to vote the democratic ticket, 678. Darby, James, shot by negroes, 1429, 1451. Darby, Wade, killed by the whites at Chester, 1583. Darlington County, tax executions in, 776.
Davie, F. M., a magistrate, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1479 ; affidavit of whipping, 1479. Davis, Milton, defies United States Marshal Casey, 947. Davis, Richard, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478. Davis, Thomas, identified by Margaret Blackwell, 373 ; notifies Tenclr Blackwell to
resign, 552 ; identified by Harriet Hernandes, 586. Dawkins, Edward, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1083. Debt of State, statement by the treasurer and comptroller general of the, 230, 232 ; as
determined by the financial committee in tax-payers' convention, 460, 468, 1209. De Large, R. C., charges ring of " Forty Thieves" with corruption, 731 ; charge against
by General Bates, 824 ; land commissioner makes a report, 833. Delegates to constitutional convention held in Charleston, list of, 1241. Democratic club, address of, to the party, 1249. Democrats appointed to office by Governor Scott, 876. Disabilities, extent, in State, of political, 7, 8. Disabilities, political, effect of, (Butler,) 1212. Disorders in the State, causes of, 6, 7. Dissatisfaction of the people of South Carolina caused bv bad government, (Chestnut,)
446.
Distilling, cases of illicit, (Steadman,) 1033. Dobsou, identified by W. K. Owens, 1368. Dodd, Austin, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920. Dodd, Ned, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Dodd, Piuckney, (colored,) testimony of, 416 ; republican : Spartanburgh County; farm er ; visited by Ku-Klux May, 1871, 416 ; whipped by Ku-Klux, 417 ; Ku-Klux
threaten to return if witness tells of being whipped, 418. Doggett, William, carries Ku-Klux notice to Champion, 361. Donaldson, auditor in Chesterfield, difficulty with, 447.
Doru Mining and Manufacturing Company, manner of procuring charter for the, 178. Douglass, T. A., store of, fired on and robbed by negroes, 1542. Dover, Crowder, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478. Draper, John, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921. Druuimou, Bob, whipped by Ku-Klux, 440.
CONTENTS. XI
Duckett, Thomas, signs paper, 329.
Dudley, C. W., speech and resolutions of, in tax-payers' convention, 433.
Dunbar, J. A., evidence of, before an investigating committee, 841.
Duncan, Borrock, signs paper, 329.
Duncan, D. R., testimony of, 872 ; conservative, Spartauburgh County ; lawyer, member of the legislature ; administration of justice, 872; arming of the negro militia, 873, 880 ; letter from the members of the legislature, 874 ; the governor appoints demo crats to office, 870 ; outrages by persons in disguise, 877 ; timidity of the negroes, 881.
Duncan, Worthy, identified b> Alfred Wright, 1174.
Duncan, Thaddeus, signs paper, 329.
Dunwoody, killing of, 149.
Laves, Moses, whipping of, 185; beaten and robbed by Ku-Klux, 897.
Education, common school, for negroes ; whites not hostile to ; appropriation for ; pay of school commissioners, (Chestnut,) 461.
Educational system of the State, 16.
Edwards, Barret, taken from Union jail and killed by the mob, 981.
Election, not allowed in Limestone, 428, 431 ; managers whipped, 434.
Election frauds, 83-85, 123, 132, 133, 240, 241, 255, 261 ; election law of 1870, and its working, 10, 82, 83, 150, 151, 179, 180, 261. .
Eisan, Napoleon, a merchant of Union, for whom masks were made, 1120.
Election laws odious, and calculated to excite disturbances, (William Irwin,) 859.
Elford, J. M., a magistrate at Spartanburgh, 852.
Elliott, R. B., evidence of, before an investigating committee, 842.
Employment difficult for republicans to obtain, 325.
Eppes, John, signs paper, 329.
Equalization, board of in Columbia, work of, 775.
Erwin, Rufus, shot, 299; with Champion when whipped, 365; a republican, 369.
Escape of State constables from Laureus riot, 337.
Estes, Aaron, killed at San tuck, 1024.
Etter, W. J., evidence of, before an investigating committee, 841.
Everson, E. W., testimony of, 330; major United States Army; assistant inspector general of troops ; inspector of the Freedinen's Bureau ; assistant assessor of internal revenue; October 17, 1870, meets with Ku-Klux in Laurens, 330; plan of citizens in Laurens to seize the ballot-boxes ; difficulty at the polls, 331 ; account of the riot on the day after the election, 332 ; the witness is saved by a masonic sign, 333 ; < Farley probably at the head of the Ku-Klux in Laurens, 337.
Explosion in court-house at Laureus as a signal, 339.
Ezell, George, quarrels with James Gaffuey, 619.
Ezell, J. IL, notifies Tench Blackwell to resign, 552.
Ezell, Levi, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Fairfield County, Henry Johnson visited by Ku-Klux in, 316; tax delinquencies in, 776.
Faris, E. A., rejoices because the Ku-Klux whipped Elias Hill, 1415.
Farley, Hugh, assists Everson to escape in riot at Laurens, 336 ; probably at the head of Ku-Klux in Laurens, 337.
Faulkner, (alleged Ku-Klux,) shooting of, 17, 72, 73, 139-143, 163, 164.
Faulkner, Bob, identified by Lucretia Adams, 1577.
Ferguson, John, promises a negro forty acres and a mule to vote the democratic ticket, 947.
Finances of the State, report of Mr. Trenholua on, in taxpayers' convention, 512.
Finch, Eliphus, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Fincher, William, taken from Union jail and killed by the mob, 982.
Fleming, William, a colored man, killed in the Laurens riot, 1149, 1313.
Fleming, W. McG., his report to the State canvassers of the election in Spartanburgh County, 805 ; appointed to count the vote in 1870 in Spartauburgh, 855.
Forty thieves, ring of, 731.
Foster, A. H., testimony of, 574 ; conservative republican, Spartanburgh County ; far mer ; visited by Ku-Klux and made to dance, 574 ; white republican afraid to stay at home, 576.
Foster, Fincher, a refugee from the Ku-Klux, 1173.
Foster, H. H., statement of, that many thousands of republican voters were prevented from voting in the congressional election in 1868, 779.
Foster, Joel, testimony of, 810; democrat, Spartanburgh County; farmer and assistant cashier in a bank ; member of the legislature ; Ku-Klux organization, 810 ; corrup tion in the legislature, 811 ; investigation into management of the land commis sion, 812 ; council of safety, 820 ; Greenville Railroad measure, 822 ; passage of the phosphate bill, 828 ; charges against Mr. Leslie, 830 ; report of R. C. De Large, land commissioner, 833 ; report of an investigating committee, 839 ; Joseph Crews's evi dence, 842.
Foster, Preacher, and wife, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1477.
XII CONTENTS.
Foster, Ralph, conduct of, at an election box, 726.
Foster, Samuel, beaten by Ku-Klux, 897.
Foster, Thomas, conversation with Julius Cantrell, 426.
Fowler identified by Alfred Wright, 1174.
Fowler, Charlotte, (colored,) testimony of, 386 ; testifies to the murder of her husband, Wallace Fowler, by Ku-Klux, in Spartauburgh County, May 1,1871, 386 ; identifies John Thomson with the killing of her husband, 387 ; others shot and whipped the same night, 388 ; Wallace a pretty strong radical, 391.
Fowler, Elias, whipped for scaring an old man, 1022.
Fowler, Wallace, shooting of, 187, 188, 199 ; killed by Ku-Klux, testimony of wife, 386.
Fox, Henry, visited by Ku-Klux, 1023.
Fox, Myron, secretary of tax-payers' convention, 473.
Fuller, Young, killed at Laurens riot, 1313.
Gaffney, Bob, identified by AnstelPs daughter, 683.
Gaffney's son threatens Daniel Lipscomb, 419.
Gaffney, Giles, whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
Gaffney, James, (colored,) testimony of, 616; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer; whipped by Ku-Klux June 19, 1871, 616; made to promise to vote the democratic ticket, 617 ; trouble at a corn-husking, 619.
Gaffney, Marcellus, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Gaffuey, Samuel, (colored,) testimony of, 601 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; farmer ; whipped by Ku-Klux March, 1871, 602. Witness recalled, 602 ; revisited by Ku-Klux July 13, 1871, after testifying before the committee ; gun and ammunition taken ; escape from Ku-Klux, 603 ; afraid to return home, 604.
Gallman, J. H., house attacked by negroes, (Shand,) 969; (Steadman,) 1012.
Garlingtou, S. D., implicated in the Laureus riot, 1148.
Garner, Asbury, whipped by Ku-Klux, 983.
Garner, G. W., testimony of, 392; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer; whipped by Ku-Klux March 4, 1871, 392; identifies Richard Millwood, Gray Hampton, the Vaudiver boys, Jasper Haynes, and John Allen ; visited a second time by Ku-Klux and whipped March 18, 1871, 393 ; blindfolded at the second visit, and identifies none except it was Allen and Millwood, 394 ; puts notice in the paper certifying that he belonged to no Union League or Club, 395 ; has taken no part in politics, 396 ; persons whipped afraid to reveal names, 399.
Garrison, Albertha, maltreated by Ku-Klux, 898.
Garrison, Bud, whipped by Ku-Klux at a gathering, 612.
Garrison, Jack, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1409; driven from the country, 1478.
Garrison, Martha, (colored,) testimony of, 1574 ; York County ; whipped by Ku-Klux ; escape of Addison Woods and Jack Garrison from Ku-Klux, 1574 ; identifies Tom McCallum, Cheve McCallum, Gus McCallum, and Lee Williams, 1575; disguises, 1576.
Gary, M. W., speech by, upon declining the nomination for permanent president of tax payers' convention, 475 ; speech upon proportional representation, 492.
Geduey, Jerry, identified by John Hines, 690.
Genobles, John, public renunciation of republican principles by, 27, 29, 189, 193, 194; testimony of, 349 ; republican, Spartauburgh County ; an old farmer; visited and whipped by Ku-Klux April, 1871, 349 ; manager of election ; promises Ku- Klux to declare himself a democrat from the steps of the court-house, 350 ; makes his declaration at the court-house on next sales-day, 351 ; congratulated by Browu, Ballinger, and Corbiu, 352 ; makes affidavit in regard to the unsealing of his elec tion-box, 360. Witness recalled, 362; Simpson Bobo denies his forced renunciation of republicanism, 800; letter from S. T. Poiuier in -regard to his renunciation of republicanism, 809 ; William Irwin's view of the renunciation, 862.
Gentry,L.M., testimony of, 183; speaks to Elias Thomson, 415; questions William Bright, 503 ; talks to Samuel Bonuer about what he would swear to, 579; seen by W. G. Bryant on the road near Cowpens Furnace the night after the whipping of the elec tion managers in Limestone, 632; makes a statement that witnesses wrere packed, 741 ; testimony of, before the sub-committee, 937 ; democrat, Spartauburgh County; member of democratic committee; origin of the report that negro witu esses were influenced by money, 937 ; arrests for Ku-Kluxing, 938 ; Captain Lyle at the elec tion-box, 939 ; hunting an iron wedge the night of the Unionville raid, 940 ; B. F. Barnett and George Setzler not advised to renounce the republican party, 941.
Gentry, Landon M., testimony of, 183-205 ; is a resident of Spartanburgh ; keeps livery stable, 183 ; was sheriff and United States commissioner ; has heard of nu merous cases of persons being whipped in the county by disguised men at night ; has heard of the whipping of Gabriel Ostel, Clem. Bowden, Minerva Bowdeu, William Champion, and Daniel Lipscomb, 184 ; C. Harry Price, Hugh A. Glover, and Moses Eaves, 185 ; shooting of Nathaniel Johnson, republican candidate for the legislature ; has heard of the Ku-Klux shooting into the house of a man named McKinney, and that he shot one of the party, named Campbell, 186 ; shooting of
CONTENTS. XIII
Dr. Winn Smith, 186, 187 ; jail in Spartauburgh visited by a party of men in dis guise, 187 ; shooting of Wallace Fowler by disguised men, 187, 188 ; states what he knows about John Geuoble's public renunciation of his republican principles, 189, 193, 194 ; whipping of H. M. Turner, a conservative, 189 ; thinks his horses were not used in the raid upon the town of Union, about the 10th of February, 190, 191 ; understands that guns were sent into the county for the colored people/and heard that they were sent throughout the State by the governor, 191 ; burning of McKel- vey's dwelling-house, and the circumstances connected therewith ; seizure of stills by A. P. Turner, and fight growing out of it, 192 ; thinks the primary cause of the difficulties in the county is the appointment of inefficient and bad men to office, 193 ; thinks there have been no arrests and convictions in the cases in which vio lence was committed by persons in disguise ; thinks there have been two negroes killed and one wounded, and fifteen or twenty cases of whippings, within twelve months : claims to be a conservative, 194 ; details arrest of O. P. McArthur and his turning over to a crowd of negroes, who made him walk till he fainted, 195, 200, 201, 202 ; gives names of parties leaving home and coming to Spartauburgh from fear, 195 ; gives relative party vote in the county, 196 ; has heard of parties of disguised men coming over from North Carolina, 197 ; thinks there is some intimidation on the part of the colored men and some of the white, 197, 198 ; has not heard of any intimidation prevadiug the democrats in consequence of Ku-Kluxism ; public demonstration against Ku-Klux at Limestone, 198 ; case of Dr. Winn Smith, 199 ; is not prepared to give an opinion either way as to whether there is a general and permanent organization in the county, or 'whether it is simply spasmodic for a night, 200 ; sittings of the grand jury, 203 ; thinks several of these outrages were occasioned by private feuds and animosities, 204 ; gives his opinion as to the most efficient mode of conducting the investigation by the committee, 204, 205.
Gibbs, John, visited by Ku-Klux, 1023.
Gibson, Doctor, candidate for legislature, 323.
Gilbert, Isaac, horses of, used the night of visit to Julius Cantrell, 421.
Gilbert, Kiuchen, said to be a Ku-Klux by Baruet Russell, 422 ; quarrels with James Gatfney, 619.
Gilbert, Littleberry, said to be a Ku-Klux by Barnet Russell, 422 ; identified by Isham McCrary, 540 ; quarrels with James Gaffney, 619.
Gist, David, implicated in raid on Union jail, 1136 ; identified by Sylvanus Wright, 1155 ; subpcsna served on by Christie, 1265.
Gist, J. F., testimony of, 1041 ; democrat. Union County; farmer; uprising of negroes in Chester, 1041 ; narrative of the expedition to Chester, 1042 ; receipts for issues of ordnance, 1044 ; case of Lem asters and Tilmnn Ward, 1051; whipping of Mul- lins for playing Ku-Klux, 1054 ; effects of Ku-Klux raids, 1062 ; return of O. P. McArthur, 1064 ; procuring testimony, 1066.
Givens, Merviu, (colored,) testimony of, 698; republican, Spartauburgh County ; whipped by Ku-Klux April 1871, 698 ; identifies John Thomson and John Zimmerman, 699 j fears to prosecute for Ku-Kluxing, 700.
Glenn, sheriff, Hamp. Hickliu reveals names of Ku-Klux to, 1565, 1573.
Glenn Springs, meeting of negroes at, addressed by R. M. Smith, 754.
Glover, U. A., whipped by Ku-Klux, 185, 898.
Going, D. D., testimony of, 1069; republican, Union County; farmer, trial-justice, coin- » missioner of election and probate judge, 1069 ; whipped by Ku-Klux December, 1870; threats, 1070; persons whipped or killed by Ku-Klux, 1071.
Golightly, Miles, trouble with Simmons, 406.
Gordon, Charner, taken from Union jail and killed by the mob, 981.
Gore, Benjamin, (colored,) testimony of, 1580 ; republican ; member of Jim Wilkes's militia company ; testifies in regard to the fight at Chester, 1580 ; men killed in Chester, 1583 ; witness a refugee in Columbia, 1591.
Goss, Frank, encourages negro militia to a row at Camdeii, (Chestnut,) 451.
Goss, James H., testimony of, 62-68 ; is a native of the State, and a resident of Uniou- ville ; was a member of the Fortieth Congress, 62 ; states what he saw and heard relative to the entering of the jail in Unionville and the taking out and hanging of seven of the prisoners, 62-64 ; is afraid to say what he knows about the matter ; has heard of whippings by bands of disguised men, 64 ; thinks an organization ex ists, so numerous as not to be counteracted, composed of white men, who go about in disguise, committing outrages; relative vote, white and colored, in the county ; no white republicans; black men principally whipped, some white; the latter have not acted with the republican party since their whipping, 65 ; knows of six or seven cases of whipping in the county, 66 ; thinks it unsafe for men, white or black, to vote the republican ticket in Union County, 67 ; thinks twenty or thirty negroes have been shot since October, and that the outrages are all political, 68.
Gossett, Matthew F., visited by Ku-Klux, 568, 599.
Gourdine, (democrat, ) outrage upon, 149.
Governments despotic when secret associations appear, (Chestnut,) 449, 468.
XIV CONTENTS.
Gowan, Miss Laura, testimony of, 1068 ; Union County ; testifies in regard to making masks and dominoes, 1068.
Graham, John, identified by Porter, 1558.
Graham, T. M., testimony of, 701; conservative, York County; merchant; execution of the law, 701 ; Roundtree case, 702 ; raid on the county treasury, 704 ; United States assistant assessor, 712 ; a meeting of citizens to put down lawlessness, 713.
Green, a colored man in Lauren s who organized companies of negro militia, 1151.
Greenfield, W. K., resolution offered by, in tax-payers' convention, 498.
Greenville Railroad, legislation in regard to, a party measure, (Chestnut,) 466; the act lending the credit of the State to, (Joel Foster,) 822; corruption in passage of measure relative to, 828.
Greenville Railroad Company, game of, (Chestnut,) 463 ; stock sold at a low price, 465 ; liabilities assumed, 470.
Greenville and Columbia Railroad, purchase, &c., of, 111, 112, 126, 127, 137, 152, 160, 161, 164, 165, 234, 235.
Greenville and Columbia Railroad, robbing of depot of, 149.
Greer, Jason, accompanies Gist on his expedition to Chester, 1057.
Greer, Robert H., implicated in the raid on Union jail, 1122, 1137.
Greer, T. J., a former probate judge, who is called <">'i to again fill the place, after Going is compelled by the Ku-Klux to resign, 1072.
Gregory, Frank, molested by negroes, (Shand,) 969 ; (Steadman,) 1013.
Griffin, Caleb, 314.
Griffin, Camp, identified by John Lipscomb, 667.
Griffin, William, a colored man, killed in the Laurens riot, 1149, 1313.
Gubernatorial canvass of 1870, temper and manner of, (Butler,) 1185.
Hailstock, Mr., outrage upon, 143.
Hall, indicted for official misconduct, 1529.
Hambright, Abner, whipped by Ku-Klux, 213, 1478.
Hainett, Lander, visited by Ku-Klux, 1023.
Hammers, identified by John Lipscomb, 667.
Hammond, Paul, persons in employ of, assault judicial officers, 464.
Hampton, Gray, identified by Garner, 393 ; killed by B. F. Bates, 397, 850, 854.
Hampton, Wade, testimony of, 1218 ; democrat, Columbia ; lieutenant general in Con federate service ; secession, 1218 ; corrupt administration of the State government, 1219; negro suffrage, 1222, 1236; reconstruction, 1223; taxation, 1225; acts of vio lence, 1228; troops of General Sherman, 1231; proclamations by the governor, 1233; testimony of W. K.Tolbert, 1234; appendix; memorial to Congress ; State taxation, 1239 ; democratic address, 1249 ; letter from Attorney General Chamberlain, 1250 ; testimony given of W. K. Tolbert on troubles in Abbeville, 1256 ; speech by Gen eral Hampton, 1260 ; views of General Hampton, 1262 ; manifesto from the South Carolina republicans, 1264.
Hardy, Jim, committed to Union jail for murder of Stevens, 1136.
Harmon, Dutch John, tickled at Genoble's being compelled to renounce republicanism, 357.
Harris, Frank C., identified by W. K. Owens, 1370.
Harris, John, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Harris, M., whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Harrison, John W., president of the Blue Ridge Railroad, 748.
Harvey, Joseph, abused by Ku-Klux, 678.
Hawkins, Barby, implicated in the raid on Union jail, 1137.
Hawkins, Drayton, whipped and robbed by Ku-Klux, 921.
Hawkins, Edmund, a white radical, 410.
Hawkins, I. C., at Steen's Hotel the night of the raid on Union jail, 10S9 ; testimony of, 1106; democrat, Union County ; constable, 1106; denies being a Ku-Klux, 1107; testifies in regard to the second raid on Union jail, 1107.
Hawkins, Silas, house of, visited by Daniel Smith previous to visiting the Yellow House, where he was killed, 1036.
Hawthorn, D. G., trial justice, rule served on, by Judge Orr, for malfeasance in office, 807.
Haynes, Jasper, identified by Garner, 393.
Hell-Hole Swamp, character of; purchased by the land commission, 830.
Henderson, Henry, testimony of, 306; republican, Spartauburgh County; warned by i Skip Price, Esau Price, Thad. Splawns, and Earl Smith, 307; refugee in Columbia, 308; gives memorandum of Ku-Klux who threatened to kill him, 312.
Henderson, Middleton, invited to join Ku-Klux, 310.
Henderson, Sallie, whipped and house burned by Ku-Klux, 922.
Henley, James, testimony of, 564; conservative republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer; whipped by Ku-Klux Mliy, 1871 ; required to advertise his principles, 564; white men do not feel safe to act, 566.
Hernandes, Harriet, (colored,) testimony of, 585; Spartanburgh County; visited by
CONTENTS. XV
Ku-Klux, December, 1870 ; again visited, May, 1871 ; whipped; also daughter Lucy ; sleeping in the woods, 586 ; identifies Tom Davis and Bruce Martin and his two sons, 586 ; sufferings of the negroes, 587. Heruaudes, Lucy, whipped by Ku-Klux, 586. , Herndon, Dr., fancy ball at house of, 1061 ; masks for, 1069.
Herndon, Joseph, testimony of, 206-226 ; lives in Yorkville, and carries on a tannery ; the county is very quiet, and has been for a good many weeks ; has heard of some difficulties among distillers and collectors : knows of no armed organizations in the county except from four to six companies of negroes, 206 ; houses burned in York ville in September ; had. a great many fires in the county after that; burning of giu-honse and saw-mill; states circumstances attending the burning of four or five houses in a circle around the village, believed to have been tired at a concerted signal, 207 ; incendiary speeches at the meetings held by negroes, and their effect, 207-208 ; knows of no feelings of hostility among the people toward the Govern ment of the United States ; have had very bad officers in the county ; has no doubt that men in disguise committed some outrages in the county, 208 ; thinks there is no organized band, but that bad men band together for the particular act they propose to do, 208, 209 ; robbing of a house by a baud of organized colored men ; pardoning power as exercised by the governor and its effect ; thinks there is intim idation of democratic colored voters, 209 * town guarded for fear of a general con flagration, 209, 210, 224; whipping of a negro by disguised colored men ; belongs to the democratic party; organization of negro militia companies, 210; killing of Roundtree by a band of disgui^'l men ; alleged cause of killing, 210, 211 ; arrest and acquittal of the men engage 'I i-aerein; Anderson Brown killed by disguised men ; alleged cause of killing, 211 ; killing of a negro near the North Carolina line by disguised men ; no arrests made ; alleged reason for killing ; negro by the name of Williams hanged, and the alleged cause thereof, 212; has heard of bands of dis guised men traveling round the county and whipping negroes and some white men ; whipping of White and Ham bright, and the alleged reason therefor, 213 ; does not know that any one has been prosecuted for these whippings ; several cases of whipping of negroes prosecuted, but does not know a single case of conviction ; supposes there is a set of men who do organize themselves for the purpose of mur der and whipping ; thinks these acts of violence have generally been against colored men or white republicans, 211; has heard of their visiting men who kept little grog-shops; office of the judge of probate in Yorkville broken into, and am munition taken therefrom, 215; meeting of citizens, and resolutions passed to the effect that the people of the county would do all they could to put a stop to all this thing, and the effect thereof, 216; incendiary speeches, and the purposes or motives thereof, 216, 217, 218 ; no one detected and punished for the incendiary fires that have occurred in the county; the people thought that the burning of those houses was by a regular organization ; that the League had organized a party for the purpose of burning, 217 ; has heard it alleged that some men were whipped for their political views; this house-burning understood to be in retaliation lor the descent upon the negroes by bauds of disguised men, 217, 218 ; burning of Mr. Allison's buildings; number of negroes whipped in the county ; these whippings calculated to produce retaliation, 219 ; has not known of any democrat being taken from his house and scourged by disguised men ; negroes visited by a party of disguised men supposed to be part whites and part blacks, 220 ; pardoning power as exer cised by Governor Scott, 220, 221 ; testifies as to the safety of good and bad men from attack, 221 ; extracts from the Yorkville Enquirer read relative to the meet ing for suppression of disorders, and the cards of Anthony Mason and Alex. Sturgis, 221,223; states what he means by a "general organized band," 223; surrender of arms by the negroes, 224,225; thinks the great bulk of the whipping was done after the burning and the disarming, 225.
Hickling, Hampton, (colored,) whipped by Ku-Klux, (Merrill,) 1474 ; testimony of, 1564 ; republican, York County ; farmer ; visited seven times by Ku-Klux, 1564 ; whipped severely ; identified Thomas Nichols, John Nichols, William Jackson, and Matthew Parrott, 1565; Sheriff Glenn, 1573.
High, George, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Hill, Rev. Elias, (colored,) testimony of, 1406 ; republican, York County ; a cripple; whipped by Ku-Klux May 5, 1871, 1406 : emigration to Liberia, 1410 ; his preach ing, 1412 ; an account of whippings by Ku-Klux, 1414 ; his report to Major Merrill, 1477 ; his mother whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Hill, J. P., wife of, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1409.
Hill, Lucinda, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Hill, Luuney B., at Steen's Hotel, on the night of the raid on Union jail, 1088; impli cated in the raid, 1136.
Hill, Sol, compelled to renounce republicanism, 1407 ; his wife and children abused by Ku-Klux, 1478. I
Hill, Thomas, a policeman at Union, the night of the raid on the jail, 978.
XVI CONTENTS.
Hines, Isham, quarrels with James Gaffney, 619.
Hines, John, (colored,) testimony of, 690 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; home visited by Ku-Klux, February or March, 1871 ; aunt and boy abused ; identifies Lewis Jolly, Bill Jolly, Jerry Gedney, and Mr. Cantrell's horses, 690 ; farmer, 691.
Hines, Peter, whipped by Ku-Klux at a gathering, 612.
Hoge, Andrew, captain of Ku-Klux, identified by Hamp Hickling, 1565.
Holcomb, Robert, hung bv Ku-Klux, 922.
Holly, Abner, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1428,
Homicide of Anderson, 211 ; homicide of county commissioner of Clarendon County, 87 ; homicide of Dimwoody, 149 ; homicide of Lemon, 283, 286, 287 ; homicide of negroes, 212 ; homicide of peddler by negroes, 80 ; homicide of Prince, 173 ; homicide of Roundtree, 210, 211 ; homicide of white men by negroes, 122.
Honeybee, crier at Spartanburgh, interrogates Genobles, 353.
Hood, Eli, testimony of, 568; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer; visited by Ku-Klux, June, 1871, and advised to renounce his party in the papers, 568.
Hopper, Govau, identified as a Ku-Klux by W. K. Owens, 1364 ; testimony of, 1416 ; dem ocrat, York County ; farmer ; denies being a Ku-Klux, and being implicated in the raid on the county treasury, 1416 ; whippings, 1421.
Horse-race, legislature takes a recess to attend, 472.
Horton, John, identified by Julius Cantrfcll, 424.
Horton, Nathan, threatens Julius Cantrell, 419 ; identified, 421, 423.
Ho well, Addison, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Houses burned, Mr. Allison's, 219 ; Colonel Lipscomb' s, 147 ; the McKelveys', 192 ; democrats, 207.
Hughes, Aaron, killed by Ku-Klux, 922.
Hughes, B. G., outrage by negroes upon, 175, 176.
Hughes, H. T., attack on house of, by negroes, 1013 ; testimony of, 1086 ; democrat, Union County; jailer; formerly house-carpenter ; first raid on Union jail, 1086; second raid on Union jail, 1091 ; Ku-Klux notice, 1092 ; appointment of jailer, 1094 ; identified by Joe Vanlue, 1129 ; implicated in the raid on Union jail, 1136.
Hullender, D. D., whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Humphreys, W. D., accompanies Gist on his expedition to Chester, 1033, 1057.
Humphreys, Young, identified, 298.
Humphries, Byuara, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Humphries, Prear, Green, and Wade, beaten by Ku-Klux, 897.
Hunter, Mr., goes to the Laurens riot, 1170.
\ Hunter, John, identified by Lucy McMillan, 605 ; his history, 611 ; identified by W. K. Owen, 1364 ; a member of Avery's clan, 1393.
Hunter, J. J., testimony of, 1284 ; democrat, York County ; clerk ; denies being a Ku- Klux and being in raid on county treasury, 1285.
Hurley, Tim, character of, 736, 740.
Huskie, Christina, Avhipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Huskie, Doctor, (colored,) testimony of, 595 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; farmer; beaten by ,Ku-Klux December, 1870, 595 ; church for colored people burned, 597.
Huskie, John, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Huskie, Matt., beaten by Ku-Klux, 442.
Huskie, Preston, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Huskie, Sina, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Huskie, Sue, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Huskius, Charity, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Huskins, Emily, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Huskins, J., whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Huskins, Jefferson, (colored,) testimony of, 580 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; farmer; whipped by Ku-Klux January, 1871,580; taught a Sunday-school for colored people, 581 ; slept out through fear of Ku-Klux for three months, 584.
Huskins, P., whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Huskius, S. C., whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Huskins, Susanna, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Hutton, Tom, goes to the Laurens riot, 1170.
Immigration and emigration a remedy for the existing evils, (Butler,) 1209, 1217.
Individual wrongs, political troubles aggravated by, (Chestnut,) 447.
Intimidation of complainants, 31, 76.
Intimidation of voters, 13, 82, 122, 174, 175, 209, 223, 229, 230, 240, 251, 262.
Intimidation of witnesses, 33.
Insecurity, personal, (Winsmith,) 623; causes of, (Steadman,) 1013.
Investigating committee ; report of, on money transactions of the committee, on the electoral affairs of the third congressional district, 839. *
Irwin, Rufus, shot by Ku-Klux, 898.
Irwfci, William, testimony of, 843 ; conservative republican, Spartanburgh County ; cor ruption and incapacity of the State government, 843 ; lawless organizations, 844 ;
CONTENTS. XVII
Union League, 847 ; case of the attack on General Bates, 848 ; trial justice, 851 ; election returns of Spartanburgh County for 1870, 855 ; causes of disturbances, 860 ; case of the whipping of Champion, 864.
Jackson, B. F., letters to R. C. De Large relative to the surveys of State lands, 835-7.
Jackson, William, identified by Hamp Hicklin, 1565.
Jail in New berry County visited, 143.
Jail in Union Court-House, hanging of prisoners taken from the, 4, 32, 62-64, 74.
Jail in Spartanburgh visited, 187.
Jameson, Buck, whipped by Kn-Klux, 437.
Jefters, Strap, killed by Ku-Klux, 684.
Jefferson, Arthur, county commissioner, rule served on, by Judge Orr for malfeasance ia office, 806.
Jenkins, Caleb, (colored,) testimony of, G96 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; whipped by Ku-Klux April 1871, 696 ; gun taken ; warned to leave ; cook ; refugee, 697.
Jeter, Rev. James, cotton-gin and crop burned, 1015.
Jeter, John, threatened by negroes, 1025.
Johnson, Anthony, killed at Pacolet, 875; the only colored magistrate in Spartanburgh County, 890.
Johnson, Dick, at Steens's Hotel the night of the raid on Union jail, 1089. ,'
Johnson, Francis, house of, attacked by Ku-Klux, and wife whipped, 1478.
Johnson, Henry, (colored,) testimony of, 316; republican, Fairfield County ; member of legislature ; visited by Ku-Klux April, 1871, 316; refugee in Columbia; Tom Wood ward threatens to kill him ; receives notice to resign, 317 ; colored people tried to get whites to fill the offices, 323 ; Union League, 324, 326; bricklayers and plasterers, 325.
Johnson, Jack, (colored,) testimony of, 1165 ; republican, refugee from Laurens; farmer and stone-mason; beaten by Reizer, 1166; execution served on property because of small debts, and property sold at a great sacrifice, 1167.
Johnson, Nathaniel, shooting of, 186.
Johnson, Willie, identified by Clem Bowden, 381.
Johnson, Willis, (colored,) testimony of, 326; republican, Newberry county; laborer; visited by Ku-Klux, and escaped after shooting them, 327 ; suspects George Reizer and Dave Gist ; certificates by democrats to notified republicans, 2329.
Johnston, Francis, Ku-Klux notice served on, 1403 ; whipped by Ku-Klux, 1411.
Johnston, Pink, notice served on, by Ku-Klux, 1403; house visited, 1478.
Jolly, Bill, identified by John Hines, 690.
Jolly, Lewis, identified by John Hines, 690.
Jones, a northern man, in Wallace Fowler's neighborhood, who discharged his white hands, 390.
Jones, Abe, a colored man, killed in the Laurens riot, 1149.
Jones, Mrs. Bird, beaten with sticks and shovel by Ku-Klux, 920.
Jones, Cadwallader, resolution offered by in tax-payers' convention on creation of cou pon bonds, 509.
Jones, Jimmy, identified by Hamp Hicklin, 1567 ; identified by Andrew Cathcart, 1592.
Joseph, Charles, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1480.
Judicial tribunals in the hands of worthless and vicious men, (Chestnut,) 449.
Juries, mixed, 1, 5, 60, 87, 237.
Justice, Mr., editor of the Rutherfordton Star, whipped by Ku-Klux, 878.
Kahlo, a State constable, whose difficultv with Richardson caused the riot at Laurens, 1326.
Kaphan, M., trial justice; rule served on, by Judge Orr, for compounding a felony, 807.
Kershaw County, deep discontent in ; organization of citizens, 452 ; negroes not intim idated in that county, (Chestnut,) 464 ; valuation of lands in, 776; tax executions in, 792.
Kershaw, General, tenders amity and justice to negrees,468.
Killed, for lists of, see Spartanburgh, Union, York, &c.
Killing of obnoxious white men, 447.
Kimball, Jim, threatens republicans, 684.
Kimpton, H. H., resolution in regard to, in tax -payers' convention, 509; financial agent of the State, account of, 771.
Kirby, Larkin, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Kirk, a North Carolina freebooter, 993.
Kitcar, Andy, whipped and robbed by Ku-Klux, 1475.
Ku-Klux, causes of the, 227-229, 237, 238.
Jvu-Klnx, effect upon the negroes of the, 39, 197, 198, 277, 278.
Ku-Klux, nature, extent, &c., of the, 28, 46, 47, 76. 97.
Ku-Klux, object of the, 22, 30, 53, 79.
Ku-Klux, palliation or justification of the, 89, 90; Henderson's memorandum of, 312; notice to Champion, 367 ; protect distilleries against revenue officers, 425 ; charac ter of, (Winsmith,) 624 ; oath, 653; Gi vena's fears to prosecute, 700 ; causes of Ku- II— S C
XVIII CONTENTS.
Klux operations, (Cannon,) 762; Joel Foster's views on the Ku-Klux organization, 810 ; opinion of William Irwin that nine-tenths of those whipped by Ku-Klux are republicans, 848 ; attack United States soldiers, 944 ; Ku-Klux orders, 1003, 1004, 1006: letter to the News on the objects and work of, 1007; Ku-Klux notice, 1092; operations of, 1104; Ku-Klux manifesto, 1347; oath, signs of recognition of. &c.. (Owens,) 1363.
Lady, a, summoned to pay $70 tax instead of $7, (Chestnut,) 447.
Lamb, Bob, implicated in raid on Union jail; identified by Sylvanus Wright, 1155.
Lancaster, Matthew, (colored,) testimony of, 591; republican, Spartauburgh County ; visited by KurKlux, May 4, 1871, and escaped, 591; shot by the Ku-Klux, and pro duces the bullet ; identifies John Thompson and Tom Zimmerman, 592 ; colored people hope protection from Congress, 595.
Land commission, operations of the, 20, 21, 58, 84, 95, 110, 111, 137, 138, 152, 235, 269; investigation into management of, (Joel Foster,) 812; letter of J. F. Sloan relative to, 814 ; views of G. W. Hamilton Legg on, 893; frauds of, (Butler,) 1192, 1213.
Land owners, part taken in the war by, 470.
Lanford, J. L., whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
Lathan, Henry, severely beaten by Ku-Klux, 1481.
Lathers, Richard, speech of, in the tax-payers' convention on the objects of the conven tion, 477.
Latta, Bob, identified by W. K. Owens, 1368.
Laureus County, riot in, 13, 69, 76, 77, 79, 154, 155; described by J. A. Crews, 1145; election troubles in, (Simpson,) 1303; riot the day after the election, 1306; citizens of, arrested and taken to Columbia, 1322 ; Bull's account of the riot, 1326 ; killed by Ku-Klux in, (for page see name elsewhere:) William Fleming, Young Fuller, William Griffin, Abe Jones, Wade Perrin, Volney Powell, William Riley, Abe Sim mons, 8.
Laurens Railroad bonds, liabilities assumed, 470.
Laws, execution of, (Cannon,) 759; (Bobo,) 796; views of William Irwin on, 843; (Duncan,) 872; (Shaud,) 968.
Layton, Lewis, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920. ' League, Loyal, (Union,) nature, extent, &c., of the, 39, 77, 267.
League, Loyal, (Union,) as cause of disturbance, 229, 230, 268.
Leahey, Mr., notified to leave, 54.
Lee, John, commander of a negro company at Chester, 1430.
Leech, Alexander, killed by Ku-Klux, 1472.
Leech, Ninian, a young man molested by negroes, (Shand,) 969 ; Steadman, 1013.
Leech, Willet, at Steer's hotel the night of the raid on Union jail, 1089.
Legg, G. W. EL, testimony of, 882 ; democrat, Spartauburgh County ; causes of failure in executing the laws, 882; the Ku-Klux organization, 884; incapacity of county officers, 886 ; election laws iniquitous, 888; magistrates convicted of larceny, 890*; people complain of burdensome taxation, 892 ; party feeling, 894.
Legislative extravagance, fraud, and corruption, an editorial article from the Charles ton Republican, March 18, 1871, 773; views of Joel Foster on, 811.
Legislature, alleged corruption of the, 8, 11,34, 35,52,55,61,81, 131, 152, 153, 173; leg islature, indorsement of railroad bonds by the, 8, 20, 233, 255, 256 ;. legislature, political composition of the, 5, 81 ; legislature releases lien upon property of Blue Ridge Railroad Company, 464 ; legislature, property qualification for members of, before the war, 777; legislature, corruption in, (Joel Foster) 811; legislature, Greenville railroad measure in, 822; legislature phosphate bill, passage of, 828; legislature, letter from members of, to the Carolina Spartan, 874 ; legislature, list of members of, 1244.
Leinasters, case of his seduction of a n,egro girl, and the consequent killing of her step-father, Tilman Ward, 1051.
Lemon, Mr. — , killing of, 283, 286, 287.
Leslie, Bill, identified by Lucretia Adams, 1577.
Leslie, C. P., land commissioner, charges against, 830 ; desires to be placed right before the people, 832 ; statement of, in the Daily Guardian, contradicting a report in re gard to land commission frauds, 1193.
Levi, Reuben, killed by the whites at Chester, 1583.
Lewis, Alfred, 418.
Lewis, John, (colored,) testimony of, 435; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer;"1 -whipped by Ku-Klux June, 1871, 436.
Lewisville Station, difficulty at, 459.
Leyton, Benjamin, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921. ,.
Liberia, negro emigration to,, 1410.
Lillis, J. S., has charge of State arms in Laurens, 1151.
Limestone Springs, public meeting at, 755.
Limestone Township, list of persons whipped and otherwise maltreated in, 897; nearly every negro who remained in, whipped by Ku-Klux unless an avowed democrat, 930.
CONTENTS. XIX
Limlcr, Ann. whipped by Ku-Klux, 898.
Hinder, Luke, maltreated by KuKlnx, 898.
Linder, Moses, abused by Ku-Klux, 897.
Under, Torn, quarrels with James Gatiney, C19.
Linder, Washington, whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
Lipscomb, Anthony, beaten by Kn-Klux, 897.
Lipscomb, Colonel, burning of house of, 147.
Lipscomb, Curtis, whipped by Ku-Klux at a gathering, 612.
Lipscomb, Daniel, (colored,) whipping of, 184; testimony of, 407 ; republican, Spartan- burgh County; whipped by Ku-Klux October 16, 1870, 427; identities Perry McArthnr ; black people, afraid to vote, 428 ; afraid to return home ; negroes lying out, 429 ; threatened by -Mr. Moore, 431 ; affidavit as to double-quicking of McArthur,' 433.
Lipscomb, Gracy, abused by Ku-Klux, 898.
Lipscomb, Harry, advice to Julius Cartrall, 425.
Lipscomb, Henry, (colored,) testimony of, 681, republican, Spartanburgh County; •whipped by Ku-Klux January, 1871, and ordered to leave, 681 ; identities Bob Stacey and Barney Russell ; threatened by Jim Russell. 682 ; beating of Gabriel Anstell by Ku-Klux ; hjs daughter identities Bob Stacey and Bob Gaffney, 683.
Lipscomb, Isaac, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897. -
Lipscomb, John, (colored,) copy of notice to, 664; testimony of, 666; republican, Spartanburgh County ; farmer ; homo visited by Ku-Klux ; wife whipped, 666 ; identifies Fate Chaffiu, Lurri Petty, and Mr. Hammers; second visit by Ku-Klux ; identities Camp Griffin, Cy Bagwell, and Chanie Allen ; notice by Ku-Klux, from Chaffiti, 667.
Lipscomb, Mitchell, abused by Ku-Khix, S98.
Lipscomb, Nathan, whipped by Ku-Klux, and money taken, 897.
Lipscomb, Samuel, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Lipscomb, Wilson, and boy. whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Lipscomb, Zero, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Little, John W., tries to save Everson, 336, 340 ; Everson's Masonic intercourse with, 347.
Littlejohu, Benjamin, beaten by Ku-Klux, 897.
Littlejohu, Lemuel, and wife, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Little'johu, Lefus, abused by Ku-Klux, 898.
Locality, execution of laws depends upon, 446.
Lockhart, Wilson, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Lowrie, Ernest, identified by W. K. Owens, 1367.
Lowry, Willis, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1564.
Lunney, Dr., dealings of, with the land commission, 816.
Lyle, Captain, in council with the Ku-Klux, 788 ; signs letter written to the Carolina Spartau, h74 ; at the election box, 939.
Mabrey, J. J., testimony of, 1081 ; conservative republican, Union County ; farmer, constable, register, and election manager; visited by Ku-Klux, 1081; whippings by Ku-Klux, 1082 ; protected by his neighbors, 1085.
Mack, Orange, compelled to renounce the republican party, 623.
Magistrates, appointment of, under the new constitution, 886.
Malone, Billy, at Steen's Hotel the night of the raid on Union jail, 1089.
Manifesto of South Carolina republicans, 1264.
Manning, J. L., speech by, in tax-payers' convention on proportional representation, 491.
Marshall, identified by Porter, 1558.
Martin, death of, by violence, 1248 ; killed by Gavin, 1315.
Martin, county commissioner, notified, 319.
Martin, Bruce, and sons, identified by Harriet Hernandes, 586. • .
Masks, Ku-Klux, making of, 1121, 1127, 114J ; masks and signals, 1375.
Mason, Anthony, card of, 221.
Mason, Miles, said to be a Ku-Klux by Barret Russell, 422 ; identified bjT Isham McCrary, 540.
Masonic sign, Everson's rescue by, 333.
McArthur, O. P., outrage by negroes upon, 195,, 200-202 ; charges against, 301 ; talks in favor of Ku-Klux, 368, 372; prosecuted, 3bO , identified by Daniel Lipscomb, 428 : arrested, 429 ; double-quicked, 432; excitement caused by arrest of, for Ku-Kluxiug, 850 ; boasts of what the Ku-Klux would do, 898; goes to the West, 914 ; return of, 1064.
McCaffrey, Ed., identified by W. K. Owens, 1370.
McCallunis, the, whip Hamp Hickliu, 1564. - ! ,
McCalluui, Eli, killed by the whites at Chester. 1583.
McCallurn, Gus., identified by Hamp Hickliu, 1564 ; by Martha Garrison, 1575.
McCallum, L. C.. testimony of, 1490 ; democrat, York County ; farmer ; denies being a
XX CONTENTS.
Ku-Klux or whipping Hamp Hicklin, 1491; identified by Hamp Hicklin, 1564 ; identified by Martha Garrison, 1575.
McCallnui, Tom, identified by Hamp Hicklin, 1564 ; identified by Martha Garrison, 1575.
MeClond, J. W., whipping of, 274.
McClure, Alexander, visited by Ku-Klux, 1023.
McCorcle, Tom, identified by Owens as a Kn-Klux, 1397.
McCrary, Ishain, (colored,) testimony of, 533 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; farmer ; whipped by Ku-Klux March, 1871, 538 ; identities Barney Russell, 539 identifies Miles Mason, William Bush, and Berry Gilbert, 540.
McCraw, Joseph, maltreated by Ku-Klux, 897.
McCraw, Richard, beaten by Ku-Klux, 897.
McDauiels, Harry, shot, 1325.
McDowell, member of legislature, visited by Ku-Klux, 316.
McElwee, A. S., cyclops of Ku-Klux in 18(58, 1456.
McGill, Jesse, visited by Ku-Klux, 1408, 1478.
Mclntyre, G. F., evidence of, before an investigating committee, 841.
McKelveys, burning of house of the, 192.
McKinney, outrage upon, 186.
McKinney, shooting of Campbell by, 186.
McKinney, Andy, house fired into by Ku-Klux. 922.
McLuiu, R. B., testimony of, 1278; democrat, York County ; wheelwright ; denies being
\ , a Ku-Klux, 1279; identified as a Ku-Klux by W. C. Owens, 1364.
Mclaughlin, George, and Lucy, beaten twice by Ku-Klux, 897 ; tried for stealing a plow, 909.
McLean, J.. whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
McMillan, John, identified by Lucy McMillan, 605,
McMillan, Kennedy, identified by Lucy McMillan, 605.
McMillan, Lucy, (colored,) testimony of, 604 ; Spartanburgh County ; visited by Ku- Klux ; identifies John McMillan, Kennedy McMillan, Billy Bush, and John Hunter; house burned, 605.
McUpson, Glovenor, maltreated by Ku-Klux, 898.
McUpson, Swan, abused by Ku-Klux at a gathering, 614.
Mebins, A. G., barn and stables of, burned, 1015,
Merrill, Colonel Lewis, citizens of York co-operate with, 715; testimony of, 1463; in command of post at Yorkville: condition of affairs in the county, 1464; outrages; tearing up rails on the road before the arrival of the troops, 1465 ; raid on the county treasury, 1469; identification of Clawsou, 1471 ; six murders by Ku-Klux, 1472; twenty-nine detailed cases of whipping, 1474; Rev. E. Hill's report of abuse to Major Merrill, 1477 ; affidavit of F. M. Davie, trial justice, 1479; thirty-four cases, 1479-81 ; apprehended attack on the camp, 1481, 1503, 1522 ; trials in the circuit court of York, 1487 ; Witherspoon's conference with, 1497.
Militia, organization, &c., of the State, 146, 147, 210, 239; arming of the, 447, 462, 468; company of white militia raised, Duncan, captain, 778 ; arming of the negro mili tia a cause of disturbance, (Duncan,) 873, 880; arming of, unwise, (Butler,) 1205.
Miller, Amos, conduct of, at an election-box, 726.
Miller, Harry, an old man, whipped to death by Ku-Klux, 1481.
Miller, Jerome, whipped by Ku-Klux, 983, 1071.
Miller, Joseph, (colored,) testimony of, 600 : republican, Spar tanburgh County ; farmer; whipped by Ku-Klux April 1, 1871, 600.
Miller, Lot, alias Campbell, killed by Ku-Klux, 1473.
Mills, John, killed by Ku-Klux, 982, 983 ; shot and throat cut, 999 ; a pardoned peni tentiary convict, 1024 ; had been convicted of stealing cotton, 1039.
Millwood, Richard, identified by Garner, 393.
Mobley, June, organizer of a band of negroes ; a member of the legislature, (Stead- man,) 1019.
Montgomery, Jacob, (colored,) testimony of, 695; republican, Spartanlrargh County; farmer; whipped at a gathering by Ku-Klux April, 1871, 695.
Moore, John S., identified, 290.
Moore, John W., identified, 290.
Moore, June, puts a card in the paper renouncing republicanism, 1407 ; his wife abused by Ku-Klux because her husband could not be found, 1477.
Morgan, Chesterfield, abused by Ku-Klux, 898.
Moses, Frank, speaker of lower house of legislature ; gratuity voted to, (Chestnut,) 472 ; his horse-race, 739 ; purchases muskets and sells them to the State, 756.
Moss, John, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Moss, Murray, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Moss, William, (colored,) testimony of, 400; republican, Spartanburgh County ; visited and ehot at bv Ku-Klux May 1, 1871 ; again visited and caught by Ku-Klux July 3,1871,400. "
Mullins, J. S., whipped for playing Ku-Klux, 1000, 1022, 1054.
CONTENTS. XXI
Munro, Judge, defends the prisoner in jail, (Steadman,) 1021.
Murph, William, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Nance, death of, by violence, 1248.
Nash, shot, 291.
Neason, John L., testimony of, 41-48 ; is a resident of Sumter County ; lived previ ously in Savannah ; is in the commission business and engaged in planting, 41 ; is visited by the Ku-Klux October, 1870, and compelled to discontinue his trade in seed-cotton, 41, 42, 43 ; details second outrage upon him by the Ku-Klux in March of this year, 42, 43, 44 ; was in the confederate army ; never meddles with politics, 42 ; details manner of conducting his business transactions, 42, 43 ; outrage upon Davy Andrews ; man whipped, and woman tarred antj feathered ; is visited again between the 1st and 5th of April, and the puvpose stated by the party to put down, all country stores and drive out all the republicans ; the only stores interfered with were those kept by republicans, 44 ; thinks that every white man in his neighborhood is counected with the organization ; has heard of operations by the organization in Kershaw and Sumter Counties ; arrest of persons charged with burning Mr. Robertson's store, and their acquittal ; no convictions 'in );:* county : gives names of ine^i who he believes were in the party visiting him. 4(.» ; character of the disguises worn by the party; burning of David G. Robertson's store, 47 ; insecurity felt by republicans ; outrage upon Mr. Bigger and Mr. Colemau, 48.
Negro, killing, by Ashley, of a, 173.
Negroes, effect of the Ku-Klux organizations upon the, 39, 197. 198, 277, 278 ; general character and behavior of the, 14, 15, 124, 238, 239, 265, 266 ; killing of, 212; whip ping of, 27, 28, 33, 136, 210, 275 ; Champion's friendship to, 371 ; whipped because they were radicals, 422 ; to have forty acres and a mule, 44^ 947 ; as reform can didates, 458 ; fire into a car at Lewisville Station, 459; sufferings of, 587 ; as wit nesses, (R. M. Smith,) 750 ; threatened by Gabriel Cannon if they voted the repub lican ticket, 765, 781 ; free negroes, bill introduced by Mr. Wallace in the legisla ture prior to the war relative to, 786; would be quiet if left alone, (Cannon,) 796; timidity of, (Duncan,) 881 ; arming of, (Shand,) 969 ; acts of lawlessness by, (Stead- man,) 1011, 1025 ; incarceration of, in Union jail, 1020 ; repressing of, in' Chester, • 1041 ; labor of, 1216; address to the colored people of the State, 1253 ; character , of, (Ball,) 1336; public meetings of, in York, 1349, 1352.
Nesbit, Miles, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Newberry, Willis Johnson visited by Ku-Klux in, 327 ; action of citizens of, 454; diffi culty in, 1304.
Newbury, William, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1071. Nichols, "Ardrew, identified by'Hamp Hickliu, 1565.
Nichols, George, threatened by Ku-Klux, 290.
Nichols, John, identified by Hamp Hicklin, 1565.
Nichols, Thomas, identified by Hamp Hickliu, 1565.
Nodine, John, makes threats, 659.
Noland. Dave, identified by Sylvauus Wright, 1155.
Noland, G. S., accompanies Gist on his expedition to Chester, 1057 ; implicated in the
raid on Union jail, 1122, 1136. North, feeling in regard to persons from the, 466. Norton, Rufus, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1159. Nuckles, Henry, (colored,) testimony of, 1178 ; republican, Union County; refugee in
Columbia, visited by Ku-Klux, 1178. Nuekles, Samuel, (colored,) testimony of, 1158 ; republican ; refugee from Union County ;
farmer ; threats ; member of committee sent to Washington ; whippings ; member
of the legislature ; notice to resign, 1159. Oakes, Mr., a broker of Charleston, connected with the purchase of Hell-hole Swamp
by the land commission, 819. Oath of Ku-Klux, 653.
Obloquy attached to the republican party, 456. incoinpeteucy of, 457 ; resol d resignation. of, (Shand,)
1022.
AVfV| *•* J C*/CtCi,^4.i\^^t V\J LI , JI II UAlV^tli-1 M<*1 Uj
Officers, iucompeteucy of, 457 ; resolution in tax-payers' convention regarding, 461 ; forced resignation, of, (Shand,) 997;
notices to resign served upon, (Steadman,)
Offices, negroes want white men to fill, 321, 457 ; resolution in tax-payers' convention urging the abolition of useless offices, 461.
Oglesby, Nelson, (colored,) testimony of, 687; republican, Spar tanburgh County; whip ped by Ku-Klux June, 1871 ; identifies Abner Waters, 689.
O'Keefe, Charles Dennis, testimony of, 36-41 ; is a resident of Fort Mills, York County, 36; lived there nineteen months previous to the 20th of March last; now lives in New York ; left for dread of the Ku-Klux ; had been sleeping in the woods for about twenty-five nights previous ; was deputy collector, assistant marshal for taking the census, and president and secretary of the Union League ; states the circumstances under which he was compelled to leave the State ; is satisfied of the existence of the Ku-Klux organization in York County, 37 ; states abuse of himself
XXII CONTENTS.
by a in a 11 named Cobb ; man given seventy In shes with buggy-traces, 38 ; states number of ineu belonging to the League ; states manner of voting of the white' republicans; all the members of the League were black except himself and three others ; says the colored people were generally under apprehension from the Ku- Klux, 39^' gives particulars as to party under command of Captain White going from Charlotte, North Carolina, for the purpose of making a raid upon Chester, South Carolina, 39-41.
Olin, Wallace, killed, 352, 358; identical with Wallace Fowler, 790.
Ordnance, receipts for issues of, 1044.
Organization, politics not the basis of, 447.
Organized bodies, action of tax-payers' convention on, 454.
Orr, James L., testimony of, 1-22 ; is a resident of Anderson ; was a delegate to the convention of 1865, governor of the State, and judge of the eighth judicial circuit of the State ; thinks there is no fault to be found with the administration of the laws in his section, 1 ; his experience of mixed juries, 1-5 : suspects there is a politi cal organization extending to persons in Spartanburgh, Union, York, Newberry, Fairfield, Lancaster, Chesterfield, and Surnter Counties; refers to publication made iu the Daily Republican, of the constitution of " the Council of Safety ; " its print ing in phamphletform at the office of the Columbia Phoenix, 2 ; understands that it was distributed to the chairmen of the executive committees of the reform or democratic party ; connects the violations of law in the counties named with an organization such as is provided for in this constitution, and gives his reasons therefor, the acts of violence being iutlicted exclusively on men belonging to the republican party, 3 ; parties taken from the jail at Union Court-House and hung; gives the reason he heard assigned for the hanging, 4 ; complaints made of the action of the legislature ; thinks it partly well founded ; states composition of the legislature ; thinks the whites almost universally refused to participate in -the first election held under order of General Sickles in conformity to the act of March, 1867, 5 ; thinks the large number of negroes elected to the legislature attributable to that fact, 6 ; assigns causes for the disorders in the State, 6,7 ; gives total vote of the State in 1868, 7 ; persons under disabilities ; fchinks there has been a great deal of corruption in the legislative department, bribery, &e., 8.; taxation heavier than before the war; his opinion as to whether the State is essentially under a negro government, 9; thinks if there was a healthy public opinion among the sub stantial men, the law could be enforced without resorting to armed force ; thinks the attempt at a half white and a half negro government a difficult experiment ; details manner of conducting elections tinder the law of March, Ib70, and his opinion of that law, 10 ; difficulty in enforcing the law by troops ; corruption in. the legislature not confined to the negroes, or exclusively to either party, 11 ; gives form of State government before the war ; gives vote in the State when he ran for governor in 1865 ; but few democrats voted for the new constitution, 12 ; serious riot in Laurens County in October last ; condition of York County ; intimidation of. voters, 13; thinks that if the white element of the South would support the republican instead of the democratic party it would obtain absolute control of affairs there ; nearly all the republican orators iu the South were originally from the Northern States ; thinks the negroes are a very docile race, 14 ; behavior of the negroes during and since the war ; gives reason why the negroes have not resisted and retaliated when outraged ; in Ins portion of the State the native leaders con stitute the leaders of the colored race, 15 ; educational system of the State, 16 ; shooting of Faulkner ; officers notified to resign by disguised men ; no prosecutions in the courts against them, 17 ; assigns reason why the whites did not vote at first election ; number of white voters in the State in 1865, and the number of votes 'polled, 18; mistakes made in the effort to control the negro vote; partial excul pation of the governor and executive officers by the tax-payers' convention from the charges of fraud made against them, 19 ; indorsements by the legislature of railroad bonds, 8, 20 ; his opinion that the presence of a few United States soldiers has a tendency to promote the public peace, 20 ; appropriation by the legislature for the purchase of lands, 20, 21 ; opposed the so-called reform movement, and expects to vote with the republican party till the democratic party gets back to its moorings, or until the republican party gets further off from a set of principles he can afford to support, 21 ; thinks the object of the Ku-Klux movement is to prevent the colored people from voting; thinks there were no frauds in the State election, 22.
Official order as circuit judge requiring certain parties to show cause why they should not be indicted for malfeasance in office, 806; an efficient judge, (Butler,) 1194.
Ostell, Gabriel, whipping of, 184.
Outrage upon a woman, (tarred and feathered,) 44; outrage upon David Andrews, 44 ; outrage upon Ayer, by James Kerse, (negro,) 176 ; outrage upon Mr. Baker, 123, 133, 134 ; outrage upon Leander A. Bigger, 48, 275-282, 284, 286 ; outrage upon Howard Brown, (democrat,) 148,149; outrage upon Mr. Colemau, 48; outrage upon Gourdine, (democrat,) 149; outrage upon Mr. Hailstock, 143 ; outrage
CONTENTS. XXIII
upon B. G. Hughes, (democrat.) 175, 176 ; outrage upon Mr. Leahey, 54 ; outrage
upon O. P. McArthur, by negroes, 195, 200-202 ; outrage upon McKinuey,
618; outrage upon John J. Neason, 41-44 ; outrage upon Charles D. O'Keefe, 37; outrage upon M. Parker, clerk of L. A. Bigger. 275-282, 284, 286 ; outrage upon Mr. Rame, 279, 280; outrage upon clerk of Air. Bame, 279,280; outrage upon Mr. Young, 72, 73, 139, 143, 163, 164.
Outrages, number of, in Spartanlmrgh County, 194, (for lists of victims see Spartan- burgh, Union, York, Chester, &c. ;) outrages confined to particular portions of the State, 451 ; Gabriel Cannon's opinion on extent of, 785, 786; by persons in disguise, (Duncan,) 877.
Owens, Alfred, killed by Ku-Klux, 683, 974 ; obnoxious to the community for reasons other than political, (Stead man,) 1017.'
Owens, Henry, killed at Alston, by Ku-Klux, 1160. , Owens, Scott, a member of the Ku-Klux, 1398.
\Owens, W. K , testimony of, 1362; conservative, York County; carriage-maker; has been a Ku-Klux. and describes initiation into the Ku-Klux, 1362; oath; signs of recognition, pass-word, word of distress, organization of Klans, 1363; identifies as members of the Ku-Klux. Dan. Williams, John Tomliuson, John Hunter, Samuel Ross, Govan Hopper, Eufus McLain,1364 ; Dr. Brattoii identified, 1365, 1386; Wil liam Bobinson identified, 1366; raid on the treasury described; Ernest Lowrie identified, 1367; Blackmail Wilson, Bob Latta, Caldwell, Benfield, Dobson, 1368: Sam Smith, McCaifrey, Frank C. Harris, Jim Bennett. 1370 ; Roland Williams made to join Ku-Klux, 1371 ; case of Dave Barrett, 1372, 1390 ; Ku-Klux disguises and signals, 1373. .
Page, Christina, (colored,) testimony of, 1142 ; Union County; disguises made for a domino party, 1142.
Page, Giles, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1071.
Page. Peggy, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1071.
Pardoning "power as exercised by Governor Scott, 125, 154, 173, 177, 209, 220, 221 , 236, 237, 262, 263, 270-272.
Pardons granted by the Governor to convicts, mainly those whose terms were about to expire, 765.
Parish, Cal., a member of the Ku-Klux, (Owens,) 1393.
Parker, Mr., (clerk to L. A. Bigger,) outrage upon, 275-282, 284, 286.
Parker, M. G., State treasurer, testimony of, in regard to the laud commission, 812 ; purchases Hell Hole Swamp, 818.
Parker, Hampton, (colored,) testimony of, 597; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer ; whipped by Ku-Klux May, 1871, 597 ; gun taken ; sleeping out for two months, 598.
Parrott, Matthew, identified by Hamp Hickliu, 1565.
Partlow, J. B., rejoices at Elias Hill's whipping, 1415.
Partlow, Sam., whipped by Ku-Klnx, 1476.
Patrick, , killing of Prince by, 173.
Patterson, Edward, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Patton, Doc, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Paysinger, Thomas M., on General Sickles's black list, 337.
Pearson, Willis, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Peddler, killing, by negroes, of a whisky.
Peeler, Daniel, killed by Ku-Klux, 684.
Peeler, Green, abused by Ku-Klux at a gathering, 614.
Peeler, Jim, killed by Ku-Klux, 683, 1160.
Pen-in, Wade, member of legislature, killed, 336, 1307.
Petty, Calvin, and wife, whipped bv Ku-Klux, 897.
Petty, Columbus, prosecuted, 385 ; Identified by Daniel Lipscomb, 428, 430 ; identified by John Lipscomb, 667.
Petty, Elizabeth, abused by Ku-Klux, 898.
Petty, Frances, abused by Ku-Klux, 898.
Petty, Green, abused by Ku-Klux, 898.
Petty, Lucinda, abused by Ku-Klux, 898.
Petty, Narcissa, whipped and ears cut by Ku-Klux, 919.
Petty, Rev. M., whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
Phifer, advises negroes to apply the torch, (Steadman,) 1016.
Phillips, Peter, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Philips, Benjamin, wife, and family, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Philips, Charity, whipped, shot, and ears cropped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Phillips, committed for Kn-Kluxing by P. Quinn Camp, 895.
Phillips, Reuben, and wife, beaten by Ku-Klux, 897.
Phosphate bill, character of, 730, 736 ; the vote on, 745 passage of, 828.
Plowdeu, John, whipping of, 274.
XXIV CONTENTS.
Poinier, Samuel T., testimony of, 25-36 ; has resided in Spartanburgh County since Feb. ruary, 1866 ; was postmaster and deputy collector, 25 ; acted as registrar under the reconstruction acts ; stumped the county for Seymour and Blair ; result of the election in the county ; was United States commissioner; was obliged to call in the aid of the military to suppress illicit distillery ; edited a democratic paper ; was in the Union Army; became identified wiih the republican party ; made his paper republican ; assisted in the re-election of Governor Scott, 26 ; whipping of two white men and three negroes by a party of disguised men ; arrests live of the party; they prove an alibi; outrages of that nature occur weekly; colored men taken from their houses, whipped, and told they must make a public renunciation of their republican principles*!' they will be killed; public renunciation of his repub lican principles by John Geuobles, 27 ;' states whipping of negroes employed in the •construction of the railroad between Atlanta and Charlotte, 27, 28 ; gives number of cases of violence in Spartanburgh County ; did not give publicity to these cases through his paper, because the people had no protection ; says biit one case has been prosecuted, and in that the grand jury" found no bill; that the jury was cheered in the court-room by a party of armed men, and that no action was taken by Judge Vernon in regard to 'this contempt ; thinks that many of these offenses are by persons who are not members of the regular Ku-Klux organization; states what he knows of that organization, 28; gives number of persons driven from their farms ; thinks these offenses are altogether a political matter; attempt to release a prisoner; thinks there is more trouble in York, Union, and Spartauburgh Counties than in any other county of the State; no notice has ever been taken of - these wrongs by the. State courts, 29: shooting of Dr. Winsmith; thinks there is no security at night for the persons and lives of those who express their political sentiments openly ; says that affidavits have been made by parties stating that they have been obliged to make public renunciation of their republican principles by card iu the newspapers ; the only excuse he has heard was that they proposed to keep down the negroes and to get possession of the State government; thinks a southern man can not safely express opinions contrary to public sentiment ; has been a great deal of trouble in Union Couuty, 30; thinks the failure to make affi davit is caused by intimidation, 31 ; cases of thefts and ordinary assaults not con nected with this disguised organization are punished ; states why he thinks parties from his town participated in the raid upon the Union court-house ; thinks a com mittee sitting at Spartanburgh could procure evidence from the victims, 32; wit nesses whipped and driven from their homes ; has received a note ordering him away, and heard intimations that his press would be thrown out of the window ; advocates in his paper the general principles of republicanism, ^3; thinks there is some foundation for the charge of corruption against the State government and county officers, 34; these charges of corruption are made principally by the demo cratic press, and include the whole State government ; the governor has been charged with corruptions of all kinds ; exculpation of the governor from these charges by a committee of the tax-payers' convention composed of democrats, 35 ; describes the manner in which the whippings were inflicted, 36; speaks to Elias Thomson, 416 ; a carpet-bagger, (R. M. Smith,) 743.
Pollard, William, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Poole, Bill, shot by Ku-Klux, 921.
Pope, Buddy, quarrels with James Gaffrey, 619.
Pope, Craig, quarrels with James Gaffrey, 619.
Porter, J. B., testimony of, 1556; York County; carriage-maker and bar-tender; is captured in the raid on the treasury and whipped, 1557 ; identities Henry Clawsou, Marshall, Lawson Armstrong, Pickuey Caldwell, and John Graham ; clerk in a bar room, 1558.
Porter, Joseph, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1481.
Porter, W. D., president of tax-payers' convention, 473 ; speech upon taking the chair, 475.
Powell, Voluey, probate judge, killed in the Laureus riot, 1147 ; insults the community, (Ball,) 1333.
Pressley, Ben, a leader of Ku-Klux, (Sahins,) 1488; identified by Andrew Cathcart, 1593.
Pressley, James, visited by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Price, C. Harry, whipping of, 185.
Price, C. P., testimony of, 296; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer; whipped by Ku-Klux November 26, 1870, 296 ; identifies George Turner, Clayton Camp, and Green Humphreys, 298; was county assessor and constable ; refugee in Columbia, 300 ; compelled to leave his neighborhood, (Bright,) 561 ; democrats of Spartan burgh visit him after his wrhippiug, 860.
Price, Esau, on list of Ku-Klux, 307.
Price, Skip, has list of Ku-Klux, 307 ; captain of Ku-Klux, 311; assault on, 657, 660; subpoena served on to appear and testify, 967.
CONTENTS. XXV
Prince, Mr., killing of, by Patrick, 173.
Protest against the passage of the" phosphate bill by R. M. Smith, 747.
Protest of Judge Van Trump against the introduction into the testimony of lists of supposed victims of Ku-Klnx outrages, 896; answer of chairman te, 897.
Radclitte, threatens Anderson, 289.
Raid upon Chester, 39-41.
Raid upon the county treasurer of York County, 97.
Raids by Ku-Klux, effects of, 1062.
Raiforth, J. C., implicated in Laurens riot, 331.
Railroad bonds, indorsement by the legislature of, 8, 20, 233, 255, 256.
Rainey, whipped by Ku-Klux, near Pinckney road, 1481.
Rainey, Edmund, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1480.
Rainey, Jim, captain of a militia company, hung, 703, 1407; (alias- Williams,) hung by Ku-Klux, 1472.
Rame, Mr., outrage upon, 279, 280.
Raine, Mr., outrage upon clerk of, 279, 280.
Randolph, Mr., shooting of, 92, 109.
Randolph, killed, 292 ; death of, by violence, 1248.
Randolph, republican leader, negroes influenced by, (Chestnut,) 468.
Rawliuson, John, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Rawlinson, Rial, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Ray, Jane, beaten by Ku-Klux, 897.
Real estate held in large tracts, (Chestnut,) 470.
Reconstruction, opposition to, effect, &c., of, 5, 18, 89, 102, 156.
Reconstruction measures, views of M. C. Butler on, 1190 ; (Hampton,) 1223.
Reeves, Henry, identified by Andrew Catchc'art, 1591.
Reizer, George, beats Jack Johnson, and accuses him of being a republican, 1166.
Renunciation of republican principles, public, 27, 29, 30, 88, 189, 193, 194, 223.
Republicanism, the reason for whippings, &c., 3, 27, 29, 44, 65, 68, 78, 79. 97, 214, 218, 257, 274, 275 ; Genobles made to renounce, 351 ; Simpson Bobo denies Genobles's forced renunciation of, 800 ; letter from S. T. Poinier relative to Genobles's renunciation, 809 ; William Irviu's view of the renunciation, 862 ; June Moore and Sol. Hill com pelled to renounce, 1407.
Republicans, white, not molested unless for supposed wrong and corruption, (Chest nut,) 456; threatened by Gabriel Cannon, 781.
Resign, notices to, served upon officials, (Steadmau,) 1022.
Rice, B. H., visited by men in disguise, 1023.
Rice, Dennis, (colored,) testimony of, 1182 ; republican, Union County ; refugee in Colum bia ; testifies in regard to the mutilation and murder of his brother, Rev. Lewis Thomson, by Ku-Klux, 1182.
Rice, Spencer, visited by Ku-Klux, 1023.
Richardson, difficulty of, with State Constable Kahlo at Laurens, 1326.
Richardson, Aleck, has dispute with John Lewis, 439.
Riley, William, a colored man killed in the Laurens riot, 1148.
Riot' in Lauren's County, 13, 69, 76, 77, 79, 154, 155.
Riot, the Brown, 148, 149.
Riot, the Chappeil, 143.
Robersou. Ben, Stevens's companion, escaped from the negroes when Stevens was killed, 970.
Robertson, David G., burning of store of, 46, 47.
Robinson, William, identified as a Ku-Klux by Owens, 1366.
Rodger, James, accompanies Gist on his expedition to Chester, 1057 ; at Steen's hotel the night of the raid on Union jail, 1088.
Rodger, John, testimony of, 1076; Democrat, Union County ; merchant ; murder of Stevens, 1079.
Rodger, John, jr., accompanies Gist on his expedition to Chester, 1034.
Rodgers, the, implicated in the raid on Union jail, 1136.
Rodgers, Rice, sheriff, at Steen's hotel the night of the raid on Union jail, 1089; identi fied by Sylvanus Wright, 1155.
Rose's hotel, raid on the county treasurer at, 704.
Rose, E. M., county treasurer, the author of burnings, (Graham,) 705 ; goes to Canada, 706 ; letter to his father, 708 ; attempt to kill by Ku-Klux, 1395.
Ross, Adaline, abused by KuVKlux, 898.
Ross, Lorenzo, whipped'by Ku-Klux, 897.
IZosS, Samuel, identified by W. K. Owens, 1364.
Roundtree, Tom, killed by Ku-Klux, 210, 211, 683, 702, 1355, 1472; record in the case of Randall, Hicks, and Byars, tried for the murder of, 1544.
Rowlan, Jack, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Runners, system of, at Laurens, 339.
Russel, Barnet, claims to be a Ku-Klux, (Julius Cantrell,) 419; testimony of, 626,
XXVI CONTENTS.
democrat, Spartanbnrgh County ; farmer; charges against for Ku-Klnxing, 528; denies the statement of Julius Cantrell, 530 ; denies whipping Ishain McCrary, 531 ; identified by I sham McCrary, 539 ; ' identified by Henry Lipscomb, 682.
Russel, James, said to be a Ku-Klux by his brother, 419 ; threatens Henry Lipscomb, 682.
Russell, D. S., testimony of, 1288, republican, York County; bar-keeper; describes raid on the county treasury, 1288 ; trial justice, 1290.
Russel, Jim, quarrels with James Gaffney, 619.
Sahnis, William, testimony of, 1487, democrat, York County ; subpoenaed to bring book containing constitution and by-laws of Ku-Klux, 1487 ; Ben Pressley, a leader of Ku-Klux, 1488.
Salaries of State officers, 769.
Sauifer, Green, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Santuck, fight at, 988, lOli.
Sapaugh charged with Ku-Kluxing, 1507, 1524,
Scaife, Sam., killed by the whites at Chester, 1583.
Scalawags, unqualified for office, (Chestnut,) 456.
Schley, P. T., connected with Oakes in sales to the State of land, 823.
School commissioners, duty and salary of, 461.
Scott, John, a white republican, molested by negroes, (Shand,) 970.
Scott, Governor, alleged charges of corruption against, 35,57,263.
Scott, Governor, alleged hypothecation of State bonds by, 232, 252, 253.
Scott, Governor, pardoning power as exercised by, 125, if>4, 173. 177, 209, 220, 221, 236, 237, 262, 263, 270-272.
Scott, Governor, threatened impeachment of, 267, 271 ; arming of the negroes by, im politic, 344 ; manifests a disposition to relieve the people of their grievances, 455, 457 ; accepts recommendations of democratic members to fill offices, 756 ; his par dons to convicts mainly those whose terms were about to expire, 765; monthly expenditures of the contingent fund of, 769 ; veto of, on bill making appropriations for legislative expenses, 773 ; vetoes measure relative to the Greenville Railroad, 827 ; appoints democrats to office, 876 ; takes arms away from the negroes, 970 ; proclamations by, 1233, 1254, 1255.
Scott, Thomas C., his statement in regard to Gabriel Cannon's threats, 781.
Screvens, J. H., makes a report in tax-payers' convention on election and suffrage laws, 498.
Scruggs, Dennis, a friend of Ku-Kluxing, 525.
Scruggs, William, gives advice to Tench Blackwell, 557.
Secession, views of Wade Hampton, 1218 ; people have no disposition to secede again, (Simpson), 1316 ; views of W^ylie on, 1424.
Seibels, E. W., testimony of, 94-138. Is a native of the State and a resident of Columbia ; Avas secretary and treasurer of the Union reform party in thS last canvass ; knows of no obstruction to the execution of the laws in any part of the State ; were an noyed in Edgefield County, for some time after the war, by bushwhackers taking the law into their own hands ; thinks the great difficulty in having peace and quiet is the maladministration of the State government, the reckless expenditure of the public money, the ignorance of officers, and the high taxes ; thinks there is no antipathy at all to the National Government, or to the National troops, 94 ; gives operations of the laud commission, 95 ; instances corruption of county commission ers ; thinks that in nearly all the cases Avhere parties have been visited by Ku-Klux, it is because the parties have been guilty of some outrage, 96 ; states case of the county treasurer of York County ; states what he believes about the organization of Ku-Klux ; thinks the persons Avho commit these outrages are all of the reform or democratic party, 97 ; gives the facts in the Stevens murder case, 98 ; gives the particulars of the shooting of Dr. Winsmith, 99, 100 ; his opinion that these out rages have only been committed upon men or bad character or criminals ; has no doubt that they have been committed by persons in disguise riding out at night, 100 ; names leaders of the bushwhackers ; their offenses were committed at night and in disguise, in- the fall of 1865, mostly upon the blacks ; accounts for the fact that these outrages have been inflicted almost invariably upon negroes and white republicans, 101 ; the white men took very little part in the organization of the State government ; thinks there has been no public demonstration by the demo cratic party to express condemnation of these evils, except, perhaps, in two coun ties, 102 ; states causes that led to the organization of the " Council of Safety," and furnished copy of the constitution, 102, 103 ; nature, extent, and purpose of the organization, 104, 105 ; gives an account of a conference of leading democrats named, with the governor, 106, 107, 108 ; bushwrhackers and Ku-Klux the same, 108 ; states circumstances connected with the killing of Randolph, 109 ; makes state ment in regard to the Hell Hole Swamp purchase, 110, 111, 137, 138; purchase of the railroad from Greenville to Columbia by Government officials and others, called "the ring," and facts relative thereto, 111, 112; gives steps taken by the ring to obtain, possession of the notes of the Bank of the State of South Carolina, and the
CONTENTS. XXVII
provision made for their payment, 112, 113 ; gives facts relative to the furnishing of the house of representatives, 114: and as to the expenditures of the investiga tion committee of alleged election frauds in the Reid and Hope case, 115, lib' ; number of employe's of the house of representatives, 116 ; rate of taxation, mode of assessment, and general system upon which taxes are levied, 116, 117, 118, 119 ; the squandering of the public money, the incompetency of the local boards, and the militia system, the cause of great discontent among the people, 119; many in cendiary iires ; speech of Jo Crews ; amount appropriated for free-schools, and how- spent ; amount of salaries paid to State officials, 120 ; furnishing .of committee rooms ; the State officers not exculpated by the tax-payers' convention, 121 ; many incendiary fires by dissatisfied negroes ; killing of five white-men in York County by negroes ; dangerous and incendiary threats made by republicans ; demonstra tion of armed negroes in Columbia' on the reception of the news of the disturbance in Laurens on election day ; cause of formation of the constitution of the Council of Safety ; thinks the democratic party decidedly more obstructed in the exercise of the privilege of voting than the republican ; dangerous for a negro to vote any thing but the republican ticket ; believes that there is a systematic effort on the part of the republicans to compel all the negroes to vote the republican ticket, 122 ; says that the burning of Baker's establishment in Spartaiiburgh was a trick on his part to make out that he was in danger, and to get the insurance money ; election frauds at the last election, 123 ; selling of painted sticks or stakes to ne groes ; thinks the negroes, as. a class, do not know what a ballot or what voting means ; whipping of Bigger in Sumter County, 124 ; pardon by the governor of a large number of persons convicted of larceny, house-burnings, &c. ; thinks the outrages committed against colored men and republicans were mainly done by young men who have no families nor property ; public sentiment of people of re spectability and property has been all the time against it, 12^; capital stock of the Columbia and Greenville Railroad, how owned, value of the stock, &c., 126 ; is sat isfied that the law empowering certain persons to sell the State stock was passed after the purchase was made from the individual stockholders, 126, 127 ; does not know, of his own knowledge, that any officer of the State sold the State stock be fore he had authority of law to sell it, bnt states his belief thereof ; the charge has been printed in the papers, and he has never heard it denied, 127 ; gives particu lars and his opinions as to the buying up of the bills of the Bank of the State of South Carolina, and circumstances connected therewith, 128, 129, 130 ; thinks that what corruption there has been in the legislature was confined entirely to members of the republican party ; members of the legislature remain in Columbia for fear of violence, 131 ; comparative operation of systems of State taxation before and since the war, 131, 132 ; women voting for their husbands and brothers, 132, 133; thinks the pilfering by negroes of stock was the result of want of education, 133; case of Mr. Baker carrying on mining operations, 133, 134; does not belong to any secret society ; some of the Ku-Klux raids said to be got up by the republicans, 135 ; took an active part in favor of the rights of the negroes in his district ; knows nothing of any arms received by a firm in Colum bia, and distributed among democrats ; has heard there were a great many out rages in Spartanbnrgh County, but thinks the accounts were greatly exaggerated; whipping of ten negroes there, 136 ; further testimony as to the sale of the State stock in the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 137.
Setzler, George, Gentry denies advising him to renounce the republican party, 941.
Shaffer, Moses, conduct of, at an election-box, 726.
Shand, R. W., testimony of, 968 ; democrat, Union County ; lawyer ; disturbances by negroes, 968; murder of Stevens, 970; raid on the Union jail, 971, 977; habeas corpus, 971 ; control of the negroes, 972 ; penalty for leaving the plantation on work-day, 973 ; murder of Owens and whipping of Goings, 974 ; reasons lor not investigating Ku-Klux outrages, 976: Ku-Klux well organized, 980; killing of Smith at the Yellow House, 981 ; every unmarried young mail of respectability in Union a Ku-Klux, 984 ; Ku-Klux notice posted, 987; jury trial, 995; forced resig nation of officers, 997; communication to. the Charleston News, 1001; Ku-Klux orders, 1003, 1004, 1006.
Sheldon, Martin, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Shell, killed by negroes, 1309.
Sherman, General, troops of in South Carolina, (Hampton,) 1231.
Slnppy, Johnson, warns Henry Nuckles that the Ku-Klux will visit him, 1181.
Shooting of Faulkner, an alleged Ku-Klux, 17, 72, 73, 139-143, 163, 164.
Shooting of Fowler, Wallace/187, 188, 199.
Shooting of Johnson, Nathaniel, 186.
Shooting of Randolph, Mr., 92, 109.
Shooting of Smith, Dr. Winn, (Dr. Winsrnith) 20, 30, 99, 100, 186, 187, 199, 245, 246.
Shooting of Stevens, — , 98, 251.
Shooting of Winsmith, Dr., (Dr. Winsmith) 29, 30, 99, 100, 186, 187, 199,245,246.
XXVIII CONTENTS.
(For further list of persons shot by Ku-Klux, see Spartanburgh, Union, Chester, York, &c.)
Simmons, Abe, killed at Laurens riot, 1313.
iSimmons, Benjamin, taken out of Union jail by the mob and afterwards found dead, 1024.
Simmons, Samuel, (colored,) testimony of, 402; republican, Spartanburgh County; whipped by Ku-Klux May, 1871, 403; had been threatened by Beloue, 404.
Simmons, S. D., rejoices at Elias Hill's whipping, 1414.
Simpson, sleeps out for fear of Ku-Klux, 413.
Simpson, W. D., testimony of, 130*2; democrat, Lanrens County; lawyer; election troubles at Laurens ; State arms issued to negroes, 1303 ; Crews's conduct, 1304, 1314; riot the day after the election, 1306; acts of violence, 1309, 1325; immense gathering in Laurens, 1311; status of republicans, 1313; political feeling, 131(5; party lines drawn on color, 1320 ; arrests, 1324.
Sirarell, Sam, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1409, 1475; wife whipped and ravished, 1475.
Sims's place visited by Ku-Klux, 327.
Sims, Burg, taken from Union jail and killed by the mob, 983.
Slo;m, J. F., letter of, relative to the purchases by the laud commission, 814.
Smalls, Robert, evidence of, before an investigating committee, 842.
Smart, member of legislature, notified, 318.
Smith, Daniel, a constable, killed by negroes at the Yellow House, 981, 1019 ; his ghost used the night of the raid on Union jail, 1136, 1138.
Smith, Earl, on list of Ku-Klux, 307.
Smith, Elias, ordered out of Genoble's house, 361.
Smith, Eliphaz, (colored,) testimony of, 700 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; farmer; whipped by Ku-Klux April 1871, 700.
Smith, Garland, horse of, killed by negroes, whom Ku-Klux attack, 1582.
Smith, Levi, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Smith, Parley, stabs Julius Cartrell with a Barlow, 420 ; helped whip Isham McCrary, 421.
Smith, Phebe, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1474.
Smith, R. M., testimony of, 725; democrat, Spartanburgh County; member of the legislature; cases of violence, 725, 742, 750 ; party feeling, 727, 743; corrupt admin istration of the government, 728, 738 ; phosphate bill, 730, 736, 745 ; ring of "forty thieves," 731 ; three classes of Ku-Klux organizations, 732; Tim Hurley, 740; Avaut of intelligence in the republican party, 741 ; meeting of citizens to put down out rages ; letter from the members of the legislature, 752 ; the governor accepts rec ommendations of democratic members, 756.
Smith, Sam, identified by W. K. Owens, 1370.
Smith, William, beaten by Ku-Klux, 898.
Smith, Willis, colored, testimony of, 611 ; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer ; visited by Ku-Klux at a gathering ; whipped with others and his fiddle broken, 612.
Snoddy, Jim, whipped by Ku-Klux, 440.
Snoddy, Spencer, (colored,) testimony of, 680, republican, Spartanburgh County ; farmer ; whipped by the Ku-Klux May, 1871, 680.
Snyder, William, a member of the Ku-Klux, (Owens,) 1392.
Soldiers, United States, attacked by Ku-Klux, 944.
South Carolina, liability of eighteen millions placed upon, by the republican party, 455 ; affairs in, predetermined by parties out of the State, 459 ; statement of public debt, 519 ; expenditures of, 769, 792, 1517; taxation of, 772; valuation of lauds in, 775 ; cost of the war to, 778 ; debt of, 1209 ; corrupt administration of the government of, 1219; an appeal to Congress against the adoption of the new constitution for, 1238 ; an estimate of the taxes of, 1240 ; population of, 1544.
South Carolina College, expenditures for, 770.
Spartanburgh and Union Railroad bonds, liabilities assumed, 470.
Spartauburgh County, election returns of, for 1870, 855; list of persons in, who have been outraged by the Ku-Klux, (Cummings,) 919 ; killed by Ku-Klux in, (for page see name elsewhere :) Anderson Brown, Wallace Fowler, Aaron Hughes, Strap Jef- fers, Anthony Johnson, Alfred Owens, Daniel Peeler, James Peeler — 8 ; hung by Ku-Klux in : Robert Holcomb — 1 ; shot by Ku-Klux in : Rufus Erwin, Matthew Lancaster, Bill Poole. Harriet Surratt, John Winsmith — 5 ; maimed by Ku-Klux in : Narcissa Petty, Charity Phillips — 2 ; robbed by Ku-Klux in : James Brannod, Stephen Cantrell, Moses Eaves, Drayton Hawkins, Matthew Huskie — 5 ; maltreated by Ku-Klux in : Albertha Garrison , Joseph Harvey, John Hine's family, Ann Linder, Luke Linder, Moses Linder, Gracey Lipscomb, Mitchell Lipscomb, Lifus Littlejolm, Joseph McCrow, Glovenor McUpson, Swan McUpson, Chesterfield Morgan, Green Peeler, Elizabeth Petty, Francis Petty, Green Petty, Lucinda Petty, Reuben Phil lips and family, Adaline Ross, Fuller Surratt, Joseph Surratt, Primus Surratt, Mrs. Tanner — 24 ; visited by Ku-Klux in : B. F. Bates, Matthew F. Gossett, Eli Hood, John Lipscomb, Andrew McKinney, William Moss, P. W. Tanner— 7 ; whipped by
CONTENTS. XXIX
Ku-Klnx in : Trone Anderson and son, Mrs. S. Anderson, W. B. Anderson, Gabriel Austell, Thomas Anstell, Thomas Austin, Jordou Blantou, Sally Blanton, Martin Bobo, Watt Bobo, Alberry Bonner, Ann Bonner and daughter, Samuel Bonner, George Booue, Clein. Bowden, Minerva Bowdeu, Dick Brewton, William Bright, Isaac Brough, Isham Brown, Minty Brown, Sawney Brown, David Bryant, Jack Burke, Willis Butler, Julius Camp, Lewis Camp, Thomas Camp, William S. Camp, Charles Cannon, Major Cash, Moses Cates, W. M. Champion, Adeline Clark, Mattie Clark, Jacob Clement, Thomas Clement, Newton Curtis, Sambo Curtis, William Curtis, Austin Dodd, Ned Dodd, Piuckney Dodd, John Draper, Robert Drurnmou, Moses Eaves, Levi Ezell, Eliphus Finch, Samuel Foster, Simpson Foster, Toney Foster, Mrs. Wallace Fowler, Giles Gaifuey, James Gaffney, Marcellus Gaff- uey, Samuel Gaffney, G. W. Garnier, Bud Garrison, John Grenobles, Mervin Givens, U/A. Glover, John Harris, M. Harris, Drayton Hawkins, Sallio Henderson, (house burned,-) James Henley, Harriet Hernandes, Lucy Hernandes, George High, Peter Hines. Eli Hood, Addison Howell, Benjamin Humphries, Bynum Hmnphries, Green Humphries, Prear Humphries, Wade Humphries, Christian Huskie. Doctor Huskie, John Huskie, Matthew Huskie, Preston Huskie, Sina Huskie, Sue Huskie, Charity Huskius, Emily Huskins, J. Huskins, Jefferson Huskins, P. Huskins, S. C. Huskins, Susanna Huskins, Buck Jameson, Caleb Jenkins, Mrs. Bird Jones, Larkiii Kirby, J. L. Lanford, Lewis Lay ton, John Lewis, Benjamin Leyton, Washington Linder, Anthony Lipscomb, Custis Lipscomb, Daniel Lipscomb, George Lipscomb. Henry Lipscomb, Isaac Lipscomb, Lewis Lipscomb, Moses Lipscomb, Nathan Lipscomb, Samuel Lipscomb, Wilson Lipscomb and boy, Zero Lipsconib, Benjamin Littlejohu, Samuel Lictlejohn and wife, Mrs. Lemuel Littlejohn, Wilson Lockhavt, Isham Mc- Crary, Richard McCraw, George McLaughlin, Lucy McLaughliu, J. McLean, Joseph Miller, Jacob Montgomery, Mrs. Murray, William Mnrph, Miles Nesbet, Nelson Ogiesby, Hampton Parker, Willis Pearson, Calvin Petty, Narcissa Petty, Rev. M. Petty, Benjamin Philips and family, Charity Philips, William Pollard, C. P. Price, Jane Ray, Lorenzo Ross, Jatk Rowlan, Martin Sheldon, Samuel Simmons, Eliphaz Smith, Levi Smith, William Smith, Willis Smith, Jim Suoddy, Spencer Snoddy, P. L. Speck, Mr. Spencer, Caroline Surratt, Fuller Surratt, Henry Surratt, Israel Surratt, Jackson Surratt and family, Jane Surratt, John Surratt, jr., Jordan Surratt and family, Lowns Surratt, Maua Surratt, Manza Surratt, Martha Surratt, Mary Surratt, Sarah Surratt, Sidney Surratt, Richard Thomas and father, Caleb Tucker, John Turner, Thomas Vernon, Spencer Watkins, Jerry Watson, S. F. White, Jack Wilkie, Piuckney Wilkie, Edy Wingo, Jack Wiugo, Jacob Wingo, Mr. York— 178.
Spears, A. D., clerk of the court at Union, expresses opinion about obeying the habeas corpus for removal of prisoners, 1123. -
Speck, P. L., whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
Spencer, two men by name of, go with Gist to Chester, 1057.
Spencer, threats by ,*336, 348.
Spencer whipped by Ku-Klux, 417.
Splawn, J. T., on list of Ku-Klux, 307 ; testimony of, 658 ; democrat, Rutherford County, North Carolina; farmer; denies being a Ku-Klux; whisky ring, 659; assault on Skip Price, 660.
Splawn, S. D., on list of Ku-Klux, 307; testimony of, 651; democrat, Rutherford County, North Carolina ; denies being a Ku-Klux, 651 ; whippings in Rutherford County, 653 ; assault on Skip Price, 657.
Stacy, Mr., committed by P. Quinn Camp, for Ku-Kluxing, 895.
Stacy, Robert, identified by Clem. Bowdeu, 381 ; identified by Henry Lipscomb, 682.
State bonds, hypothecated. 466.
Steadman, J. B., testimony of, 1010, democrat, Union County, lawyer ; acts of lawless ness by negroes, lOli, 1025 ; causes of insecurity, 1013 ; burnings, 1015 ; murder of Owens^ murder of Stevens, 1017 ; incarceration of negroes in Union jail ; habeas corpus; raid on the jail, 1020, 1026; notices to resign served upon officials, 1022; expedition to Chester, 1028; murder of Rev. Louis Thomson, 1031 ; illicit distil ling, 1033; meeting of citizens of Union for peace and protection, 1039; present ment of the grand jury, 1040.
Steele, James, whipped, 1480.
Sterling loan bill, 471 ; report on, in tax-payers' convention, 502.
Stevens, shooting of, 98, 251.
Stevens, Matthew, story of ghost of, exhibited on the night of raid on Union jail, 802 ; the murder of, 970, 1017 ; (John Rodger,) 1079.
Strap, Moses, conduct of, at an election-box, 726.
Sttirgis, Alex., card of, 223.
Suber, C. H., testimony of, 138-166. Is a native and resident of Newberry County ; is a lawyer; thinks the civil arm is sufficient for the suppression of crime in the whole State, but there has been some difficulties in enforcing the law, for reasons stated, 138-; iucornpetency of the jVidge of the seventh judicial circuit, and its effect, 138, 139 ; attack on Young by a band of armed men, and the shooting of Faulkner,
XXX CONTENTS.
one of the party, and his subsequent supposed, killing, 139, 143, 163, 164 ; Young indicted, tried, and convicted of malfeasance in office, 140 ; does not think there is any general organization, but that, in some cases, lawless men have banded to gether, from time to time, to commit these outrages, 142 ; the Chappell riot and its suppression ; jail visited and two of the sheriffs deputies seized ; house of Hails- tock, one of the commissioners of Newberry, visited, 143 ; thinks there is perfect freedom of speech in Newberry, and that no man would be disturbed for uttering Lis political sentiments; thinks that the lawlessness has been principally directed against men in office, against the dishonest men Qf the republican party, and not the honest, 144 ; politics of the county officials, 145 ; states how the poor-house in Newbury was conducted, and its inmates treated, 145, 146; states the manner in which the militia were organized in June last, and their conduct when parading, 146, 147 ; gives the tenor of the harangues delivered to them ; burning of Colonel Lipscornb's house, 147 ; riot growing out of an assault upon Howard Brown, col ored, for voting the reform ticket, 148, 149 ; attack upon Gonrdine, a colored democrat 5 killing of Duuwoody, and the robbing of the Greenville and Columbia Railroad depot, and result of the trial of the parties charged therewith, 149 ; states the law upon the right of a prisoner to be discharged, if the commonwealth fails to be ready for two consecutive terms after indictment found; conviction of Whitman, for killing a negro, upon negro testimony, 150-- states operations of the the election laws, and the facilities for fraud, 150, 151 ; states that it is the general impression that the whole State government is corrupt and dishonest ; operations of the land commission ; purchase of the stock of the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 152 ; bribery in the house of representatives, 152, 153 ; report of the com mittee of the tax-payers' convention relative to the funded debt of the State, 153; number of pardons by the governor, 154 ; riot in Laureus the morning after the election, 154, 155 ; funding of the notes of the State bank of South Carolina, 155 ; attributes the discontent of the people to maladministration of, the State govern ment; corruption of county officers ; states manner in which the school-fund has been administered ; disqualification under the fourteenth amendment and the dis content caused thereby, 156 ; poll-tax for free-school purposes, and the appropria tion made by the legislature therefor ; thinks that no honest man in office would be disturbed on account of his political opinions, 157 ; thinks all the riots that have occurred in the State originated in the arming of the negro militia, 157. 15$ ; does not know that it was the cause of the Ku-Klux outrages, 159 ; discontent at bad government expressed by all classes, more loudly by the democratic party, 159, 160 ; says there has never been any public demonstration by the democratic party to bring to justice the men committing these offenses ; knows of no mode of reaching those men except by the process of the courts, 160 ; purchase of the stock of the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 160, 161, 164, 165 ; purchase of the notes of the bank of the State of South Carolina, 161, 164 ; tax-payers' convention and State debt ; thinks the resolution read to him from a report made to the legisla- latnre, relative to the employment of radicals, was passed by some of the county clubs, 162.
Suffrage, negro, views of Wade Hampton on, 1222, 1236.
Surratt, Mr., committed by P. Qninn Camp for Ku-Kluxing, 695.
Surratt, Caroline, whipped twice by Ku-Klux, 898.
Surratt, Harriet, shot by Ku-Klux, 897.
Surratt, Israel, whipped, and wife driven from home by Ku-Klux, 919.
Surratt, Jackson, (colored,) 520 ; republican, Spartanburgh County ; farmer ; visited by Ka-Klux May, 1871, 520; whipped; wife and children whipped; lying out through fear of Ku-Klux, 521.
Surratt, Jane, (colored^) testimony of, 524 ; Spartanburgh county ; wife of Jackson Surratt ; beaten by Ku-Klux, 524 ; Dennis Scruggs a friend to Ku-Kluxing, 525.
Surratt, John, jr., whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Surratt, Jordon, wife, and family, whipped by Ku-Klux, 895.
Surratt, Joseph, abused by Ku-Klux, 898.
Surratt, Lowns, whipped twice by Ku-Klux, 897.
Surratt, Mauza, whipped twice by Ku-Klux, 898.
Surratt, Martha, whipped by Ku-Klux, 898.
Surratt, Mary, whipped by 'Ku-Klux, 898.
Surratt, Primus and Fuller, abused by Ku-Klux, 898.
Surratt, Sarah, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Surratt, Sidney, and wife, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Tanner, P. W., (colored,) testimony of, 407 ; republican, Spartanburgh County; visited by Ku-Klux, and wife injured,* July 3, 1871, 407 ; identifies John Thomson, jr., 409.
Tarrant, J. R., trial justice, rule served on, by Judge Orr for malpractice in office, 807.
Tate, John, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1475; fired at, and word left to leave' the country, 1477.
Tate, Jordan, beaten by Ku-Klux, 1475.
CONTENTS. XXXI
Taxation, rate, mode of assessment, &c., of State, 9, 116-119, 130, 132, 241, 242, 253, 254, 272.
Tax executions in various counties suspended by the governor, 771.
Taxes, onerous, cause discontent, (Chestnut,) 452, 462 ; (Butler,) 121(3 ; (Hampton,) 1225.
Tax-payers' convention, the, 8, 19, 35, 121, 153, 162, 263 ; occasion of, 460 ; proceedings of. 472.
Terrorism prevalent sufficient to prevent parties visited by Ku-Klux from denouncing those who appeared in disguise, but not general, (Duncan.) 873. ,
Testimony of Aldrich, Robert, J 66-183 ; Bigger, Leander A., 273-288 ; Carpenter, Rich ard 13., 226-272; Chamberlain, D. H., 48-59; Corbiu, David T., 68-85 ; Gentry, Landon M., 183-205; Goss, Hon. James H., 62-68 ; Herudon, Joseph, 206-22C ; Nea- soii, John J., 41-48 ; O'Kcefe, Charles D., 36-41 ; Orr, Hon. James L., 1-22 ; Poiu- icr, Samuel T., 25-36 ; Seibels, G. W., 94-138 ; Suber, C. H., 138-166 ; Tomlinsou, Reuben, 85-93 ; Willard, Ammiel J., 59-62 ; (for full list of witnesses see chrono logical index, on tirst page.).
Testimony alleged to have been procured by Wallace, Poinier, and Fleming, (Gist,) 1066. -
Thomas, Bill, identified by Luc ret ia Adams, 1577.
Thomas, Hugh, testimony of, 722; democrat, Spartauburgh County; farmer; visited by Emory Bird and Henry Turner, 723.
Thomas, Judge, grants habeas corpus to prisoners in Union jail, 971.
Thomas, Newman, identified by Lucretia Adams, 1577.
Thomas, Richard, and father, whipped by Ku-Klux, 919.
Thomason, Wesly, shot by Kn-Klux, 1480.
Thompson, Rev. Louis, killed by Ku-Klux, 982 ; body found on Tiger River, 994 ; mur der of, (Steadraan,) 1031 ; testimony of his brother in regard to murder of. 1182.
Thompson, John, jr., his dislike to Wallace Fowler, 387; identified by Tanner, 409; identified by Matthew Lancaster, 592.
Thompson, William, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Thomson, Andy, taken from Union jail and killed by the mob, 982 ; Bolt's conference with, in jail, 1121.
Thomson, A. W., testimony of, 1112 ; democrat, Union County ; physician ; testifies in regard to raid on Union jail, 1112; character of Ku-Klux organization, 1115; acts of violence, 1117.
Thomson, Elias, (colored,) testimony of. 410 ; republican, Spartanburgh County; farmer ; whipped by Ku-Klux, May, 1871, 411.
Thomson, John, identified by Mervin Givens, 699.
Thomson, Junius, testimony of, 960: democrat, Spartanburgh County; farmer; denies being a Ku-Klux, 961 ; 104 men cross Broad River the night of the raid on the Union jail, 962 ; movements of the Ku-Klux, 964.
Thomson, William, goes with Gist on expedition to Chester, 1057 ; implicated in the raid on Union jail, 1122.
Tinsley, John, county commissioner of Union ; compelled by Ku-Klux to resign. 1097.
Tolbert, W. K., testimony of, in the contested election case of Hoge vs. Reed, 1256.
Tolison, J. B., at Genobles's election-box, 363.
Toliver, Hamp, killed by whites at Chester, 1583.
Tomlinson, J. W., testimony of, 1266; democrat, York County; druggist; acts of violence, 1206'; denies being Ku-Klux, 1267 ; joined the Ku-Klux, in 1868, 1270; identified by W. K. Owens, 1364.
Tomliusou, Reuben, testimony of, 85-93; is a resident of Charleston, and was auditor of the State ; thinks it has been almost impossible to execute the laws where poli tical interests generally were involved in the upper counties ; number of outrages committed upon the colored people there immense ; thinks it is next to impossible to secure the conviction of a white man in Spartauburgh, Union, York. Chester, Laurens, or Newberry Counties, who has committed an outrage of any kind upon a colored man, 86 ; extent to which the law is enforced in that section; killing of one of the county commissioners in Clarendon County by an organized disguised party, 87 ; public recantation of republican principles under threats ; thinks redress for outrages committed in the northern counties cannot be obtained in the State tribunals; gives his opinion as to the efficacy of the Ku-Klux law passed by Con gress, 88; the ostensible ground on which these outrages are justified is the cor ruption of the State government, and the infamous character of the election law, &c. ; general opposition to the reconstruction measures by the leading men of the State, 89 ; thinks the State government a great failure, and that the result of its dishonesty and inefficiency furnished a pretext upon which to justify these outrages; thinks the question of taxation a pretext ; does not think negro suffrage the cause of these outrages, 90 ; thinks the complaint against the State govern ment is simply because it is controlled mainly by negroes, 91 ; was informed that arms had been sent into the State in 1868; killing of Randolph, Martin, and a man in Newberry, in 1868; has no doubt that there is a Ku-Klux organization in
XXXII CONTENTS
the State, 92 ; thinks the bad result of the government has grown out of the refu sal of the whites to take part in it; thinks martial law should be declared in the counties at the time outrages occur, 93.
Townsend, Major, policeman at Union the night of the raid on the jail, 978.
Trenholra, G. A., speech by, in tax-payers' convention, on proportional representation, 490.
Trescott, \V. H., speech by, in tax-payers' convention, on Blue Eidge Railroad, 503.
Troops not used to control elections, 325.
Tucker, Caleb, whipped by Ku-Klux, 440.
Turner, A. P., seizure of stills by, 192,; a trial justice convicted of perjury and mali cious trespass, and pardoned, S91-.
Turner, Claudius, neighbor of Simmons, 406 ; republican candidate for the legislature. 413.
Turner, George, identified, 298 ; scared by Ku-Klux, 372.
Turner, Henry, visits Hugh Thomas, 723.
Turner, H. M., (conservative,) whipping of, 189.
Turner, John, whipped by Ku-Klux, 897.
Tyler, State constable, willing to fight at Laurens, 346.
Union County, meeting of citizens of, for peace and protection, 1039 ; county commis sioners compelled to resign, 1096, 1097 ; killed by Ku-Klux in, (for page see name elsewhere:) Edward Barrett, Aaron Estes, John Mills, Henry Owens, Burg Sims, Rev. Lewis Thompson, Andy Thomson, Joe Vaulue, Alexander Walker, Sylvanus Wright ; hung by Ku-Klux in, Abram Checks — I ; robbed by Ku-Klux in, James Brenuon — 1 ; visited by Ku-Klux in : John Gibbs, Lander Hamett, J. J. Mabry, Alexander McLure, Henry Nuckles, B. H. Rice, Spencer Rice, Ed. M. Rose, John Tinsley, W. T. M. Williams, Alfred Wright— 11 ; whipped by Ku-Klux in : Joe Belone, F. R. Cudd, Edward Dawkius, Asbury Garner, D. D. Going, Jerome Miller, William Newbury, Rufus Norton, Giles Page, Peggy Page, Willis Pearson, Giles White— 12.
Union Court-House ; hanging of prisoners taken from the jail in, 4, 32, 62-C4, 74 ; trouble at, with the negroes in 1863, (Steadman,) 1011.
Union jail, raid on ; general co-operation in, 804 ; account of the raid on, (Shand,) 971, 977; (Steadman,) 1026 ; first raid on, (Hughes,) 1086; second raid on. (Hughes,) 1091; (Hawkins,) 1107; (A. W. Thomson;) 1112; (Bolt,) 1118; (Alfred Vaulue,) 1136 ; first raid on, (Thomas Vanlue,) 1155.
Union League, (Loyal) as cause of disturbances, 229, 230, 268 ; nature, extent, &c., of the, 39, 77, 267 ; oath, 444, 445 ; instructions given by, 324 ; William Irwiirs view of constitution and by-laws of, 847 ; ritual, constitution, &cv of, 949 ; inaugurated by General Sickles, 998.
Vance, makes threats, 291.
Vtadiver, John, indicted, 677.
Vandivers, the, identified by Garner, 393.
Vanlue, Alfred, (colored.) testimony of, 1135 ; republican, Union County; first raid on Union jail ; names of parties, 1136 ; affair at the Yellow House, 1139.
Vanlue, Joe, shoots Smith, a constable, at the Yellow House; taken from Union jail, and killed by the mob, 982 ; Bolt's conference with, in jail, 1121 ; conversation with his mother, when in jail, 1129.
Vanlue, Thomas, (colored,) testimony of, 1155; republican, Union County; first raid on Union jail ; names of raiders given to him by Sylvanus Wright, 1155 ; affair at the Yellow House, 1156 ; wounded, 1158.
Van Rice, Major, deputy sheriff, expresses opinion against obeying the writ of habeas corpus for the removal of the prisoners in Union jail, 1123.
Vernon, judge, resignation of, 788.
Vernon, Thomas, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Violence by combined parties began with the issuing of arms to negroes, (Chestnut,) 455 ; resolution inquiring into acts of violence in the tax-payers' convention, 461 ; an appeal to the people, irrespective of party, to restrain, 1248.
Vote in the State in 1865, 12, 18 ; in 1868, 7, 56.
Voters, intimidation of, 13, 82, 122, 174, 175, 209, 223, 229, 230, 240, 251, 262.
Wade sleeps out through fear of Ku-Klux, 413.
Walker, Alexander, taken from Union jail nnd killed by the mob, 981.
Walker, William H., a trial justice, 361, 727; indicted for felony, 728; convicted of larceny, 890.
Wallace, Hon. A. 8., threats against, 56.
Wallace, John, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Wallace, Sam, a Ku-Klux who helped initiate W. K. Owens, 1388.
Wallace, Tony, whipped and robbed by Ku-Klux, 1475.
Walnut Grove, meeting of colored citizens at, 755.
War, cost of the, to the State, 778.
CONTENTS. XXXIII
Ward, Tilman, killed by Ku-Klux because a white man bad seduced bis step-daughter, 1051.
makes a report
Ware, Dr. Tom, makes threats to negroes on election day, 1168.
Warley, F. F., resolutions offered by in tax-payers' convention, 401 ;
and speech on mortgage of Blue Ridge Railroad, 499 ; attention called to a speech in which he denounced the preceding legislature ;. extracts quoted, 631.
Waters, Aimer, identified by Nelson Oglesby, 689.
Waters, John W., shot at the Chester difficulty, 1452.
Watkins, Spencer, severely beaten by Ku-Klux, 897.
Watson, Jerry, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Watson, John, identified by Lucretia Adams, 1577.
Watson, Peter, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1475.
Watson, Ross, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1411.
Weaver, Bass, a colored mail in Spartauburgh, appointed to count the vote in 1870, 855.
Weaver, Polly, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Webb, Abraham, daughter of, whipped by Ku-Klux and made to dance, 1475.
West, Franklin, ordered out of Genobles's house, 361.
Westbrook, Thomas, a strict observer of the laws, 659.
Whipper, introduces a resolution in the legislature voting a gratuity to the speaker, 739.
Whipping, manner of, 36; Bowden, Clem, colored, 184 ; Bowden, Minerva, colored, 184; Champion, William, white, 184 ; Eaves, Moses, colored, 185 ; Glover, Hugh A., 185; Hambright, M., white, 213; Lipscomb, Daniel, colored, 184 ; McCloud, J. W., 274, 275; negroes, 27,28,33, 136,210/275; Ostell, Gabriel, colored, 184 ; Plowden, John, white, 274; Price, C. Harry, white, 185; Turner, H. M., 189; White, M., white, 213 ; White men, 27, 38, 44, (for lists of whipped, see Spartanburgh, Union, York, &c.
White, M., whipping of, 213.
White, Union County commissioner, compelled to resign, 1097.
White, Giles, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1070, 1159.
White, Julius C., ordered by Ku-Klux to publish a card in the papers, 573.
White, S. F., testimony of, 571 ; republican, Spartauburgh County ; carpenter and mill wright ; whipped "by Ku-Klux, April 19, 1871, 571 ; ordered to publish a card in the papers, 572; card, 573; R. M. Smith's inquiry into whipping of, 735.
Whitely, John, his connection with Ku-Klux notice served on John Lipscomb, 673.
Whites", social position of, in mountain regions, 448 ; armed in the election of 1868, 467 ; do not feel safe to act, 566 ; raise a militia company and make D. R. Duncan cap tain, 778 ; tell negroes that if they voted the republican ticket they would not employ them, (Shand,) 972.
Whitm ire," Henry, signs certificate of republicans notified by Ku-Klux, 329.
Whit mi re, Nathan, signs certificate of republicans notified by Ku-Klux, 329.
Whitmire, William, signs certificate of republicans notified by Ku-Klux, 329.
Whittemore, Hon. B. F., negroes influenced by, 468.
Wilkes, Jim, raises a company of negroes, 1428 ; attack on, by Ku-Klux, 1582.
Wilkie, Jack, whipped by Ku-Klux, 922.
Wilkie, Pinckney, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Willard, Ammiel J., testimony of, 59-62 ; is a judge of the supreme court of the State and a resident of Columbia, 59 ; is of the opinion that the courts are, in certain
• par,ts of the State, powerless to administer justice in certain classes of cases, say in Spart an burgh, Marion, and Laureus Counties ; York and Newberry Counties in a very disturbed condition; states classes of cases in which he thinks justice could not be administered; the law more or less fully executed in other portions of the State ; 1he conflict of sentiment between the white and the colored races iuterfers with the impartiality that should exist in the jury-box, 60 ? states the general belief in the State as to the maladministration of affairs, both in the State and in the counties ; and as to the appointment of ignorant, corrupt, and incompetent men as subordinate officers, 61.
Williams, , hanging of, 212.
Williams, Bud, guarded against Ku-Klux by negroes, 974.
Williams, Dan., identified by Owens, 1364.
Williams, Fed, shot, 703 ; shot through the lungs by Ku-Klux, 1474.
Williams, George W., presses the passage of the phosphate bill, 729 ; Hurley's connec tion with, 736. ;..,.-••
Williams, Hayne, shoots at State constables in the Laurens riot, 339.
Williams, Henry, identified by Harnp Hieklin, 1567.
Williams, Jim, hung, 703 ; captain of a militia company, Jias Kainey, hung by Ku- Klux, 1472.
Williams, J. R., testimony of, 1283; democrat, Yor.k County; blacksmith; denies being a Ku-Klux, 1283.
Williams, Lee, identified by Martha Garrison, 1575.
Williams, Roland, forced to join the Ku-Klux, 1371.
Ill— S C
XXXIV CONTENTS.
Williams, W. T. M., testimony of, 1103; republican, Union County, 1103; county au.litor ; home visited by Ku-Klux ; Kti-Klux operations, 1104.
Willia nsburgh County, tax executions in, 776.
Williamson, T. M., scliool commissioner, rule served on, by Judge Orr for misconduct in offije, 806.
Wilson, Bluckrnan, identified by W. K. Owens, 1368.
Wilson, Dick, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1480.
Wilso», Furnian, arrested for the murder of Roundtree, 702. •
Winchester rifles imported ; negro militia armed with, 467.
Wiugo, Edy, whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
Wingo, Jack, whipped by Ku-Klux, 419.
Wiugo, Jacob, whipped by Ku-Klux, 920.
Wiusmitb, Dr. John, (Dr. Wiim Smith,) shooting of, 29, 30, 99, 100, 186, 187, 199, 245, 246; testimony of, 620; moderate republican, Spartauburgh County ; planter and physician ; visited by Ku-Klux, March 22, 1871 ; fires upon Ku-Klux ; hit by seven balls, 620; no security ; State government a failure; republicans required to pub lish their principles in the newspapers, 623 ; character of Ku-Klux organization, 624 ; member of the legislature and of various conventions, 625 ; negro suffrage, 626 ; State arms, 627, 628 ; canvass for governor, 628 ; arrests for outrages, 630 ; wrongs in regard tp the State government, 631; no charge against his political principles, 733; case of, (cannon,) 763; arms sent to, 880.
Withers, Spring, a friend of Ed. Rose, 1189.
Witherspooii, I. D., testimony of, 1497 ; democrat, York County; lawyer; conference •with Colonel Merrill in Yorkville, 1497 ; apprehended raid on Colonel Merrill's camp, 1503, 1522; whippings, 1505; Sapaugh charged with Ku-Klnxiug, 1507, 1524; whipping of Tom Black, 1511; trial of Gavin, 1513^ meeting of citizens of Yorkville, 1515; oppressive taxation; State expenditures, 1517; expressions in favor of Ku-Kluxism ; Mr. Avery, 1520; Wright prosecuted for perjury, 1525, 1552; partisan managers of election, 1527 ; the Hall case, 1529 ; feeling toward northern people, 1530; the Berry difficulty, 1533; disturbances, 1538 ; appendix; whipping and house-burning, 1540 ; public meetings, 1541 ; population of South Carolina; record in the case of Randall, Hicks, and Byars, 1544 ; trial of Wright for perjury, 1552.^
'Witnesses, list of, (see " Testimony " and chronological index ;) alleged packing of, 741.
Wofford, a leading republican, compelled to renounce his party, 623.
Woftbrd, J. L., signs letter written to the Carolina Spartan, 874.
Woods, Addisou, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1409 ; compelled to seek shelter in Yorkville, 1,476.
Woods, John, identified by Lucretia Adams, 1,577.
Woods, Martha, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1474 ; a colored girl named Martha whipped the same night, 1475.
Woodward, Tom, threats by, 317.
Worthy brothers, accompany Gist on his expedition to Chester, 1058.
Wright, Alfred, (colored,) testimony of, 1173; republican, Union County; refugee in Columbia, visited by Ku-Klux; 1173; identities Joe Wright, Worthy Duncan, and Fowler, 1174.
Wright, Jacob and John, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Wright, Joe, identified by Alfred Wright, 1174.
Wright, J. J., evidence of, before an investigation committee, 841.
Wright, Louis, whipped by Ku-Klux, 1478.
Wright, Sylvanus, captain of the band of negroes that killed Stevens, 970 ; taken from Union jail and killed by the mob, 981 ; Bolts, conference with, in jail, 1121.
Wriglit, William, whipped by Ku-Klux, and house burned, 1478; swears before Hugh K. Roberts that he was whipped by Sapaugh, 1507 ; trial of, for perjury, 1525, 1552.
Wy lie, A. P., testimony of, 1424; conservative, Chester County; physician; views on secession, 1424 ; negro disturbances at Chester, 1425; burnings, 1427 ; Jim Wilkes, 1428; secret meeting at Columbia, 1434 ; meeting and disturbances at Chester, 1439; outrages, 1444 ; expedition of Colonel Gist, 1448 ; the fight near Carinel Hill church, 1449 ; letter from Chester to the Yorkville Enquirer, 1450.
Yeast, Oliu D., gives pass to Everson, 348.
Yellow House, killing of Smith at the, 981 ; raid on, 1122, 1129, 1139, 1156.
York, Mr., whipped by Ku-Klux, 921.
York County, burnings in, 706; citizens co-operate with Colonel Merrill, 715; raid on treasury of, 1288, 1345 ; rails taken up in, when troops expected, 1346 ; W. K. Owens, describes the raid on treasury of, 1367; condition of affairs in, (Merrill,) 1464; tearing tip the rails, 1465; raid on county treasury, 1469; trials in circuit court of, 1487 ; card of citizens of, 1499 ; killed by Ku-Klux in, (for page see name • elsewhere:) Thomas Black, alias Roundtree, Matthew Boyce, Anderson Brown, Lot Campbell, Alexander Leech, Harry Miller, Lot Miller — 7 ; hung by Ku Klux in,
CONTENTS. XXXV
Jim Rainey, Jim Williams — 2; shot by Ku-Klnx in, Wesley Thomason, Fed Wil liams — 2; maltreated -or robbed by Ku-Klux in, Sol Hill's family, Aiidy Kitcar, Mrs. June Moore, Tony Wallace — 4 ; visited by Ku-Klux in, Pink Johnson, Jesse McGill, James Pressley — 3 ; whipped by Ku-Klux in, Cretcy Adams, Hiram Alex ander, Minor Bailey, Dave Barrett, Andy Barrou, Billy Barren, Julia Barron, Syl vester Barron, Robin Black, Lang Bratton, Isaac Brough, Isham Brown, Miuty Brown, Dave Bryant, Woodson Burnett, Cy Byars and wife, James Byimm, John Byuum, Andrew Cathcart, Jerry Clowney, Richard Davis, Crowder Dover, Preacher Foster and wife, Jack Garrison, Martha Garrison, A'buer Hambright, Hampton Hicklin, Rev. Elias Hill, Mrs. J. P. Hill, Luciua Hill, Abner Holley, D. D; Hullen- der, Francis Johnson, Charles Joseph, Andy Kitcar, Henry Lathau, Willis Lowry, John Moss, Sam Partlow, Edward Patterson, Doc, Patton, Peter Phillips, J. B. Por ter, Joseph Porter, Mr. Rainey, Edmund Rainey, John'Rawlinson, Rial Rawlinsou, Green Sanifer, Sam Simrell, Phebe Smith , James Steele, John Tate, Jordan Tate, William Thompson, Elias Thomson, John Wallace, Tony Wallace, Peter Watson, Ross Watson, Polly Weaver, Miss Webb, Dick Wilson, Addison Woods, Martha W^oods, Jacob Wright, John Wright, Louis Wright, William Wright— 69.
Yorkville, meeting of citizens of, 1515.
Young, Mr., outrage upon, 72, 73, 139-143, 163, 164.
Young, J. L., testimony of, 1096 ; republican, Unionville ; clerk of the county com missioners of Union, 1096 ; position resigned under an order from the Ku-Klux, 1037, 1096 ; forced resignation of Tinsley and White, county commissioners, 1097 ; knows of seven murders by Ku-Klux, besides the eight taken from Union jail and killed, 1099 ; notice published in the Times, in compliance with special order No. 3, Ku-Klux Klan, to " renounce and relinquish his position," 1102 ; stable burned by Ku-Klux, 1103.
Zimmerman, John, identified by Mervin Givens, 699.
Zimmerman, Tom, identified by Matthew Lancaster, 592.
TESTIMONY,
CONDITION OF AFFAIRS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES
SOUTH CAROLINA.
WASHINGTON, D. C., June 6, 1871. Hon. JAMES L. ORR sworn and examined.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. In what part of the State of South Carolina do you now reside ?
Answer. I reside at Anderson, in the northwestern portion of the State, one hundred and twenty-five miles northwest from Columbia.
Question* What public positions have you held in that State since the close of the war?
Answer. I was a delegate to the convention of 1865. In November, 1865, I was elect ed governor of the State, and occupied that position until the 4th of July, 1868. In August or September, 1868, I was elected judge of the eighth judicial circuit of the State of South Carolina, for the term of four years ; that term bas not yet expired, and I am still performing the duties of circuit judge.
Question. Have your public duties brought you into contact with people from vari ous parts of the State ; and from that contact and the knowledge so derived, can you inform us of the condition of the State, so far as it relates to the execution of the laws, and the security of life, person, and property ? The general nature of the question will indicate to you what we desire, and you can make your statement in your own way.
Answer. I have, of course, been brought into close personal contact with the people of the counties constituting my judicial circuit. The law requires the circuit to be rode
very
carried me
tration of the law is concerned, in my section of the State, I do not think there is any fault to be found with it. We have gone through the experiment there of having mixed juries, and, so far as my experience has gone, I have had no occasion to find fault with it. In one instance where a colored man was on trial, and the jury was made up en tirely of colored men, they convicted him in* twenty-five minutes' absence from the jury box. In another instance, of the trial of a colored man, where the jury was com posed of eleven colored men and one white man, I suppose the conviction took place in less than thirty minutes after the jury retired. The counties to which I refer more especially now, where I think the law is administered, are Greenville, Oconee, Pickeus, Anderson, and Abbeville. In the fall of 1868 there were allegations of violence and in timidation of voters in the presidential and congressional elections. Abbeville was not at that time, however, a part of my judicial district ; it has been added to my cir cuit since then. I think there has been comparative quiet there since theu. I hap pened to be in that county holding court at the time of the election of 1870, and the election was conducted very quietly ; I think there was not even a riot in the entire county. In that county the colored element largely preponderates, in about the pro portion of two to one. In the other counties the proportion of white and colored population is, in Greenville, about two to one, in Anderson two to one, in Pickens four to one, and ^u Oconee about five to one.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. The whites preponderating ? Ansicer. Yes, sir.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. Then, for all civil injuries and for all crimes in that district, you think there are adequate means of redress provided in the courts of the district ?
Answer. Yes. sir ; I have found no trouble. There have been two or three instances perhaps, in the county of Abbeville, where individual acts of violence have been com-
'2 CONDITION OF AFFAIRS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES.
mitted and the parties have fled the country and succeeded in evading arrest. But in those cases bills of indictment have been "found by the grand juries ; so that should the' parties be arrested and brought there, they would be put upon their trial for those offenses.
Question. Have any lawless acts, attributed to secret or armed organizations, been committed in your district ?
Answer. I think not ; I have no reason to suspect that there is any organization of the sort in either of those counties ; I have no information which leads iny mind to any such conclusion.
Question. From your intercourse with persons in different parts of the State, what knowledge have you obtained of acts which are attributed to any secret organization, or of the organization itself?
Answer. My knowledge is not personal, and, of course, the statements I may make in that connection will be based upon information which I have obtained from various sources — that sort of information which a man would collect in his intercourse with his fellows. I do not know the character of the organization that exists, but I have reason to suspect that in some of the counties of South Carolina there is an organiza tion which is political in its character ; I suppose that it extends to persons in Spartan- burg, Union, York, Newberry, Fahiield, Lancaster, Chesterfield, and Sumter counties. The violence that occurred in Laureus county, in October last, which was a very se rious riot, resulting in the death of some ten or twelve persons, I think was rather accidental than otherwise. It was the day after election, and it arose from a quarrel between individuals, the quarrel having had its origin a week or ten days pre ceding the commencement of the riot. The moment they commenced iiring their pistols the riot became general.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. At what election was that ?
Ansicer. The State election of 1870. There had been some apprehension of trouble there, and troops had been sent there; but the election passed off quietly without dis turbance. That morning early
Question. What morning ?
Answer. The morning after the election the troops left the town. There had been a railroad in operation there, but it was out of repair, and the troops had to march from Lawrenstown to Newberry, a distance of about thirty miles. They had got about twelve miles from the court-house, according to the information I have, when the riot occurred. Immediately afterward the troops were sent back, and since then I think there has been quiet in the county.
Question. Were they United States troops ?
Answer. Yes, sir.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. What had been the occasion of sending them there ?
Answer. The apprehension of trouble on the day of election ; that was the occasion of their first being sent there.
Question. What can you say in reference to the other counties you have named ?
Answer. I have no further information than that which I have indicated to you, obtained from newspapers and from intercourse with private individuals, who are very much in the same condition that I am, and who, to a certain extent, are speculative in their judgment in regard to the existence of the organization. My attention was first called, in February last, I think it was, to a publication made in the Daily Republican of Charleston, and subsequently copied into the Union of Columbia, which purported to be the constitution of "The Council of Safety." It provided for an organizational- most by hundreds. I have not seen the publication very recently, and therefore I cannot give you the exact character of it. I have reason to believe that there was a reality in it, because after seeing this publication in the newspaper there accidentally fell into my hands one of their pamphlets. My reason for believing it genuine was the fact that it was stated in the newspaper that the pamphlet had been printed at the office of the Columbia Phoenix, which was the organ at Columbia last year of the reform party. It was charged in the Republican that the pamphlet was printed there, and the editor of the Phoenix was called upon to state if such a pamphlet had been printed there. Mr. Selby, the proprietor, I believe, (not the acting editor,) jii response to that call, stated that a pamphlet bearing that title had been printed there, but that it was a business transaction altogether ; that they had no knowledge of the pamphlet fur ther than it was brought there to be printed, and they had printed it. That pamphlet, 1 think, was distributed in the State — in many portions of it. I think, if you desire further information upon that subject — and precise and definite information — -from what I have learned, Mr. E. W. S^ebles, of Columbia, South Carolina, would be able to give you the particulars. It may be that it has no connection with these organizations which have been doing mischief in various counties since that time. But my suspicion
SOUTH CAROLINA. 3
is that if there be an organization that is extending itself from one county to another, that pamphlet is the foundation of it. Mr. Seebles is a lawyer at Columbia— a gentle man of character and intelligence. He was the secretary of the central executive com mittee of the reform party, and of the democratic party now, I think. He is a man of character, and I have no doubt would state to you very frankly what information he has upon the subject, if you were to call upon him to do so.
Question. 'Having examined that " constitution of the Council of Safety," have you any reason to connect the violations of law which have been committed in any of those counties with an organization of that character?
Answer, I have reached that conclusion in my own mind, but why I have reached it I could not perhaps state satisfactorily. It would be for every gentleman himself, wpou reading that constitution, to form his own conclusions as to what particular ends were to be subserved by such an organization. As I believe I have already stated, a pamphlet copy of it fell into my hands after I saw the publication in the Republican. But it has been lost or mislaid in some way or other, for I have not been able to lay niy hand on it lately. The publication made in the Republican and copied into the Union was a correct copy of that pamphlet.
Question. Was this pamphlet of which you have spoken generally or piiblicly dis tributed, or was it a secret publication ?
Aimver. I understood that it was distributed to the chairmen of the executive com mittees of the reform or democratic party in the several counties. I inquired of one of those gentlemen and he said to me that no copy of any such paper had been sent to him. It was said that ten copies had been sent out to each chairman of a county executive committee.
Question. I have here what purports to be a copy of such a constitution, taken from the Daily Union, of Columbia, South Carolina. ' Please look at it, and then state whether, from your recollection of it, that is the one to which you refer. (See paper attached to the testimony of this witness.)
Ansiver. [After examining the paper referred toby the chairman] I should say, from the brief examination I can now give it, that it is the same.
Question. You say you have arrived at the conclusion that it is under some such organization as this "constitution" provides for that the violations of law have occurred in the counties to which you have referred. Give us the reasons, if you can, that have brought you to that conclusion.
Answer. In some of the counties, for instance in Spartanburg, Union, York, Lancas ter, Fairfield, and Newberry Counties, considerable numbers of persons, variously estimated from thirty, to five hundred, seek the night-time to commit acts of violence. Those acts, so far as my information goes, have been inflicted entirely and exclusively upon white and colored men belonging to the republican party. They are done in the night-time, and by men disguised. The latest case of that sort, of which I have heard, was at Newberry, where a disguised party attacked a colored man who was the chairman of the board of county commissioners for that county. He was elected last fall, I believe, and his name was Young. They went to his house in the night-time, according to the statement, and1 fired upon him, and wounded his wife pretty severely and also his child. He returned the fire, and after having exhausted his ammunition succeeded in making his escape from the house. As he ran off, one or two slight wounds were inflicted upon him, but he made good his escape. One of the disguised men was struck by a bullet in the leg, and the leg had to be amputated. He was taken some four miles out of town ; the sheriff of the county got information of his whereabouts and went there and arrested him. Since I left home I have seen in the newspapers that the wounded man has been murdered in his house. Question. How recent was that occurrence?
Answer. About three weeks ago the attack was made upon Young. Question. Was Young a white man or a colored man ?
Answer. He was a colored man, and the chairman of the board of county commis sioners. I think that all of the county commissioners in that county are colored men. There are three commissioners for each county, who have the right to levy taxes. Another thing in counecriou with these bands : It seems that in almost every single instance where they have given notice to persons in advance in these various counties, the persons notified have been those holding office in their respective counties, such as auditors, treasurers, county commissioners, school commissioners, &c. In many in stances I have no doubt such officials are incompetent. In some instances I think they are certainly sufficiently competent not to be disturbed, as none of them should bo, in the performance of their duties. If they are incompetent there is a legal method of getting rid of them.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. Are they colored men ?
Answer. The most of them, though some whites have been waited upon, particularly
4 CONDITION OF AFFAIRS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES.
in Fairfield, Union, and York Counties. I think none in Newberry County liavo been waited upon.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. Within what period of time have these offenses been committed in those Counties ?
Answer. There has been more or less of violence for some time. The first occasion, when there was a body of disguised men, was in December, I think.
Question. December last ?
Answer. Yes, sir ; the first case that I heard of^— there may have been others before that, but that was the iirst that attracted my attention — was when they went to a jail at Union Court-House. They first took out two men, and subsequently, so it was said a few nights afterward, four or five hundred men went there and took out other per sons — nine in all — and hung them. The reason given for that, as I have heard, was this : It seems that a company of negro militia had gone out somewhere from Union Court-House on a Sunday, or had met together. A man passed by with a whisky wagon, where they were ; he was engaged in trafficking illicitly in whisky ; he let some of them have some whisky, and after they had partaken of it, I suppose they wanted some more. As they did not have the money to pay for it, he refused to let them have it, when they demanded it of him, and they then took him off into the woods and killed him.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. Was he a white man ?
Answer. Yes, sir. Two parties, supposed to be more immediately implicated in the murder, were arrested a few days afterward ; those two parties were taken out of the jail, and subsequently seven more were taken out. The reason I heard assigned for that was this: The judge of that circuit received some intimation that those prisoners would not be safe in jail in that county, and he issued his writ of habeas corpus, direct ing the sheriff of that county to carry the prisoners before him at Columbia, a distance of sixty or seventy miles from Union. They were not within his judicial circuit, but I have no doubt he'had a right to do so, for the law expressly gives a circuit judge the right to hear a writ of habeas corpus in any part of the State. When the order reached Union, the sheriff spoke of it, I suppose, and it was at once noised about in the little town and in the community, that the object of. that movement was to get those seven prisoners down to Columbia for the purpose of discharging them upon straw bail, or let ting them loose altogether, with a view to evading punishment. I have no idea that there was any such intention. I was in Columbia at the time,, before the prisoners were taken out and executed, and I had a conversation with Judge Thomas, after he had sent out his writ of habeas corpus. His writ reached Union on Thursday, and the sheriff was to have brought the prisoners down to 'Columbia on Friday, but ho did not do so, and they were taken out of the jail on Sunday night. Two of the parties who were charged with the murder of the white man, (Stevens and Stevenson,) from some cause or other, had not then been arrested. From thejbest information I could obtain — from a lawyer in that place — I suppose those two were really the guilty parties — the men who actually committed the murder upon the white man. They were afterward arrested, tried, and convicted before Judge Thomas in March last, and were executed in April or in May.
QucHtion. Those two who were executed according, to law had not been arrested at the time the two and the seven were taken out of the jail.
Answer. No, sir ; they had not been arrested at that time, for some reason or other ; they had kept out of the way, and had not been arrested. If they had been, they would doubtless have shared the fate of the others. If the statements made as to the excuse for that conduct are correct, then it is shown that they were mistaken in their apprehensions, for there was no difficulty in trying and punishing the negroes when found guilty.
Question. That was shown afterward?
Answer. Yes, sir; subsequent events disclosed that such apprehensions were not well founded.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. With the exception of the counties named by you, do you give it to the committee as your belief that in other parts of the State of South Carolina the law, can be effectually executed, and that life and property are secure there ?
Answer! I am hardly prepared to answer that question with definiteness. I think that the counties I have indicated are the counties in which the demonstrations have bemi most formidable. In two or three other counties there have been some acts of violence, but I have no reason to suppose they extended beyond little neighborhood affairs— seme private grudges. Lives have been taken, no doubt, and the guilty parties have not been discovered.
Question* In those counties which you have named, where these acts of violence
SOUTH CAROLINA. 5
have beeen committed by bands of disguised and armed men, has the law, in any instance that you are aware of, been executed as against them ?
Answer. No, sir ; the trouble is to find out who they are. If persons know, they are afraid to disclose their knowledge.
Question. In other parts of the State, can justice be administered in all ordinary cases, civil or criminal, arising between man and man ?
Answer. Yes, sir, I think so — all violations of the right of persons and property. Take, for instance, the county of Abbeville, where the negro element is largely in the majority ; at the last term of the court only, I think I sentenced eleven colored men to the; penitentiary for various offenses. In some of those cases there was a majority of colored men on the juries.
Question. Do you find any difficulty in administering justice in your circuit, through the medium of mixed juries, whether the parties on trial be white or black?
Answer. My experience is that there is more indulgence shown by white juries to a colored jnan upon trial than is shown to a white man. I think that juries, as a general rule, would make more allowance or apology where a negro has committed an offense than they would in the case of a \vhite man committing the same offense, on the ground that he ought to have more intelligence than to do such a thing. In that point of view, so far as my observation has gone, I think if there is any leaning, it has been by the white man toward administering the law gently to the colored man.
Question. Is there anything either in tiie administering of your State government, or in the management of your county affairs, 'which is alleged either as a cause for the acts of violence of which you have spoken, or as an excuse for them? Give us your views upon that subject, if you please.
Answer. There has been great complaint made through the newspaper press, and by individuals, of the action of the legislature in various respects ; and perhaps still more complaint has been made against the county officers. A part of it, I think, is well founded, while a part of it, I think, is not well founded. Our legislature is com posed, in the house, of about eighty colored members and forty white members ; and, in the' senate, I think there are twenty-one white men and eleven colored men. A very large proportion of the colored element in the house of representatives is of necessity ignorant.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP:
f Quest ion. Is the proportion of colored men, for the last year or two, increasing or diminishing in your State senate ?
Answer. There has been but one election of senators since the senate was first classified. Of those first elected, one-half were for two years, and one-half for four years. Consequently at the last election there were senators elected in only one-half of the counties. I do not think there has been any change in the status in that respect ; if there has been I do not recollect it.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. You were, I believe, going on to give the status of the legislature, as affecting the legislation of the State, in connection with the excuses given for these outrages.
Answer. There was a great deal of complaint made, and it was finally taken hold of by the Chamber of Commerce and the Board of Trade, of Charleston. The debt had been very largely increased, and it produced so much excitement, that finally a tax payers' convention was called, and it met at Columbia about the 10th of May, I think. Full reports of its proceedings were made. I suppose you can get a fair statement of the present debt of the State, and of the increase of the State debt, and the reason for that increase, from a report that was submitted to that convention by Mr. Trenholm, of Charleston. That report will furnish you that information with minuteness, much more so than I can give it to you, for I can only give you a statement in round numbers. Mr. Trenholm is one of the leading members of the Chamber, of Commerce, and also of the Board of Trade, and a very successful merchant. He was the former secretary of the treasury, under the confederate government at Richmond.
Question. You have spoken of the composition of your legislature. Will you state whether, at the first election under the reconstruction act, the white population re fused, to any extent, to participate in the election.
Answer. Yes, sir ; almost universally, I think, in the first election that was held there tinder the order of. General Sickles, in conformity to the act of March, 1867. I think the election was held in October, 1867, and my general recollection is that at that election the white vote of the whole State was about 3,000, while the colored vote, as well as I can remember, was about 90,000. In my county where I reside, we have a thousand registered majority of white votes, and there were but 260 or '270— I think the exact number was 269— of whites who went to the polls and voted in that county.
6 CONDITION OF AFFAIRS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. Do you mean that you had a thousand white majority or a thousand white votes ?
Answer. A thousand white majority registered ; and 269 of the two thousand and more white voters in the county went to the polls.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. Was the large number of negroes elected to the legislature attributable to that fact ?
Answer. If the line had been drawn according to the respective numbers of colored and white voters, there ought to have been certainly ten and perhaps eleven counties that would have elected white representatives. In the remaining twenty-one or twen ty-two counties the colored vote would have been in the majority, and colored repre sentatives Avould have been elected ha.d each voted for its own race.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. That would have given the majority to the colored race ?
Answer. Yes, sir ; the counties of Anderson, Oconee, Pickens, Greenville, Spartans- burg, Lancaster, Marion, Chesterfield, Harry, and Lexington have white majorities. York County is doubtful ; I think the population there is pretty equally divided. Ac cording to the apportionment, those counties ought to send about twenty-five members of the house of represen tatives.
Question. Against what number of negroes ?
Answer. The house of representatives is composed of one hundred and twenty-four members.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. As a matter of fact, were there all white men who were sent from the counties you have named, or were colored men sent from some of the counties and white men from some of the counties ?
Answer. That was the case. In the election for the convention one colored man was sent from my county, where the whites have a thousand majority. In many of the counties whites were elected by the votes of colored men. In fact, I believe all the white men who were sent, with the exception of about two or three, were sent by colored constituencies where the colored voters had a majority ; that is, to the legisla ture.
Question. Had the white men of the State consented to participate in the election, would not a larger proportion of white men have been returned ?
Answer. 1 think so, decidedly, both to the convention and to the legislature.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. Were any of the white men sent by the negroes democrats f Answer. No, sir ; I do not think any democrat would have consented to have been a candidate of a colored constituency for the convention. The experiment was made in the county adjoining mine. The party lines have been drawn closer and closer at every election. Three elections have now taken place, and the political elements on either side are solidifying more and more effectually.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. As it is our desire to ascertain not only the existence of any of those disor ders, if they exist, but also the causes of them, so that legislation may be had if neces sary, will you state what, in your opinion and belief, are the causes for those disorders, and such remedies as in your judgment would tend to suppress them ?
Answer. Well, sir, that is a very hard question to answer.
Question. 1 know it is.
Answer. Intending to be entirely respectful, I suppose about as many reasons might be assigned for these disorders as for the fall of Rome. Of course the white element in the State is very much dissatisfied and mortified at the elevation of the colored man not only to terms of political equality, but of superiority in many respects. It was sup posed by the whites, when the presidential election of 1868 came on, that they could have some influence with the colored vote. Great pains was taken. The whole State was stumped by leading gentlemen who were supporting the nominees of the demo- s cratic party. And of course the other party were represented by their orators, yet I do not suppose there were five hundred colored men in the whole State who voted for Seymour and Blair. That was very much the case last year, when the refonn party was organized. A republican for the position of governor was placed in nomination by the reform party, and they nominated a democrat for lieutenant governor. They made a very active canvass in the State, and yet I do not suppose they received five hundred colored votes. The tendency has been to solidify the colored element. I think that a great many of those who would otherwise be expected to control the
SOUTH CAROLINA. 7
State in its affairs haee desponded of their ever being able to relieve themselves from the incubus, as they regard it, upon them, of so great a majority of colored voters in. the State. The colored majority in the whole State is about 30,000. While there may be differences of opinion, I have a very decided opinion as to the mistakes the white element made in trying to control the colored population. A mistake has been made, and I myself think it will be some time before they will be able to control the colored element. There has been a great deal of incompetency. Many of the county officers who have been elected have not been sufficiently qualified to give entire satisfaction to the public. The county commissioners have the power to levy a very considerable tax in their respective counties. In many of the counties the impression prevails that- these county commissioners have spent too much money. I do not know how true that may be. I have had occasion to look into one or two cases of the sort. In one case I found the charge to be true ; in the other case it was not true. I suppose that a great deal of that complaint is of the same character that one political party makes against the other, although there is probably more cause for it here, in consequence of the ignorance of many of these officials, than would ordinarily exist.
By Mr. VAX TRUMP :
Question. Yet I understand you to say that there is a party organized of both repub licans and democrats called the reform party ?
Answer. Yet it turned out that no republicans voted for that ticket. Question. The negroes would not vote for them ? Answer. No, sir.
By Mr. BLAIR :
Question. You have given us your estimate of the number of negroes who voted for the reform-party ticket. How many white men in your State voted for the republican nominees for President and Vice-President in 1863 ?
Answer. I do not know, and if I were to give you an opinion it would be a very vague one. I saw a statement made in a republican paper after the election was over, and I think the estimate was about 5,000.
Question. What was the total white vote?
Answer. In the presidential election ?
Question. Yes, in your State.
Aimcer. I think the total vote of the State was about 135,000, and I suppose the total white vote was from 50,000 to 55,000. I think the heaviest vote we ever had before the war, where there ^as a general turn-out, was about 48,000 ; but I think in the last presidential election the white vote was more than that.
By Mr. POOL :
Question. Do you mean might have been polled or were polled? Answer, That were polled.
By the CHAIRMAN:
Question. Do you wish us to understand you to convey the idea that the inability to control the colored vote has been one of the causes for these acts of violence ?
Answer. I cannot say that exactly ; I think an incorrect public sentiment has been created by men of that description standing by and not raising their hands, and not usin<* their influence, their moral power, to suppress these acts of violence. My sup position is — I have not proved- it, of course — my supposition is that these parties en gaged in midnight-marauding are pretty generally reckless young men, without a great deal of standing in the community, and if they happen to be detected, they can get on their horses and leave the country, and get out of the way. I think the better portion of the community are responsible for these acts no further than that they do not use their influence, both morally and in actually enforcing the law. I think that is where the fault lies with them.
By Mr. BLAIR :
Question. Does not that indisposition to some extent grow out of the fact that disa bilities are imposed by the Government upon that class of people ?
Answer. I think that has its influence; I think that has, perhaps, produced a great deal of sourness and bitterness, resulting from the disabilities of parties not having been removed.
By the CHAIRMAN : '8tion. How large a ] ilities ? Answer. I do not think I can make even a conjecture.
Question. How large a portion of the people of your State are now laboring under disabilities?
8 CONDITION OF AFFAIRS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES.
By Mr. BLAIR :
Question. All the persons who ever held offices before the war and participated in any way in the rebellion, are under disabilities ? Answer. Yes, sir.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. Unless they have been specially removed ?
Ansiver. Yes, sir ; I think the disabilities have been construed to extend to magis trates, postmasters, clerks of courts, &c.
Mr. BLAIR. It was so construed, in the instructions given by the generals in com mand in those districts; it was construed in that way when the measure of reconstruc tion was first passed. President Johnson undertook to give a different construction to it, and had an opinion from his Attorney General limiting it to those who had held State offices, as contradistinguished from county offices. Congress was called together during the recess, or met in an adjourned session, and gave to it the construction ori ginally claimed for it by Sheridan and Sickles.
Mr. VAN TRUMP. As against the opinion of Mr. Stanbery.
Mr. POOL. Those are not the disabilities now existing, which are under the Consti tution.
Mr. BLAIR. The constitutional amendment preserved the phraseology of the bill, ex cept that it did not disable them from voting, as the act did. The act of Congress pre vented them from voting, while the constitutional amendment only disqualifies them from holding office; but, to that extent, it is in the language of the act of Congress.
The WITNESS. There is no disability now existing under the constitution of South Carolina, except that imposed by the amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
Mr. BLAIR. That I understand.
Question. I would like to ask you, in reference to the administration of affairs in your State, both in the State and in the counties, whether there is not such a degree of mal administration as to justify the complaints made of the incompetency and corruption of officers ?
Ansiver. Perhaps I ought to make some distinction, with reference to the execu tive department ; there have been all sorts of allegations made, publicly and pri vately, against all the officers. I believe, connected with the executive department of the State government, except, perhaps, the attorney general. But this tax-payers' con vention which recently assembled, and which I suppose ferreted the matter out — and let me say here that that convention was composed of the political opponents of the governor and his associates, there being not more than five republicans out of about fifty-five members — I suppose that the report which Mr. Trenholin submitted to and which was received and adopted by the convention, is a vindication of the governor, and of those who surround him, at least so far as present appearances are concerned. If the report made by Mr. Trenholin is correct, and he has not been deceived, then there has not been that maladministration in the executive department that has been charged. I have no doubt that in the legislative department there has been a great deal of corruption ; and I think the corruption has been mainly by bribing the members to vote for jobs. I do not know what proportion of the bills that have been passed are to be footed by the State ; I have not looked into that matter. So far as I have been able to learn, I think the principal matters in regard to which there has been corruption have been private jobs; perhaps railroad indorsements, not subscrip tions. It is charged, and charged openly and publicly, that a great many members of the legislature received bribes for their votes ; and I am afraid there is a great deal of truth in the charge.
Question. What is the character of the railroad indorsements? I suppose you mean indorsing the bonds of railroads, giving the credit of the State to the roads "?
Answer. Yes, sir.
Question. Of what character are these indorsements, and has the State any claim upon the roads themselves for security ?
Ansiver. When the present party came into power, they found that the State had made indorsements for interest bonds of the Greenville and Columbia and of the Blue Ridge railroads; and it was doubtful whether those indorsements were of any validity, inasmuch as they were made during the war. It was doubtful whether the acts of the State legislature from 1881 to 1865, or even to 1867, according to the theory of some, would be of any avail. Those previous acts were validated by the legislature of 1868 and 1869. In the last session of the legislature some change was made, by which the indorsements upon the Blue Ridge bonds, and the Greenville and Columbia bonds, were extended, and the first lien of the State upon the road as an indemnity for the indorsement was withdrawn. But the bonds themselves are first-mortgage bonds, and the road has to be exhausted before the Slate would become liable upon its guarantee or its indorsement; that is, as I understand it. I do not desire to go too far into these legislative matters, for I have not been connected with them. I have spent very little
SOUTH CAROLINA.
time about Columbia lately, and have not had occasion to inform myself as I ought before I undertake to give information to you upon the subject.
Question. You say there has been a great deal of complaint in regard to the adminis tration of county affairs ?
Answer. Yes, sir ; a great deal.
Question. Have the counties accumulated any large amounts of debt?
Answer. Some of them have ; not large amounts ; but some of them have not paid their expenditures, notwithstanding the large amount of taxes which they are author ized to levy. Under the new system of laws which have been introduced there, the expenses of witnesses, jurors, sheriffs, clerks, jails, &c., are to be paid by the counties ; formerly they were paid out of the State treasury. And so, also, in regard to roads and bridges ; a certain amount of the levy of the counties is appropriated to keep up the roads and bridges. Some of the counties have not paid all their liabilities. Then, on the other baud, the complaint is made that too much money has been expended and improperly expended. The taxation now in South Carolina is much heavier than before the" war ; there is no question about that.
Question. And the amount of the property upon which the tax is levied is much less ?
Answer. Yes, sir. Prior to the war the larger proportion of the taxes of the State wa-s paid upon slave property, and there were about 400,000 slaves. In my county, for State and county purposes, the tax is one cent and three mills on the dollar.
By Mr. STEVENSON :
Question. That includes taxes for township and all local purposes ? Answer. Yes, sir ; for all purposes, State and local.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. After the facts and data which you have given, it is hardly necessary for me to ask the question ; still, I want your opinion. I will ask you whether, at this time, the State of South Carolina is not absolutely and essentially under a negro government?
Answer. A majority of those who have control of it are negroes ; that is, there is a majority of negroes 'in the house of representatives, while in the senate the majority are white men. The governor is a white man ; the lieutenant governor is a colored man; the secretary of state is a colored man; the treasurer, the comptroller general, the attorney general, and the adjutant general are white men. Of the supreme court judges one is a colored man; all the eight circuit judges are white. men.
Question. How in the counties ; are the county officers, commissioners, clerks, &€., especially in the negro counties, colored men ?
Answer. The auditors and treasurers are not elected by the people, but are appointed by the governor ; the trial justices are appointed by the governor ; the county com missioners are elected by the people. I would say that in the counties where the negro race is in the majority, a majority of the county commissioners are colored.
Question. That is the important office'of the county, so far as taxes are concerned ? •
Answer. Yes, sir ; so far as taxation and the general police of the county are con cerned.
Question. How is it with regard to these negro officers in South Carolina j are they selected from the better educated negroes, negroes from the North, or have they gen erally been taken from those who were slaves before the war ?
Answer. The negroes who have had most influence and control of the organization of the republican party, from 1865 to the present time, are men from the North.
Question. Those are the orators and politicians ; I speak now of the office-holders.
Answer. They are of the 400,000 blacks in the State, and their standard of intelligence is a little higher than that of one-half or two-thirds of the 400,000. As a general rule, in their selections, they have taken about the best they could get among their own people, restricting their choice among themselves. In the legislature, a very large proportion of the eighty colored members of the house of representatives were formerly slaves, I suppose, and at the time of manumission I presume two-thirds if not three- fourths of them could not read. Now most of them are able to read ; most of them have learned to write their names, and some of them have made more progress than that ; very considerable progress, the younger portion of them. But of course there are a great many who are still ignorant.
Question. In regard to those eighty colored menbers of the house of representatives, if i understood correctly your answers to some of General Blair's questions, you have some fears that there is some truth in the charges of bribery f
Answer. I think they are true as to some of them.
Question. Is it not the fact in regard to negroes of that character, (uneducated and who have been slaves,) that wily white men, approaching them with money, can seduce them into violating their official obligations ?
Answer. I think that is according to our experience and knowledge of men of all
10 CONDITION OF AFFAIRS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES.
classes ; it would apply as well to whites as to blacks. I have no doubt they are more susceptible to such influences than if they had a high moral training and good intel lectual culture.
Question. You say that the law, so far as your region of the State is concerned — I suppose you speak of your judicial circuit— is fully administered ?
Answer. Yes, sir.
Question. In regard to the violations of law, of which you have spoken, could not the State power control them without asking for or resorting to the Federal power to come there and subdue them ?
Answer. That is one of the difficult questions I had in my mind when I replied to a question of the chairman, as to how those disturbances could bo best suppressed. If there was, in those localities, a healthy public opinion among the substantial men of the country, if they were determined to put down these disorders, I think the law there is abundantly sufficient to put them down.
Question. The law, without resort to armed force ?
Answer. Yes, sir. You could not very well resort to State militia, because there is no system that I know of by which you mingle the two races together in a military or ganization without running a greater hazard than even to allow marauding to go on. If you were tt> attempt to unite the two races in a military company, you could not get it done by volunteering, and you would fail if you attempted to do it by compul sion.
Question. Then you think that the attempt at a half- white and a half-negro govern ment is a failure ?
Answer. I think it has been a very difficult experiment.
By Mr. BLAIR :
Question. You say that all persons in the State, of adult ago and of sufficient resi dence, are now entitled to the right of suffrage ?
Answer. Yes, sir.
Question. Will you give us a general idea how their suffrages are collected ; what is the machinery by which it is done ?
Answer. Do you mean the machinery for collecting the votes on the day of the elec tions ?
Question. Yes, sir.
Answer. Well, sir, the existing law provides that the governor shall appoint three commissioners of election for each county. Those county commissioners are charged with the duty of selecting managers of elections for the different polling precincts in the county. There is no registration now required ; that has been done away with since the election of 1868, which, I suppose, is a very great mistake. The present election law provides that the polls shall be opened at G o'clock in the morning and closed at 6 o'clock in the evening, and that there shall be but one day set apart for each election. The county commissioners designate as many polling places in each county, city, and town as the convenience of the voters may require.
Question. And the county commissioners appoint the managers of election ?
Answer. Yes, sir. Under the present law those managers are permitted to retain the ballot-boxes, which are required to be sealed up at the close of the election, for five days ; or rather, they are required within five days to turn them over to the commis sioners of elections, and the commissioners of elections have five days within which to count the votes.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. Are you now giving us the provisions of the election law of March, 1870? Answer. Yes, sir ; that is the law now in force.
By Mr. BLAIR :
Question. I desire to ascertain your opinion of that law ; I want to ascertain, if pos sible, what this time is allowed for. What was the object of allowing the managers and commissioners of elections to retain the ballot-boxes in their hands for such a length of time ?
Answer. That I cannot tell ; I do not know. I think it was very improper for any such election law to have been passed. If I had been framing an election law, I would have required that the votes should bo counted on the evening of election and the returns made the next day. The present law certainly gives to persons who are so disposed an opportunity to commit fraud. And in one of the counties, in regard to the congressional election, two of the commissioners have been convicted, before Judge Bond's court, within the last six weeks, of stuffing the ballot-box.
By Mr. VAN TRUMP :
Question. Were they white or black men ?
Answer. One was a white man and one was a black man. It was in regard to the election between Mr. Bowen and Mr. De Large.
SOUTH CAROLINA. 11
By Mr. COBURN :
Question. You have said in substance that the State authorities can do nothing to suppress these outrages, for the reason that public opinion is in an unhealthy condi tion, and that the State militia, composed of whites and blacks, would not be of any service. Now, under the circumstances, what authority should be used to restore
Ansicer. That is a hard question to answer. I examined carefully the provisions of the bill passed by Congress at its late session, in the hope that I might there find something that would give the proper authority. But I apprehend that the same difficulty will exist in connection with the military forces of the United States. As an illustration, let me say that there has not been a more quiet community than that of Laurens County since the United States troops went back there. And yet if the troops were to leave there to-day, there is no telling but what by the day after to-mor row this thing would be just as rampant as ever. If you undertake to enforce the law by troops, according to our experience, and we have had a pretty large experience since 1865, and especially if you undertook to do so by troops \vho are not familiar with the country, and where there is not among the people much sympathy with the troops, you would find this difficulty : 4hose who commit these offenses are familiar with the country, with every by-way, every hedge, every swamp, stream, and road, and they will have it in their power to make their escape in spite of officers and men, let them be ever so vigilant. They will select portions of the county remote from the troops to commit their offenses, and then they will get such a start in their flight as to prevent the officers and soldiers from capturing them. That is the difficulty, I appre hend, in the United States authorities enforcing the law.
Question. That is merely a military difficulty. But suppose the United States courts were brought into operation, would they not prove more effectual ?
Ansu'er. In that point of view perhaps the United States courts could bo made avail able, when you could make proof in regard to particular persons. After you have caught the offenders, I have no doubt that in the United States court held at Charles ton, Columbia, or Greenville, the law could be properly enforced.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. Assuming that these organizations exist, and that the persons who ride in armed bands are members of them for the purpose of inflicting these injuries upon citi zens, is not the plain way of looking at the matter to treat them as a public enemy in armed resistance to the State and General Government ?
Answer. I would be prepared to go to that extent. But then you have the very same difficulty ; you have to find out who these parties are before you can inflict any pun ishment upon them.
By Mr. STEVENSON :
Question. Unless you find them in arms ?
Answer. How would you find them in arms ? They would take very especial pains that the gaps should all bo let down, so that they could make their escape. And if the matter looked threatening on account of the presence of marshals and troops, the probability is that they would keep very quiet.
By the CHAIRMAN :
Question. It amounts, then, to predatory or guerrilla warfare ?
Answer. It will have to cure itself. I am very nervous, occasionally, about its lead ing to retaliation and violence. %
By Mr. STEVENSON :
Question. You have spoken of corruption in the legislature. Do you mean to say that it was confined to colored men ? «
Answer. I do not think it was, from what I heard. I have no' positive information tipon the subject ; I have been very little in Columbia, but I have heard a great deal. I think in all probability a portion of the whites are just as culpable as the colored men ; whites in the legislature and also whites outside of the legislature.
Question. Lobbyists?
Answer. Lobbyists are more responsible, perhaps, than anybody else, as is generally the case.
Question. Is it your opinion that this corruption, of which you have heard, is confined exclusively to either party ?
Ansiver. No, sir; I am sorry to say that it is not.
Question. A majority of the people of South Carolina are colored men, arc they not!
Answer. Yes, sir; about 120,000 majority colored population.
Question. Yet I infer from what you say that a majority of office-holders, taking the importance of the office also into consideration, are white.
Answer. Yes, sir. The governor appointed a great many trial justices from the col-
12 CONDITION OF AFFAIRS IN THE SOUTHERN 'STATES.
ored race : but b.c has changed his policy within the last four or five months in that respect ; lie has removed quite a number of them and has appointed white men in their stead. Where he could get republicans of course he has appointed them ; but in some counties in my circuit, where he could not get republicans supposed to be competent, he has appointed democrats.
Question. Before the war I believe the government of South Carolina was less demo cratic in its form, or rather more aristocratic, than the governments of the other States ; the power was iu fewer hands, was it not ?
Answer. It was so in this way : universal suffrage existed in South Carolina, and was adopted there perhaps as early as in any State of the Union. An amendment to the constitution in 1808 established universal suffrage in the State. But the government was kept in the hands of a few by requiring a certain property qualification of persons to be eligible as governor, State senator, or member of the legislature. I think those were the only offices where a property qualification was required. In order to be eli gible to the senate a man was required to be thirty years of age, and to be worth £500 or about $5,500, clear of debt ; or he had to have a freehold of not less than five hun dred acres of land, and to be the owner of ten slaves. And about the same qualifica tions were required for the lower house of the legislature. The governor was also required to have a property qualification. I do not remember that any other officers were required to have a property qualification.
Question. The legislature, I believe, elected the presidential electors for the State ?
Answer. Yes, sir ; and also nearly all of the officers of the State. They elected the presidential electors, judges, chancellors, commissioners in equity — who correspond to vice-chancellors in other States ; they also appointed magistrates, and elected the sec retary of State, comptroller general, adjutant general ; they appointed the managers of elections, commissioners of roads, commissioners of free schools, commissioners of public buildings, and commissioners to approve public securities. The people elected clerks, sheriffs, judges of probate, and tax-collectors.
Question. The management of affairs was then more in the hands of property-holdeis in that State than generally in other States ?
Answer. Yes, sir.
Question. Is it not true that upon the commencement of reconstruction the old white population to a great degree refrained from taking part in the elections?
Answer. 'Yes, sir ; I stated that in the early part of my examination. According to my recollection, I may be mistaken in some of the figures, but my recollection is that in the vote for a