/ THE PROCEEDINGS''^!"' OF THE LinnEHN Society OF New South Wales FOR THE YEAR 1915 Vol. XL. WITH FIFTY-NINE PLATES. SYDNEV: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BT \V A. PEPPERDAY k CO., 119a PITT SLKKE'r AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY 1916. \V. A. PKPPEKDAY AND CO., GENERAL PRINTERS, 119a PITT STREET, SYDNEY. CONTENTS OF PROCEEDINGS, 1915. PART I. (No. 157). (Issued 16th Jane, 1915). PAGES Presidential Address delivered at the Fortieth Annual Meeting, March 31st, 1915, by W. S. Dun. i.-xix. The Genus Trachelomonas [Infusoria : Fam. Euglenidoe]. By G. I. Playeair, Research Scholar of the University of Sydney in Hydrobiology and Plankton. (Plates i.-v., and twenty Text-figures)... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-41 The Anatomical Structure of some Xerophytic Native Grasses. By E. Breakwell, B.A., B.Sc. (Thirteen Text-figures) ... 42-55 Australian Neuroptera. Part ii. By Esben-Petersen. (Plates vi.xiii., and two Text-figures) ... . ... ... ... 56-74 Descriptions of six new Species of fiupresiirfoe [Coleoptera]. By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S 76-82 Northern Territory Termitidre. Parti. By Gerald F. Hill, F.E.S. , Government Entomologist, Northern Territory. (Plates xiv.-xxiii.) 83-113 The Feeding-tracks of Limax maximus Linn. By Thomas Steel, F.L.S. (Plate xxiv.) 114 The Geology and Petrology of the Great Serpentine-Belt of New South Wales. Part iv. The Dolerites, Spilites, and Kerato- phyres of the Nundle District. By W. N. Benson, B.Sc, B.A., F.G.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Geology. (Plates xxv.-xxvii., and six Text-figures) ... ... 121-173 A new Levan-giim-forniing Bacterium [Bacillus hemiphloics]. By R. Grbig-Smith, D.Sc , Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society 174-175 Contributions to a Knowledge of Australian Cm^icic^cb [Diptera]. No. ii. By Frank H. Taylor, F.E.S. (Plates xxviii.-xxix.) 176-184 Further Notes on the Lepidoptera of Ebor Scrub, N.S.W. By A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.E.S 185-195 Hydroids from New South Wales. By E. A. Briggs, B.Sc. (Plates xxx.-xxxi., and Text-figure) ... .. ... ... 196-202 2^7 'r O Q IV. CONTENTS. PART I. (Continued). pages Preliminary Note on the remarkable, shortened Development of an Australian Sea-Urcliin {l^uxocidaris erythrogrtitnmus). By Dr. Th. MoRTENSEN 203-206 Hon. 'J'reasurer's Financial Statement, Balance Sheet, etc. xxi.-xxiv. Elections and Announcements ... ... ... ... xix., 75, 120 Notes and Exhibits xx., 115-119, 207-208 CORRIGENDA. The legend of Plate xxx. should read — \-2.SerttdareUa ritchiei, nom.nov. S-l . Halicornaria goniodes, n.sp. On p. 83.3 of Part 4 of Proceedings for 1914, the names of the analysts were inadvertently omitted. These should read — Analysis i. (J. C. H. Mingaye); ii. (L. A. Cotton); iii. (L. de Launay). PART II. (No. 158). (Issued 15th September, 1015). pages On the Development of the Wing-Venation in Zygopterous Dragonflies, with Special Reference to the Calopterygidce. By R. J. TiLLYARD, M.A., B.Sc, F. E.S., Science Research iScholar iti the University of Sydney. (Plates xxxii -xxxiv.) 212-230 The Temperature of Echidna aculeata. By H. S. Halcro VVard- i.Aw, B.Sc 231-258 Notes on and Descriptions of Australian Fishes. By Allan R. McCoLLOCH, Zoologist, Australian Museum. (I'lates xxxv.- xxxvii.) 259-277 On Moreauia mirabilis, g. etsp. n., a remarkable Treniatode para- sitic in Ornithorhynchus . By S. J. Johnston, B.A., D.Sc, Department of Zoology, University of Sydney. (Plates xxxviii.-xxxix.) ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 278-287 Petrological Notes. No. i. Igneous Rocks and Tuff from the Car- boniferous of New South Wales. By M. Aurousseau, B.Sc, Assistant Lecturer in Geolog^^ University of West Australia. (Plate xl.) 294-309 Freshwater Algre of the Lismore District : with an Appendix on tlie Algal Fungi and Schizomycetes. By G. I. Playfair, Science Research Scholar in the University of Sydney. (Plates xli.-xlvi.) 310-362 The Mosses of Lord Howe Island, By Dr. V. F. Broth krus and the Rev. W. Walter Watts 363-385 CONTENTS. V. PART II. (Continued). pages Topographical and Ecological Notes on the Flora of the Blue Mountains. By A. A. Hamilton 386-413 Elections and Announcements ... ... ... ... ...211,293 Notes and Exhibits 209-210,288-292,414-416 Special General Meeting, June 30th, 1915 292 Special General Meeting, July 28th, 1915 .. - 293 CORRIGENDUM. Page 256, Table v., in the heading at the top of the right-hand double column— /or Temperature of air, rtad Temperature of animal. PART III. (No. 159). (Ismed lOfh December, 1915). pages On the Physiology of the Rectal Gills in the Larvae of Anisopterid Dragonflies. By R. J. Tillyard, M.A., B.Sc, F.E.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Plate xlvii.) 422-437 Studies in Australian Entomology. No. xvii. New Genera and Species of GarahidcB[Famhor\m, Migadopini, Broscini, Cunei- pectini, Nomiini, Pterostichini, Platynini, Oodini, Harpa- lini, and Lebiini]. By Thomas G. Sloane 438-473 Descriptions of new Species of Australian Lepidoptera. By Oswald B. Lower, F.Z.S., F.E.S 474 485 Descriptions of new Species of Australian Goleoptera. Part xi. By Arthur M. Lea, F.E.S. (Plate xlviii.) 490-521 The Australian Strongyliince and other Tenebrionidae, with De- scriptions of new Genera atid Species. [Colkoptbra]. By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S 522-539 The Geology and Petrology of the Great Serpentine-Belt of New South Wales. Part v. The Geology of the Tamworth Dis- trict. By W. N. Benson, B.Sc, B.A., F.G.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Geology. (Plates xlix.-liii.) 540-624 Elections and Announcements ... , ... ... ... ...417,486 Notes and Exhibits 417-421,486-489 Correction. The blocks above the legends of Text-figures 1 and 3 on pp.215 and 217 of Mr. Tillyard's Paper (antea) were inadvertently transposed. The figures above the legend of Text-fig. 3 (p.217) should have appeared above the legend of Text-fig. I (p.215); and those on p. 215, above that of Text- fig.3 (p.217). VI. CONTENTS. PART IV. (No. 160). ( Issued 23rd February, 1916). pages Contributions to our knowledge of Soil-Fertility. No. xiii. The Toxicity of Soils. By R. Greig-Smith, D.Sc, Macleay Bac- teriologist to the Society .. . ... ... ... ... ... 631-645 The Silurian Trilobites of New South Wales, with References to those of other Parts of Australia. Part v. Encriniiridce. By R. Etheridge, Junr., J. P., Curator of the Australian Museum, and John Mitchell, late Principal of the New- castle Technical College. (Plates liv.-lvii.) 646-680 Notes on a Collection of Australian and other Myriapoda. By Walter W. Frogg ATT, F.L.S 681-682 Description of a new Species of Myriapoda. By H. W. Broele- MANN 683-684 Revision of the Amycterides. Part iv. Sclerorinus [Section i.J [Coleoptera]. By Eustace W. Ferguson, M.B., Ch.M. ... 685-718 Contributions to our knowledge of Soil-Fertility. No. xiv. The Stimulative Action of Chloroform retained by the Soil. By R. Greig-Smith, D.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society 724-733 Studies in Australian Neuroptera. No. i. The Wing-venation of the Myrmefeonidre. By R. J. Tilly ard, M, A. , B. Sc. , F. E. S. , Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Plate Iviii., and ten Text-iigs.) 734-752 Observations on the Pollination of Danrinia fascicularis Rudge [N.O. Myrtace^]. By Miss Agnes A. Brewster. (Plate lix.) 753-758 Revision of the Amycterides. Partiv. Sch^-orinus [Section ii.]. [Coleoptera]. By Eustace W. Ferguson, M.B., Ch.M. ... 759-805 Australian Tahanida' [Diptera]. No. i. Bj^ Frank H. Taylor, F.E.S 806-815 Donations and Exchanges, 1914-15 816-834 Elections and Announcements ... ... ... ... ... 625, 719 Notes and Exhibits 625-630,719-723 Title-page ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... i. Contents ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... iii. Corrigenda ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... vii. List of new Generic Names .. . ... ... ... ... ... vii. List of Plates viii. Index ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... i.-xxx. Notice. The six Plates (liv.-lix.) illustrating this Part of the Volume, were inadvertently bound up, and issued with those of the preceding Part iii. CONTENTS. vu. CORRIGENDA. Page 100, line 2— for H. Taylori, read C. Taylori. Page 114, last line — for Limax maximns, read Limax maxhnits. Page 174, line 2 — for BaciUns, read Bacillus. Page 185, line 28 — for polystona, read poJystoma. Page 202 — the legend for Plate xxx., should read: — 1-2. Sertu/are//a ritchei, nom.nov. ^-1 . HaUcornaria goniodes, n.sp. 215 and 217 — the blocks above the legends of Text-figs. 1 and 3 on these pages were inadvertently transposed. Thej'^ are correctly reprinted on pp.751, 752. 256, Table v., in the heading at the top of the right-hand double column — for Temperature of air, read Temperature of animal. 313, lines 1-2 — for Phymatodosk, read Phymatodocift. Page 392, lines 30-31 — for T. retusmn, read C. retmum. Page 466, line 15— for PhfeJix, read Ph. felix. Page 474, line S—for F.L.S., read F.Z.S. Page 474, line 28 — for P. ocultaria, read P. occnltaria. Page 476, line 30 — the word omitted after nearly is — straight. Page 480, line 3— /or joint, read joining. Page 483, line 7— for P. argocentra, read T. aryocentra. Page 484, line 18 — for P. crassinerrls, read N. crassinerins. Page 689, line 9— /o/- Bohemann (Schonn. ...), read Boheman (Schon. ...). Poge 705, line 31— ^/b/- Androssan, read Ardrossan. Page 775, line 21— ^br Bohemann, read Boheman. Page 776, lines 1, 4, 15, 23, 24, 26— /or Bohemann, read Boheman. Page 778, line 26— ^/br Bohemann's, read Boheman's. LIST OF NEW GENERIC NAMES PROPOSED THIS VOLUME(1915). PAGE Notolea [Coleoptera] 2{btostrongyUum [Coleoptera] Bhfebomela [Coleoptera] Tesella lAlg^] Vol mdina [ Algse] IN Brachydema [Coleoptera] Docogmns [Coleoptera] . . . Froggattisca [Neuroptera^ Gastrogmus [Coleoptera] Litarthrum [Coleoptera] Moreauia [Trematoda] . . . 452 441 64 458 456 278 PAGE . 530 . 523 . 514 . 315 . 337 LIST OF PLATES. PROCEEDINGS, 1915. Plates i.-v. — Forms of Trachelomonas. Plates vi.-xiii. — Australian Neiiroptera. Plates xiv.-xxiii. — Northern Territory Termitaria. Plate xxiv. — Feeding-tracks of Limax maximn^. Plates xxv.-xxvii. — Dolerites, Spilites, and Keratophyres of the Nundle District. Plates xxviii.-xxix. — Australian Cidicidce. Plate XXX. — \-2.Sertidarel1a ritchei, nom.nov. ^-1 . Hal icornaria r/oniodefi, n.sp. Plate xxxi. — 1 . Halicornaria goniodes, n. sp. 2. SlerfuIareJ/a rUchei, nom. nov. Plates xxxii.-xxxiii. — Wing- venation of Diphhhia hst6ide.fi Selj^s. Plate xxxiv. — Wing- venation of CalopUryx ftp/endens Harris. Plate XXXV. — 1. Grammatorycnus hicarinatus Q. & G. 2. Lovettia sealii Johnston. Plate xxxvi. — 1. Therapon hidyana Mitch. Ichthyocampus scalaris Gthr. Plate xxxvii. — 1. CrapataJus arenarius, sp.n. 2. G/inuft johnstoni Kent. 3. Petraites incertus, sp.n. 4. Tathicarpus muscosufi Ogilby. Plate xxxviii. — l.Moreauia mirahilu, g.et sp.n. 2.Hapalotreina constric- tum Leared. Plate xxxix. — Moreauia mirahilU, g.et sp.n. Plate xl. — Igneous Rocks and Tuff from the Carboniferous of New South Wales. Plate xli. — Desmidiacece Plate xlii. — Chlwophycecv Plates xliii--xliv. — Volvocacece Plate xlv. — Bacillariece and Phceophycece \ Plate xlvi. — Myxophyceif J Plate xlvii. — Rectal Gills of HemicordnUa tan Selys. Plate xlix. — Topographical Map of the Tamworth District. Plate 1. — Geological Map of the Tamworth District. Plate li. — Geological Sections along certain lines through the Tamworth District. Plates lii.-liii. — Illustrating the petrology of the Tamworth District. Plates liv.-lvii. — Silurian Trilobites {Eiicrinurus spp.) of New South Wales. Plate Iviii. — Wing-venation of Myrmeleon uniseriatus Gerst. Plate lix. — Pollination of Darwinia fascicidaris Rudge, of the Lismore District. LISP PROCEEDINGS Y^ a*^ . OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF NE^^^ south: ^W^i^EES. WEDNESDAY, MARCH 31st, 1915. The Fortieth Annual General Meeting, and the Ordinary Monthly Meeting, were held in the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday evening, March 31st, 1915. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. Mr. W. S. Dun, President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the preceding Annual General Meeting (March 25th, 1914) were read and confirmed. The President delivered the Annual Address. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. On this occasion, the fortieth anniversary of the Society's first Meeting, we assemble under the shadow of the great crisis in human affairs, which developed so unexpectedly last August, and the end of which is not yet; though the outlook, while still serious, is hopeful. We certainly were in the dark, at the outset, as to its real significance. But we have had so much enlighten- ment since then, that we are now able to understand that the great war which is convulsing Europe, and is so profoundly dis- turbing the rest of the world, is, at bottom, the clash of national ideals, aims, and aspirations of an antagonistic and irreconcilable character. One of many bewildering aspects of the Tragedy of Europe in Arms is the way in which Universities, men of science, theologians, philosophers, and other intellectuals, on the other 1 11. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. side, have combined in defence of the war-spirit, and the war- principle as "an indispensable factor of culture" and as a " necessary element in the life of nations." But if the theories put forward by the champions of the opponent-in-chief of the Allies have astounded other nations, their reduction to practice in Belgium and Northern France has stirred the heart of the world, as it has never been stirred before; and, for those responsible for it, has provided the materials for a ruthless and inglorious chapter in the history of an otherwise great nation. I recall, with some pleasure, at this stage, an item of the Society's early history known to few of us. The Society was bereft of everything it possessed, in the conflagration of the Garden Palace, in September, 1882. At this time, it had not yet com- pleted eight years of work; and the seventh volume of the Pro- ceedings was in course of publication. Thereafter, the Society received many letters of sympathy from far and near; and these, in some cases, were accompanied by donations of Journals towards the replacement of losses. The most notable of these, because it was a collective gift, the outcome of co- operative effort, in a sense even a national gift, was received on April 18th, 1884; and is recorded in the donations for the month [Proceedings, Vol. ix., p. 256] as "A very large and valuable collection of the pub- lications of Belgian Scientific Societies. From M. Th. Lef^vre, Secretary of the Royal Malacological Society of Belgium," at Brussels. As a matter of fact, it comprised about 120 volumes of the publications issued by eight Scientific or other Societies in Belgium, selected so that the Society might ultimately have complete sets of these publications as far as possible, or at least for a period corresponding to the currency of the Society's Pro- ceedings. In addition to these, there were numerous reprints of papers, pamphlets, and scientific reports, some of the latter being Government publications. Up to this time, the Society had exchanged publications with three Belgian Societies, of one of which M. Lefevre was Secretary. On receipt of a copy of the circular explaining the difficulties in which the Society tem- porarily found itself through the disaster, issued to its corres- PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. 111. pondents by the Council, the day after the fire, this gentleman very courteously replied, under date 17th November, 1882, ex- pressing sympathy, intimating also that at the next Meeting of his Council he intended to propose that a complete set of the Society's Annales should be sent to replace what had been destroyed; and, further, that he was about to communicate with the principal Scientific Societies of Belgium, suggesting that they, too, should show their sympathy in like manner; and that, in due course, he would undertake to forward the collective results — as he most kindly did when the time came. Another outcome of M. Lefevre's effort, was that the names of five addi- tional Societies were added to the Belgian section of our exchange list, and we have had the pleasure and profit of exchanging pub- lications with them ever since, until the outbreak of war. Surely, in view of what has happened during the last few months, this record of kindness and courtesy, and genuine sympathy on the part of M. Lefevre and the Belgian Scientific Societies, when the Society was suffering from a calamity which pecuniarily was serious enough, but which, thanks to Sir William Macleay, did not ultimately seriously interfere with its progress, acquires a new interest and a new suggestiveness to present-day Members. In a calmly expressed, and temperate article, entirely free from bitterness or anger, on " The Soul of Belgium," in the Hibbert Journal for January, 1915 (p!233), the Abbe Noel, a Belgian in refuge at Oxford, writes thus hopefully of the future of his country — "Numerous signs justify the expectation that Belgium, on emerging from the present crisis, will again witness that union of parties which founded the national life in 1830. In the common effort which will presently remake our country, the four Universities will, I hope, find their part enlarged. The disaster which has overtaken the oldest of them [Louvain] and struck down to the heart of its intellectual life, and fallen upon the memorials of the past, can have but one outcome : it will cause our scientific activities and our ideal life to be born again, enlarged and broadened And yet no task will exceed the forces of our national energy. Twenty times in the course of history, Belgium has been the battlefield of Europe. Twenty IV. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS times Belgium has rebuilt her ruined cities, and found a new prosperity In the Europe which is to be, it will be hers to extend the reign, of Faith, Justice, and Freedom." When justice has been done, and all possible reparation has been made to Belgium — and the Allies have expressed their de- termination on these points — we look forward to the beginning of the fulfilment of the Abbe Noel's aspirations. But when Belgium is again in undisputed possession of what is left of her own, we have good reason to fear, after what has happened at Lou vain, and what is known of the fate that befell private libraries there or elsewhere, that Belgian Scientific Societies and Institutions may find themselves sorely in need of books and scientific journals. As soon as ever the time is ripe, and communications are restored, the Society may rely on the Council to take the necessary steps to endeavour to repay, with interest, the kindness that was extended to this Society more than thirty years ago. Nevertheless, when the Society has done its very best, it will not be disappointed to find that it has not been able to do any more than the Scientific Societies of the world have been ready to do. But in the mean- time, the pressing need of the Belgians, who have not been driven from their country, is for food. Wide publicity lias been given to the pathetic appeal cabled from London to the Austral- asian press. Response to this appeal is a matter for every one of us, not merely as a duty, but as a matter of gratitude for tlie great services to the cause of the Allies so freely rendered, at so fearful a cost, by the Belgians. The Society's revenue is almost entirely derived from trust funds, and its expenditure must be regulated by the terms of the trust. It remains, therefore, for us as individuals to do our share, and to do it whole-heartedly, and to keep on doing it as long as the need for it continues. On the present occasion, I think it is fitting that I should, on behalf of the Society, place on record our deepest sympathy, not only with the Scientific Societies of Belgium with whom we have been so pleasantly and so profitably associated for so many years, but with the Sovereign and the entire nation, who have so bravely and so nobly acted up to their ideals without counting the cost. I'RBSIDENTS ADDRESS. V. As members of a Scientific Society, we cannot but view with deep concern the way in which the accumulated scientific know- ledge of all the ages is being used, in so far as it is possible to make use of it, for the destruction of human life and property, and the wastage of the world's resources. The theory that the application of Science to warfare under the most modern con- ditions might be looked upon as security for peace, because the results would be too terrible for nations to risk, has broken down. The fruits of armed peace have turned out to be war, on a most stupendous scale, and of the most destructive character. Moreover, this great upheaval, in which Science, the benefactress of the human race, has been commandeered for destructive pur- poses, is exercising a disturbing influence on the normal scientific activity of not only the belligerent nations, but also apparently of some neutral countries. This aspect of the war is brought home to us directly by the fact that, almost immediately after the outbreak of hostilities, our correspondence and exchange relations with Societies abroad forthwith largely entered into a state of suspension. For the Session 1912-13, the total number of donations and exchanges resulted in 1,285 additions to the library, including 401 for the four months, August November. For the Session 1913-14, the corresponding numbers are 1,166, and 264. The significance of this seems to be, that the war has entirely stopped, or has curtailed to a greater or less extent, the work to which Scientific Societies ordinarily devote themselves; though the interruption or interference with the ordinary means of transmission may have something to do with it. Journals in England, which specially concern themselves with bibliographical records, have announced that a diminished supply of publications is hampering their work; so that our experiences are not singular. The outlook for the immediate future is also serious, as statistics now available show that the drain entailed by the war upon the human resources of Universities and other centres of scientific work in the belligerent countries, both in the shape of actual or potential workers, and the consequent general upset of the usual arrangements, threatens to be serious, here as else- where. The visit of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in August, 1914, to which we had been looking forward with so much interest as the scientific event of the year, took place under favourable conditions. It is gratifying to learn that the visitors consider the Australian Meeting to have been an unqualified success, notwithstanding the outbreak of hostilities in Europe; that they appreciated the hospitality ofi'ered; and that the arrangements generally, possible only by the co-opera- tion of the Commonwealth and State Governments, Civic author- ities. Universities, the local Officers and Members, and prominent citizens, met with cordial approval. The Federal Handbook, as well as those provided by the several States, also received warm commendation. Our thanks and appreciation for this excellent series, likely to be our standard works of reference until the British Association makes its second visit, as we hope it will, are no less due to all those who co-operated in their production, and to the Governments which provided for their publication. From our point of view, the Meeting was no less successful. We had looked forward to the opportunity of meeting and hearing dis- tinguished British representatives of Science, as well as some from other countries, and of discussing Australian problems or the Australian aspect of larger problems. But we also hoped that seeing something of Australia for themselves, might lead to a better appreciation, on the part of our visitors, of the dis- abilities which attend Australian workers — the immense field of work open to us, the paucity of workers and their almost un- avoidable centralisation in the capital cities, the remoteness of these not only from the great centres of intellectual activity in distant lands but from each other, with concomitant drawbacks arising from our isolation from the great libraries and reference- collections of older countries. We may hope that the British Association will continue to visit Australia periodically, for such visits may be expected to have educational results of the two- fold character indicated, as well as to promote a wider sympathy and a more systematic co-operation between the workers of the Empire, and with other countries whose representatives may be able to take part in the Meetings. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. VU. From our point of view, it was a happy coincidence that the President happened to be a biologist; and that the subject of his address, Heredity in its relation to evolutionary theory, should have been one which made such a wide appeal to others besides biologists. In a newly settled country, almost the first work for the biologist is the cataloguing of the fauna and flora ; an undertaking which, in Australia, is not yet complete in all groups. This Society has been more closely identified with this aspect of biology than any other Australian Society. Now the systematist is apt to become so immersed in his classificatory tables and dichotomous keys, in nomenclatural puzzles, and in applying new names and labels to specimens in collections, as to be sometimes in danger of losing sight of the larger aspects of the subject which interests him, and of mistaking the means for the end. Doubtless Professor Bateson's remarks on the artifi- ciality of systematic zoology and botany, and to the effect that, without the tests of experimental breeding, much guesswork is involved in distinguishing specific limits, and in declaring this to be a species, and that a variety, and that museum-species may be rather different things from the "little species" that breed true, will not be wholly lost sight of, but may have a stimulating, not to say a tonic, effect upon Australian systematists. At any rate, his remarks suggest new ways of attacking old problems, as well as new lines of work worth following up. The Presidential Addresses throughout, as well as the evening discourses, were of a high order of merit, and appealed to many sections of the intellectual life of Australia. The Meeting has had a cheering and encouraging effect on us; and has furnished a most instructive and valuable supplement to our experiences gained at the various Meetings of the Australasian Association. Notwithstanding the disturbance of the business-life of the community by war, the Society has been able to carry out its publishing work on the usual scale. Printers, like other busi- ness-men, are feeling the strain; and it is satisfactory that the Society has been able to avoid increasing any unemployment for which the war may be responsible. The thirty-ninth volume of the Proceedings, for last year, has been completed in good time, Vlll. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. and distributed, as far as circumstances will permit. It amounts to 924 pages, and is illustrated with fifty text- figures, and ninety- four plates —the maximum number for any volume of the entire series. We begin the Session again with a sufficient number of papers in hand to provide for several Meetings. The Council is again indebted to Mr. C Hedley, F.L.S., for his generosity in providing the blocks for the illustration of his papers —in this case seventeen blocks illustrating three papers in the Proceedings for 1913 and 1914; a very acceptable help, as the demand for illustrations has been in excess of the average. Two new Members were elected during the year, five Members resigned, and five senior Members have been removed by death, so that our numbers have been diminished somewhat. Mr. Edward G. W. Palmer, who passed away on May 15th, joined the Society in 1885. For a number of years he was Secretary of the Civil Service Board, until this was replaced by the Public Service Board. Mr. Palmer was a Member of the Council from 1891-94; and subsequently, from 1895-1909, he was good enough to act as one of the Society's Honorary Auditors. He was interested in Natural History, and particularly in An- thropology, as he had had the opportunity of seeing a good deal of the Blacks in his younger days. Until lately, he frequently attended the Meetings, and occasionally exhibited specimens of interest. Mr, Palmer, as far as he could, was ever ready to forward the Society's interests; just as much of his time, in his later years, was ungrudgingly devoted to philanthropic and other good work. Mr. Henry J. Brown, who died on 12th August, at the ad- vanced age of over 80 years, had been a Member of the Society since 1887. He resided at Newcastle, where he had practised as a Solicitor for many years, and was well known. Mr. Brown seems to have maintained his interest in Natural History to the end of his life; but as he lived at a distance from Sydney, and was unable to attend the Meetings, he was personally known to but few Members. president's address, ix. Sir Normand MacLaurin, one of Sydney's most distinguished citizens, one of the leaders of the medical profession, an active Member of the Legislature, Chancellor of the University of Sydney since 1896, a welcomed accession to the directorate of several important corporate bodies, passed to his rest on 24th August, in his seventy-ninth year. As he playfully reminded us at the Meeting held in June, 1913, when he kindly attended to unveil a portrait of the late Professor J. W. Stephens, he was the "Father" of the Society. A preliminary meeting to consider the question of starting a new Scientific Society in Sydney was held on October 13th, 1874, and at this meeting the advisability was affirmed. At a second meeting held on j^ovember 5tlj, the name of the Society and the Rules were settled. The first meet- ing for scientific business was held on January 13th, 1875. All those who enrolled themselves between the second and last of the dates mentioned, constituted the Original or Foundation- Members, of whom tliere were eighty-six. First on the list stands the name of Dr. AUeyne, enrolled, with ten others, on November 11th, 1871. The forty-fourth name is that of Dr. H. N. MacLaurin, enrolled December 8th, 1874. Of the forty-three whose names precede Sir Normand's, only one survives, but was not a Member after 1878. Of the forty-two whose names follow, only one of the survivors has retained his membership may he long be spared to us. Sir Normand's interest in the Society grew out of his friendship with those who were most actively concerned with its establishment, and from a desire to support a deserving institution such as has a recognised place among the educational agencies of every enlightened country, We may be glad that so interesting a link between present and past was spared to us so long; and that, less than two years ago, we had the pleasure of welcoming him on the occasion of a special visit, and of being stimulated by his genial presence, and by his impressive words. Mr. W. J. Clunies Ross, who joined the Society in 1904, died on 7th November, in his sixty-fourth year. He had almost com- pleted thirty years' service in the Technical Education Branch of the Department of Public Instruction in this State, first as X. president's address. Science Master of the Technical College at Bathurst from its com- mencement; and, later, as Lecturer in Chemistry and Metallurgy at the Sydney Technical College. Mr. Ross was the author of a number of chemical papers contributed to the Royal Society of New South Wales. He was interested also in Natural History; and, during his residence in Bathurst, he collected and studied the plants of the district, especially in relation to the geological formations on which they occur. The results were embodied in an important paper, " Notes on the Flora of Bathurst, and its connection with the Geology of the district," which will be found in the Report of the Seventh Meeting of the Australasian Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science (Sydney, 1898), p. 467. Mr. James R. Garland, deceased on 5th February, 1915, had a special claim upon our regard. He was educated at the Sydney Grammar School, and entered Sydney University as an under- graduate in 1857, one of the fifth batch of students. At this time, Sir Charles Nicholson was Chancellor, and William Charles Wentworth was a member of the Senate; so that Mr. Garland's recollections went back to a very interesting period of both University and New South Wales history. He took his B.A. degree in 1859, and his M. A. in 1862. After serving his articles in Sydney, he was admitted as a Solicitor on July 1st, 1865, and practised with a Sydney firm for some time, until, in 1870, he took up practice in Wagga, where he continued to practise until his removal to Sydney in 1890. Perhaps before, but more pro- bably during the early part of his residence in Wagga, Mr. Garland came to know Sir William Macleay, who, from 1855 until November, 1874, represented the Murrumbidgee electorate in the Legislative Assembly, or its predecessor. Wagga was the headquarters of his electioneering campaigns, and Mr. Garland became one of Sir William's active supporters. Somewhat later, Mr. Garland, as Sir William's Solicitor, undertook the business oversight of some property near Wagga in which the latter was interested. Whatever the details may be, it is certain that their association, at this early period, ripened into warm regard on both sides. In February, 1880, Mr. Garland joined the Societ}^. In 1892, shortly after his removal to Sydney, on the initiative XI. of Sir William Macleay, he was elected to the Council. From 1902-08, when ill-health necessitated his retirement, he was fourth Hon. Treasurer; and at the Adjourned Annual General Meeting, on April 29th_, 1908, it was resolved that a record of the Society's appreciation of Mr. Garland's valuable services should be entered in the Minutes. He was present at the Meeting of Council on November 14th, 1914, apparently in his usual health; and the news of his decease was received with deep regret. Mr. Garland was a most helpful member of the Council, and worthily maintained the reputation of the Society's Honorary Treasurers. Beneath a modest and quiet demeanour, there was hidden a rich fund of knowledge and experience, a very kind heart, and a desire and a readiness to help the Society and forward its interests in every way that Mr. Garland could. He was very much interested in Natural History, and paid considerable attention to the plants of the Wagga district. One of his favourite localities for botanising was the Hanging Rock, a rocky eminence near the Rock Station, on the Southern Line between Wagga and Albury. On this hill, which may be regarded as a botanical and geological outlier, there was to be found a very remarkable assemblage of coastal as well as western species of plants, different from those of the surrounding level country. The most interesting of the latter, which Mr. Garland was instrumental in bringing to the notice of botanistS; were Ricinocarpus Boivma^ii F.v.M. (recorded in the Flora Austra- liensis, from the Lower Macquarie River, and from the desert north of the Arbuthnot Range; and from Queensland), and Gre- villeafloribunda R.Br., (recorded in the Fl. Aust. from theGoul- burn and Hunter Rivers; ravines near Mount Owen and Mount Clift; and also from Victoria; and b}^ Mr. Clunies Ross from the Bathurst District). Mr. Garland found the former also near Adelong; and he exhibited specimens from this locality at a Meeting of the Society on August 30th, 1893. The latter, together Avitli G. parviflora (recorded from New South Wales, only from the coast), Mr. Garland found also at Mimosa, between Wagga and Temora; and he presented specimens of these to the Society's herbarium. Xll. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. Dr. R. Greig-Smith, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society, has continued his investigation of problems relating to soil- fertility and cognate matters, during the past year. Three papers, entitled " Note on the Bacteriotoxic Action of Water," " Note on the Destruction of Paraffin by Bacillus prodigiosus and Soil-Organisms," and " Contributions to a Knowledge of Soil-Fertility. No. xii. The Action of Toluene upon the Soil- Protozoa," were contributed, and have been published in last year's Proceedings. In the first of these, it is demonstrated that the typhoid-bacillus is diminished in numbers when intro- duced into porcelain-filtered tap-water. If the water has been boiled, the reduction is greater, and not more than one per cent, of the bacilli survive in twenty hours at summer-temperature. In the second, it is shown that toluene, a volatile disinfectant, does not destroy certain typical protozoa when the moisture- content of the soil is less than about one- tenth of the water- holding capacity. While the destructive action of the toluene appears to be direct, there is a possibility of the protozoa being indirectly poisoned by the formation of sulphuretted hydrogen in the soil. This results from the destruction of the sulphur- oxidising bacteria by the disinfectant. And in the third, it is reported that Bac. prodigiosus, like certain soil-bacteria and moulds, can attack and destroy solid paraffin. Dr. J. M. Petrie, Linnean Macleay Fellow in Biochemistry, has not had so fruitful a year as usual, in consequence of his being laid aside by illness during part of it. He has continued his cvanogenetic work on various plants; and has investigated some difficult problems in the technique of the methods for pre- paring plant-proteins, and for obtaining the latter in a condition suitable for the study of precipitin-reactions, and the relation- ships of plants by biochemical methods. The (completion of a paper on the alkaloids of the native Duboisias waits on the acqui- sition of additional material: whilst a second paper, discussing the methods of stating results in ash-analyses of plants, is in preparation. Mr. E. F. Kallmann, Linnean Macleay Fellow in Zoology, contributed three papers comprising his " Revision of the Men- PKESIDENTS ADDRESS. XUl axonid Sponges described as new in Lendenf eld's 'Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum', ' the results of his work for the two previous years. They were published in Part 2 of last year's Proceedings. Having completed this complicated and perplexing piece of work, Mr Kallmann has been enabled to start anew on his investigation of the Monaxonida; and he has a paper almost ready for publication. Mr. W. N. Benson, Linnean Macleay Fellow in Geology, who has completed his first year's work, contributed a short paper entitled " Petrological Notes on various New South Wales Rocks," vvhich has been published in Parts 2-3 of last year's volume. His time has been devoted chiefly to the continuation of his study of the geology and petrology of the Great Serpentine- Belt of New South Wales; and Part iv., of his series of papers, dealing with the dolerites, spilites, and keratophyres of the Nundle District, has been completed, and will be taken at the Meeting in May. About eighty square miles in the Tamworth- Moonbi District have been mapped topographically and geologi- cally, special attention being given to the stratigraphical suc- cession. Later on, Mr. Benson hopes to extend the horizons discovered, northward into the Attunga District, and southwards towards Bowling Alley Point. This investigation, when com- pleted, should pave the way for a revision of the stratigraphy of the Nundle District, which, in the light of new facts, promises to be more complex than was at first supposed Professor David, who has recently had the opportunity of accompanying Mr. l3enson over the specially critical portion of the area which the latter is studying, has been good enough to inform the Council that he can speak in the highest terms of the work which Mr. Benson is undertaking, and of the way in which he is carrying it out. For the second time, the Council was able to offer four Linnean Macleay Fellowships in October, 1914. Four applications were received. I have now the pleasure of making the first public announcement of the Council's re-appointment of Dr. J. M, Petrie, Mr. E. F. Hallmann, and Mr. W. N. Benson to Linnean Macleay Fellowships in Biochemistry, Zoology, and Geology, and XIV. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. the appointment of Mr. E. J. Tillyard, M.A., B.Sc, to a Linnean Macleay Fellowship in Zoology, for one year from 1st proximo; and, on the Society's behalf, of congratulating them on their appointment, and of wishing for them a prosperous and successful year. Of the qualifications of Mr. Tillyard, as the new member of the Society's research-staff, I can speak in the highest terms. He took his B.A. degree at Cambridge, in 1903, with honours in Mathematics, and his M.A. in 1907. From 1904-13 he was Assistant Mathematical Master at the Sydney Grammar School. In 1903, Mr. Tillyard was admitted as a Research Student in the University of Sydney; and, at the same time, he was awarded one of the Government Research Scholarships, which he has held for two years. He completed the course of General Zoology, passing with high distinction; and gained his B.Sc, by research, the title of his thesis being "On some Problems concerning the Development of the Wing-venation of Odonata," which has been published in last year's Proceedings. Mr. Tillyard is well known to us, and I need only add that thirty-three of his papers have been published in the Society's Proceedings; one has appeared in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute for 1912; and that three others are in course of publication elsewhere. He has also completed the manuscript of a book on the Odonata, shortly to be published at Cambridge. Since the Society owes the establishment of Fellowships to Sir William Macleay's liberality, and his interest in Science began primarily in entomology, though it soon broadened wonderfully, it is eminently fitting that, in the fulness of time, an entomologist should be appointed. Mr. Tillyard, though an entomologist, is not merely a cabinet-drawer specialist. He is interested in a small and manageable group, which had been neglected locally, and, with which, the specialist abroad, with incomplete material, had not had too much to do. There was no representative series of specimens in any museum; and he had to start by making his own collection, which now contains the majority of the types. He has enlarged his knowledge of the group by collecting in every one of the States, except the Northern Territory. But Mr. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. XV. Tillyard is specially interested in the bionomics of the Odonata; and his studies are, as far as possible, faunistic studies. The larvae are aquatic, and a knowledge of life-histories may be expected to throw more light on phylogenetic problems, than in the case of most groups of insects. Mr. Tillyard will continue his studies in the biology of Australian Odonata, particularly the life-histories of the Zygoptera, and the breathing-organs of the larvae. In addition, he hopes to prepare the ground for the study of other aquatic neuropterous subdivisions, particularly the Perlida and allied groups, on similar lines. On the morrow, then, we may look forward to the inauguration of Sir William Macleay's completed scheme for the advancement of post-graduate research in this State. The realisation of his plans has come about somewhat later than he expected, because of unforeseen obstacles; but these have now been surmounted. 'Jliis will mean the opening of another notable chapter in the Society's history. In ten years' time, if all goes well, the Society may look forward to opening still another chapter, by the cele- bration, with appropriate ceremonies, of its Jubilee, an anniver- sary of recognised importance in the history of Scientific Societies. That occasion will provide an opportunity for stock-taking in all branches of the Society's work, and for a review of its first half- century of progress. Among other things, all being well, the President may expect to be in a position to sa)^ that, by the foresight and liberality of Sir William Macleay, the Society had been able to expend a sum of about £35,000 in salaries to its investigators, in publishing the results of their work, and in the establishment and maintenance of a bacteriological laboratory, spread over a period of about twenty-seven years. The resulting volume of work may be expected to be the equivalent of, ap- proximately, what eighty-three qualified investigators could accomplish during one year. For this, there is not likely to be any parallel in the Southern Hemisphere. His provision for the endowment of bacteriological research- work, and of Fellowships, was Sir William Macleay's way of setting the seal to his belief in the answer that could be given to the questions, Does research pay; is it worth while making XVI. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. special provision for if? The value of the results certainly cannot be gauged entirely, or even mainly, from the commercial point of view of so much money spent, and the equivalent of so many volumes of Proceedings produced. But, unless research-work of the character in question is to be regarded as largely an expen- sive luxury, the cost of production — the business man's point of view— cannot be left wholly out of sight. Since their numbers are now complete, it behoves the Society's investigators to remember that upon them devolves their share of the responsibility of justifying Sir William's belief in the importance and efficacy of research- work matters in which he was very seriously in earnest; and of keeping in mind Huxley's words, quoted by Dr. T. Storie Dixson in his Presidential Address of March 30th, 1904, Fellowships "are aids to do work; not rewards for such work as it lies within the reach of an ordinary, or even an extraordinary, young man to do." If so, then we may look to them with confidence, to carry out their work earnestly in the true spirit of the scientific investigator. The acquisition of eight of the plates [Nos. 1 , 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 1 0, 1 1] of the rare coloured issue of Ferdinand Bauer's " Illustrationes florae Novse Hollandiai, &c."(1813), presented by the Rev. J. Lamont, F.L.S., in May of last year, which now adorn the Society's Hall, stimulated anew our interest in the beautiful work of Robert Brown's artist-companion during a visit to Australia in the early part of the last century. On this occasion, I am able to direct your attention to a very important paper, entitled " Ferdinand Bauer's Drawings of Australian Plants," by James Britten, in the Journal of Botany for 1909 (Vol. xlvii., p. 140), which was not contained in the Society's library when Mr. Lament's gift was received. It appears, from this paper, that there are 203 of Bauer's Australian drawings in the British Museum, which were presented to the Department of Botany by the Admiralty in 1843; together with 49 (of which 16 are duplicates of a corresponding number of the Admiralty series) were bequeathed by Robert Brown : or a total of 236. A list of these is given. Others are in the possession of the Naturhis- torisches Hofmuseum in Vienna. Mr. Britten also gives a list PRKSIDENTS ADDRKSS. XVll. of the drawings which are the originals of plates published in various works. Six of them are represented in the Illustrationes. This paper gives the most complete account of Bauer's artistic work, ever published. As the drawings are thirteen thousand miles away, Australian botanists will be glad of, and thankful for the information which Mr. Britten has supplied.* We have to deplore the mysterious disappearance of the Federal Trawling Steamer " Endeavour," with all on board, including Mr, H. C. Dannevig, Commonwealth Director of Fisheries, and a biological colleague, while engaged in fishery-work on a cruise to the south, towards the end of the year. The Commonwealth Government sent out two steamers, which have returned after an extended but vain search for tidings of the missing vessel; and the authorities have now given up all hope. We profoundly regret the loss of those on board, and deeply sympathise with the bereaved. We have received from the Commonwealth Fisheries Branch, during the year, the concluding Part of Vol. i., and Vol, ii, of the "Biological Results of the Fishing Experi- ments carried on by the F,I.S, Endeavour, 1909-10, under H. C. Dannevig"; and also Parts 1-2 of Vol. iii, of Biological Results, 1909-14. It is a grievous loss to Science that the continuation of these important contributions to knowledge must shortly come to an end because of the loss, under most distressful circum- stances, of the only Australian officers and the only Australian vessel engaged in deep-sea fishery work, I have pleasure in noting that the " David Syme Research Prize" for 1915 has been awarded by the University of Melbourne to one of our Members, Mr. E, C, Andrews, of the Geological Survey staff; and of congratulating him on his success. The aw;ird of the Wollaston Medal for 1915, by the Geological Society of London, to Professor David, is a matter of genuine gratification to Members of this Society, as this is the lirst time * The paper on "Ferdinand Bauer and some of his Drawings," by Dr. WooUs, in the " Rural Australian," May, 1889, to which Mr, Fred Turner called attention, at the Meeting of the Society, in July, 1914, has not been accessible. Possibly it will be found to refer only to the "Illustrationes," and other published drawings, 2 XVlll. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. an Australian geologist has been thus honoured. I have great satisfaction in offering to him the Society's most cordial con- gratulations. The Wollaston Medal has been awarded annually since 1831 — except for one short interval, 1832-34; and the list of recipients includes the names of many distinguished men of science. We value highly this appreciation of the work of our senior University instructor in Geology, well known to us not only as an inspiring teacher, but as a field-geologist of repute, and a leading authority on the branches of the subject with which he is particularly identified. The local output of non-serial scientific liturature during last year in addition to the Federal and State Handbooks prepared for the British Association Meeting in Australia, of which men- tion has already been made includes some important works, to which I may briefly refer, beeause they aie contributions to knowledge which will be helpful to students, and may be ex- pected to stimulate a new or extended interest in the groups or subjects of which they treat. Such are Waterhouse and Lyell's " Butterflies of Australia : a Monograph of the Australian Rhopalocera"— Dr. H. I.Jensen's much-needed treatise on "The Soils of New South Wales," published by the Department of Agriculture of New South Wales —Volume ii. of Miss F. ^ulman's "Popular Guide to the Wild Flowers of New South Wales," which, it may be hoped, will arouse interest, especially on the part of women, in the native plants — A new and up-to- date edition of the Geological Map of New South Wales, pre- pared under the direction of the Government Geologist, and issued by the Department of Mines. We are glad to welcome one new, and one improved serial, in Part i. of the "Australian Zoologist," issued by the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales; and No. i. of Vol. xx., of the "Scientific Australian," the Publishers of which hope to extend its scope, so as to offer an opportunity for the publication of short, popular papers on Science of general interest. The facili- ties for the publication of scientific work done by unofficial individuals have not materially improved in this State since this Society was founded forty years ago, whereas the number of PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. XIX. such workers has steadily increased. New Journals which come to stay, are deserving of consideration; and we wish that the two referred to above, may be found to fulfil wants, and to be as successful as their promoters can reasonably wish. The remainder of the Address was devoted to a consideration of the relations of the Pernio Carboniferous fauna of Australia to those of other parts of the world. Mr. J. H. Campbell, Hon. Treasurer, presented the balance sheet for the year 1914, duly signed by the Auditor, Mr. F. H. Rayment, F.C.P.A., Incorporated Accountant; and he moved that it be received and adopted, which was carried unanimously. Abstract: General Account, Balance from 1913, £279 9s Od.; income, £1,209 14s. Od.; expenditure, £955 7s. 8d.; transfer to Bookbinding account, £2 2s. Od. (making £71 8s. Od. available); balance to 1915, £531 13s. 4d.; Bacteriology Account, income, £529 6s. lOd.; expenditure, £542 5s. Od.; debit balance to 1915, £18 lOs. Id. LiNNEAN Macleay Fellowships Account, Income, £1,999 13s. 2d.; expenditure, £1,178 J 7s. 7d.; transfer to Capital account, £820 15s. 7cl. (See pp. xxi.-xxiv.). No nominations of other Candidates having been received, the President declared the following elections for the Current Session to be duly made : — President : Mr. A. G. Hamilton. Members of Council (to fill six vacancies) : Messrs. R. T. Baker, F.L.S., J. E. Carne, F.G.S., W. W. Froggatt, F.L.S., C. Hedley, F.L.S., T. Steel, F.L.S., and G. A. Waterhouse, B.Sc, B.E., F.E.S. Auditor: Mr. F. H. Ravment, F.C.P.A. ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. March 31st, 1915. Mr. A. G. Hamilton, President, in the Chair. The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (25th November, 1914), amounting to 18 Vols., 205 Parts or Nos., 42 Bulletins, 17 Reports, 14 Pamphlets, and XX. NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 1 Map, received from 88 Societii s, etc., and 3 private donors were laid upon the table. NOTES AND EXHIBITS. A large specimen of the fossil Ulodendron was exhibited by Professor David. This interesting genus had been discovered, for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere, last January, by Mr. A. Pain, Demonstrator in the Geology Department of the University, when, in company with Mr. W. R. Browne, B.Sc, of the same Department, and the exhibitor, a systematic search was being made for plant-fossils at the scene of the discovery, Welshman's Creek, near Wallarobba, between West Maitland and Dungog. Attention had first been directed to the locality through Mr. W\ J. Enright, B.A., of West Maitland, who (m enquiring whether any specimens of Lepidodendron had been found in the neighbourhood, obtained, through the kindness of Miss 0'J>rien, Mistress of the Wallarobba Public School, and her pupil. Miss Nellie Schafer, an exquisitely preserved specimen of Lepidodendron with the minutest cell-structure preserved, re- placed in chalcedonic silica. This was found at Welshman's Creek. Further search at this locality, in company with Pro- fessor Lawson, and Mr. C. A. Siissmilch, led to the discovery of several large stems of a tree allied to Pitys antiqua, hitherto unrecorded from Australasia. Still later, the Ulodendron was unearthed by Mr. Pain. The stem is at least, 18 inches in width, and the scars marking the spots from which the cones, or sessile strobili, have fallen off, are in two straight rows on opposite sides of the tree. The scars are between 3 and 4 inches in diameter, about 15 inches apart, and are alternate. The genus Ulodendron is well known in the Carboniferous rocks of the Northern Hemisphere, being specially characteristic of the Lower Carboniferous horizon. The locality at Wallarobba is evidently the site of an old fossil forest, the oldest as yet found in Australasia. Professor Lawson will later contribute a de- tailed description of the Ulodendron. Mr. Fletcher, on behalf of Mr. Musson and himself, exhibited a series of lantern-illustrations of the modification of the natural growth-habit of certain plants, due to parasitic organisms. XXI. ^n Si 12: a G^^J o O 0) o P ^-^ o <1 -P o 03 h^ CO ^« ^ t -f-^ o H ^ +3 0 (1) o H ^ ^ 0 m TJOO COO o o -3 rt -B3 m M a; O ^ o o o o O^ l^^ K^ CO OO'* o CO CO Oi-ii 01-! <:f^ c« ^ >1 3 :-o C T! : a; j -j O o r ^ ^ ^ o &4-I T3 ^1 ffi^ lO T fa ^ C .^ <^ c CZ X ^ fa cc' 00 OS ooco r-l Oi COO coo ooo TffOCO <:rt <4i CO . (s 0.5 o I— I ^ Oi "I- — : o) bc o rC : ct > fl £ -+^ ^ O C O OJp- o t- M O! rv ^ -M ^o ^ '^^ crt ; 0,-, 0:00 : t-o5 CD CO >— ' I— 1 COt- G<1 O CO O r-H -* OrJ< O (MCO CO (N i-H TtH CO 10 O o^'^ o ic-ic^ <^ bj). re ' .OS a o ^ fl g ^ 0, s H ^ ^ a (^ ^ ji? bC 5 $3^^ Qj.r; c -5 ?r; J-- :z 't S'C -M cj .00 So E Ct3 ■-5l ^H^ffi *^ T— I •S ^ o-— < ^1 o o <1p O CO O eU CO o M d ta 01 13 -a -P O M g > -P o O 03 o oo o oo o oo o OS M -" -p 2io ^ _(j r— I =: OJ O ^ C rt -p - o--^ ^\ °2 oco GO : 1— 1 1 rol 00 o TJ«5 •^ 1— 1 OQ CO COO I— 1 l-H 00 crt pq - - m r^I-HOO.-H'^l-iOO-^ COOOO 00 iD o •- <4^ !! j^;:^ .p5 01 -P CD a © G f3 ^ 5 f- < I <4-l O) XXIV. crt o ►> '^ rtiO Ti< iOO) Ti^ r— 1 i—l (M ^ cocq lO CO 00 Condylomoruyn quater- narium, all in great profusion. Twenty-one varieties of Trache- lomonas had been obtained from the same place a week before. Another noteworthy Lismore sample is No. 242, from a muddy rainwater-swamp by the roadside at the foot of Girard's Hill. It yielded 20 forms of Trachelomonas, Volvox Bernardii, Euglena tripte7'is var., 5 varieties of Lepocinclis (Chloropeltis), Synura uvella, Eudorma elegans and var., Pandorina morum, Chlamy- domonas glohulosa, and Chi. intermedia, all in quantity. Species. — Altogether, 104 forms of Trachelomonas are men- tioned below as occurring in this country. Of these, 38 are common to both Sydney and Lismore, 37 have, so far, been found only in Sydney, and 29 at Lismore only. At the former, the total number of varieties noted was 75, at the latter 67. The surface-soil, in districts where gatherings were made, was of three different kinds : at Botany, Coogee, and Centennial Park, sand; at Auburn, Canley Vale, Fairfield, Guildford, and Parramatta, clay (often right up to the surface); in the Lismore district, deep black loam. Yet, under all circumstances, the forms described retain their characteristics and dimensions, and all the common forms noted originally round Sydney are found also at Lismore, though the two districts are 350 miles apart. These species and BV G. I. PLAYFAIR. 5 variations, therefore, may be relied upon to be of some fixity of character. The Lismore forms are rarer, more interesting and distinct than those from Sydney, e.g., Tr, bulla var. australis^ Tr. conica vars., IV. Lisinorensis, Tr. verrucosa Stokes, Tr. scabra and vars., Tr. eurystoma Stein, and vars., Tr. caudata var. aus- tralica, Tr. urceolata var. Girardiana. On the other hand, the tailed forms were almost confined to Parramatta Park, and Duck Creek, Auburn. Nomenclature.— With regard to the nomenclature, of those mentioned, 25 are ranked as species, 75 as variations, and 4 as forms. The species, of course, are the conventional species current in microscopical studies for purposes of classification. I use the terms "species," "variation," and "form" as merely three degrees of comparison in distinctness of outward configura- tion— in Trachelomonas, the shape of the lorica. In the forms and variations there is generally some biological connection with the type, though not always, e.g., Tr. clavata var. spinosa, Tr. urceolata var. Girardiana, and Tr. caudata var. australica; these are each variations of a type-Joj-m, but probably are not developed from the type itself. They are neither found in company with it nor replacing it, but are collateral Australian types. The conventional species, on the other hand, are merely type-forms, and are not indicative of any biological distinctness. They do not generally, indeed, develop one into another, but each comes into existence by development from the root-form of the true species. I recognise only two biological species in Trdchelomonas — (1) comprising all the rounded forms, (2) the tailed (stipitate) forms, and of these two even, the latter is of doubtful distinct- ness (c/! Stein, T.xxii., f.22, where 7V. hispida is portrayed with a tail; also Tr. subglohosa mihi, PI. v., f,20, 21, which simulates Tr. volvocina, and of which one form is obscurely tailed), Among the rounded varieties, Tr. volvocina is the root-form, and in the stipitate, some minute form like Tr. sessHis var. minima, the conventional species l^eing merely polymorphic forms of growth developed from them. I have come to realise, however, that any system of nomenclature based on polymorphism is futile. Some attempt of this kind was made by me in " Polymorphism and 6 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS, Life-history in the Desmidiacece " with regard to the Desmids, and also in "Plankton of the Sydney Water-Supply" with forms of Lagerheimia and Peridinium. While answering very well for genera like Docidium, where the forms comprised in one true species are very much alike, a system of nomenclature which makes each conventional species a variation of the oldest pub- lished type, is inconvenient for general use on account of the intricate and extensive polymorphism that prevails. And this for four reasons : — (l).It seems absurd to make widely differing types variations one of the other, even while admitting their position in the same species. (2). The oldest type is very often not the root-form of the true species, and many of the variations are more closely connected with one another than with the nomenclatural type, so that the system has not even the merit of indicating the exact biological position of the variations con- cerned. (3). So many of the variations have other forms intimately connected with them that it necessitates the frequent use of three-term nomenclature, which is exceedingly cumbrous. (4). The forms biologically connected together in one true species are so widely different in appearance, that only after prolonged ob- servation can the fact of their relationship be determined; and as older and still older forms are correlated, the nomenclatural type keeps changing, to the confusion of the nomenclature. While holding, therefore, just as strongly to the position that the recognised species are mere polymorphic forms (subspecies of vastly broader true species), with regard to the nomenclature, I have returned to the generally accepted scheme. I see no reason why, for convenience' sake, we should not work in species which are frankly conventional, provided that the true state of affairs in Nature is freely recognised. The species, it is true, is a biological entity, not a conventional one, but the polymorphism of the lower orders of microscopic vegetable and animal life being as wide-spreading as it is, it is impossible to reconcile the exi- gencies of nomenclature (simplicity and conciseness) and biology (true connection of forms by life and growth) so that the name of an organism shall be the index of its biological position in Nature. BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 7 Reproduction.— The polymorphic character of the various accepted species of Trachelomonas is best shown in the reproduc- tion. It is true, no doubt, that, in permanent waters, propa- gation takes place largely by self-division, ))ut it has been shown above (and indeed it is a commonplace of my experience) that the home of Trachelomonas, and of the green-flagellates generally, is in shallow rainwater-pools which become entirely dry at longer or shorter intervals. Under these circumstances, the Infusoria, flagellate and ciliate alike, reproduce themselves by micro- zoospores formed by the splitting up of the whole body. These micro-zoospores, settling down, form resting-cells, and when their habitat is revivified by rain, the type is reproduced from the resting-cell after a longer or shorter period of vegetative growth. The vegetative stages of Euglend and Phacus are well-known. If the various forms of Trachelomonas were specifically distinct, there would be a distinct resting-cell and course of development for each. But tliough I have paid special attention to localities such as I have mentioned, I have never found any other resting- cell than that which is directly associated with the very smallest sizes of Tr. volvocina. Compare my remarks on the Peridinie?e, "Plankton of the Sydney Water-Supply," p. 541. I have not seen the micro-zoospores, but the act of emission is figured by Stein, I.e., T. xxii , f.lO and 31. The pale colour of the lorica, in forms found in newly-filled rainwater pools or swamps, forbids the idea that the organisms have survived the dry season; they are quite evidently a new growth. Lorica. — With regard to the composition of the lorica, Stokes, I.e., p.88, quotes some remarks by Fisher (Proc. Amer. Soc. Micros., 1880) as follow^s : — " On testing with solution of potash or soda .... the spines are detaclied from their bases, whilst the lorica remains unaflfected, either in form or rigidity. Thus the probability is established that these spines, again like those of the Echinodermata, are articulated to the lorica by an organ- ised membrane which yields to the action of the salt, and the separation is eff'ected. On testing with hydrochloric acid, brisk effervescence immediately takes place; the main body of the lorica is dissolved The chief constituent of the lorica is, therefore, shown to be calcareous." 8 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS, Nearly all the forms described in this paper have been ob- served in a living condition, the character of the flagellum and of the body in each case leaving no doubt that the organism was a genuine Trachelomonas. The specimens were carefully measured in detail, and drawn mostly to the scale of 1500 diameters, which has been reduced in the reproduction to 1000. The magnifica- tion employed in observation was that of ^ inch objective with lodiam. ocular. INFUSORIA. Family EUGLENIDJE Stein. Genus Trachelomonas Ehr. Synonyms : — Lagenella pro parte, Chcetoglena p.p., and Chceto- ty'phla*' Ehrenberg; Lagenella Schmarda; Cryptoimonas Dujardin p.p., (Jhonemonas and Trypemonas Perty; CryjAoglena Clap, et Lachmann; Lagu7icula Fisher, Proc. Araer. Soc. Micros., 1880. Trachelomonas volvocina Ehr. (PI. i., f.l). Diam.5, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30 /x. Everywhere, very common. Lorica perfectly spherical, with smooth clear membrane pale yellow to dark red. Very seldom found with a neck. Sizes over 27 i-L diam. are very rare; I have observed only a single specimen. Dangeard, Les Eugleniens, p. 128, has included oval forms in this species; these, however, belong to Track, interinedia Dang., q.v.^ var. levis mihi. Var. PELLUCIDA Playf. Diam. 4-10 //.. Lorica quite colourless. Botanic Gardens 158; Auburn 139; Lismore 176, 183. Cf. Biol. Richm. R., these Proceedings, 1914, p. 141, PI. viii., f.3. Klebs, Organis. einig. Flagellatengr., p.319, has noted a variety, y hyalina, but, in his form, it is the body that is colour- less, without chlorophyll. * Senn, Flagellata, p. 176, gives the name as Chcetophlj/a Ehr.; Stein and Lemmermann refer to it as GhcvtotypJUa Ehr. BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 9 Var. PUNCTATA, n.var. (PI. i., f.2). Lorica levis sed crasse et densissime punctata. Diani. obs. 13, U/x. Botanic Gardens 3a; Parramatta 165, 166. Rarissime. Var. GRANULOSA, n.var. (PI. i., f.3). Lorica minute sed densissime granulata, plerumque achroa. Diam. 11, 12/7.. Botany 151: Lismore 241. Pvarissime. Var. CERVicuLA (Stokes) mihi. (PI. i., f .4). This form has the neck produced inwardly. Cf. Stokes, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1890, fig.ll(7^racA. cermcidcC). Only two speci- mens seen. Diam. 32 /x. Auburn 139, 140. Very rare. Trachelomonas intermedia Dang. (PI. i., f.5). Lorica oralis vel subglobosa, punctata; collo nuUo. Long. 19-22, lat. 15-17 /x. Lismore 236, 245. Cf. Dangeard, Recherches s. 1. Eugleniens, p. 135, f.42, who gives 20 X 16 as dimensions. The type very rare here. Var. LEVIS, n.var. (PI. i., f.6-8). Lorica ovalis vel subglobosa, vulgo sine collo, levis; ore ssepe introrsum levissime producto. Long. 15-22, lat. 12-19, lat. oris 3 /x. Auburn 120, 135, 139, 140, 163; Guildford 114; Botany 145; Lismore 236, 237, 238, 240, 242. Trachelomonas Botanica, n.sp. (PI. i, f.9). Lorica subglobosa, levis, vulgo sine collo; a tergo minuta, obscura papilla instructa. Long. 40, lat 34, lat. oris 7 /x. Botany 151. Rarissime. Var. granulosa, n.var. Lorica formse typicse consimilis, minute autem granulata. Long. 40, lat. 34 /x. Botany 151. Cum priori, rarissime. V .N 10 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS, Var. MINOR, n.var. (PI. i., f.lO). Long. 26, lat. 23 /x. Auburn 163. In this variation, if the papilla is wanting, a paler, weaker spot often marks its position. Trachelomonas ovalis Playf. (PL i., f.ll). Lorica ovalis vel oblonga, collo nullo, perfecte glabra, achroa vel luteo-fusca. Long. 30-44, lat. 22-34 /x. Guildford 146; Casino 189; Lismore 237. Track, armata is probably the outgrowth of this form, as the posterior spines do not develop pari passu with the rest of the lorica, but later. It is also very likely that there is a connection between this species and Track. Botanica, as a broad, circular, incrassate spot is sometimes noticeable at the hinder end. CJ. these Proceedings, 1914, p. 141, PI. viii., f.4 Syn. Tr. lageiiella Dangeard, Les Eugleniens, p. 131, f.40(non Stein). Yar. lata, n.var. Lorica oblonga, prae forma typica latior, collo brevissimo in- structa. Long. 38, lat. 32; lat. oris 6; coll. alt. 1 /x. Lismore 237. For the same length of cell, the breadth in this form is one- fifth greater than in the type. Yar. SCROBICULATA, n.var. Lorica crasse scrobiculata, translucens, candore carnoso. Long. 31-40, lat. 22-30 /x. Lismore 236, 237. This variation, like many other Australian forms, is of a pinky- yellow or very pale brown colour, quite distinct from the clear yellow of Track, volvocina and others, and which I designate here by the name of buff. Yar. minor, n.var. (PI. i., f.l2). Lorica levis sed scrobiculata, candore carnoso, ovalis vel oblonga, minor quam forma typica. BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 11 Fig.l. — Tr. bulla stein, X 650, after Stein. (Pl.i., f.H-16). Long. 26-28, lat. 22-24 /.. Lismora 236, 237, 246. Tkachelomonas bulla var. australis, n.var. (Pl.i., f.l3). Lorica ovata, levis, quam forma typica magis acuminata, collo recto nee attenuate. Long. 28-29, lat. 16; coll. alt. 2-3, lat. 3 /x. Lismore 236, 237. A very rare form of which I have seen but few specimens. Cf. Track, bulla Stein, Naturg. d. Flagellaten, Halfte i., T. xxii., f. 42. His figure works out at 50 x 21 /x. Trachelomonas oblonga Lemm. Long. 10-19, lat. 8-12; lat. oris 3 /x. Coogee 4; Guildford 60, 114; Auburn 68; Botany 51, 142; Cen- tennial Park 133; Canley Vale 110; Lismore 225, 237, 238, 240, 242, 245. Cf. Lemmermann, Reise n. d. Pacific (Abh. Nat. Yer. Bremen, Bd. xvi., 1899), p. 344. No figure is given, but the like- ness of our forms to var. truncata Lemm.» (ibid., Bd. xviii., 1904, p.l65, T. xi., f.7, 1 8) is so marked, that I think there can be no doubt about the identification. Lemmermann's description runs : — Lorica oval (Jdnglich ru,nd)., yellow-brown, surface smooth, 13-16/x long, 11-12/x broad. Mem- brane 1 /x thick. This description would make the type oval, yet the name ^^ oblonga''' has been chosen; both the published figures of var. truncata, I.e., are distinctly oblong, not oval, and the same expression {Idnylich imnd) is used of the variation as of the type, nor is any difierence in outline noted. I take it, there- fore, that '•'Idnglich rund^' here is equivalent to ^''oblonga ubique rotundataJ' ig. 2. — Tr. oblonga var, truncata Leinm. , x 1000, after Lemniermanu. 12 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS, Var. AUSTRALICA, n.var. (PI. i., f. 17-21). Lorica globosa vel plus minus ve quad rata, angulis rotundatis; collo lato humillimo semper instructa; membrana levi. Long. 11-22, lat. 10-20; coll. alt. 1, lat. 3-6 /x. Auburn 120, 139, 140, 163; Botany 142, 145, 152; Canley Vale 110; Guildford 114; Lismore 236, 237, 238, 241, 245. The very broad ring-shaped neck is characteristic of this form, which ranges in shape from globose to quadrate or oblong, and varies considerably in size. Yar. ATTENUATA, n.var. (PI. i., f.22, 23). Lorica levis, fronte quadrata angulis rotundatis, postice leviter attenuata et late-rotundata; vulgo collo brevi. Long. 11-20, lat. max. 8-13 /x. Coogee 4; Guildford 60; Centennial Park 133; Botany 142, 151; Lismore 236, 242. ^ Var. SCABRA, n.var. (PI. i., f.24). Lorica ubique scabra granulis humillimis obscuris sparse dis- positis. Long. 24, lat. 19; coll. alt. 2, lat. 6 /x. Auburn 120. Trachelomonas pusilla, n.sp. (PI. i, f.25). Lorica minuta, levis, modice cordiformis, fronte levissime de- planata, postice paullulo acuminata; collo nullo; ore lato. Long. 10-16, lat. 9-16 /x. Canley Vale 110; Guildford 114; Botany 142, 151, 152; Lis- more 242, 245. Var. ROTUNDA, n.var. (PI. i., f.26). Lorica levis ubique rotundata, nee acuminata, globosa, fronte levissime deplanata; ore lato. Long. 11-12, lat. 10/x. Auburn 163; Botany 151; Guildford 114; Lismore 238, 242. Var. PUNCTATA, n.var. (PL i., f.27). Long. 15, lat. li fx. Botany 145. \J BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 13 Trachelomonas cylindrica Ehr. (PI. i., f.28, 29). Lorica smooth, cylindrical with parallel ^.^^ sides, broadly rounded behind, more or less shouldered in front, but our forms are not generally so rectangular as those figured by Stein, with a low ring-shaped neck. T 1 ^ nrv 1 J o 1 rv 11 li. 1 FiS-3. — Tr.c'yli7idrica'Ehv., Lonff. 16 20, lat. 8-10: coll. alt. 1, ° ^_^ f o. • * ' ^ ' x6oO, after Stein, lat. 3 fx. Botanic Gardens 3; Auburn 120; Botany 142, 145, 152; Lis- more 236, 237, 241, 242. Yar. decollata, n.var. (PI. i , f.30). Lorica levis, cylindracea, plerumque latior; coUo nullo. Long. 16-20, lat. 8-10 /x. Botanic Gardens 3. Var. punctata, n.var. (PI i., f.31). Lorica major, punctata, fronte posticeque vulgo late-rotundata; collo brevi humillimo. Long. 26-38, lat. 12-14; coll. alt. 1, lat. 4 /x. Botany 142, 152; Lismore 242. This form is not only punctate, but larger than the type, the breadth of which is commonly about 8 /x, while var. punctata is just as regularly about 12/x. Trachelomonas pulcherrima, n.sp (PI. i., 132, 33). Lorica levis, candore carnoso, anguste-elliptica; apicibus late- rotundatis; lateribus leniter arcuatis; collo humillimo aut nullo. Long. 20-26, lat. 9-12; coll. alt. 1-2, lat. 4 /x. Centennial Park 11; Botany 91, 151, 152; Lismore 240, 241, 242. Var. latior, n.var. (PI i., f.34, 35). Lorica levis sed ssepe punctata," prse forma typica latior, sequali- ter elliptica; apicibus late-rotundatis; collo plerumque nullo. Long. 20-27, lat. 12-14 /.. Botany 151; Lismore 236, 237, 238, 245. Differs from the type principally in its relatively greater breadth; long. :lat. = 1*5 to 1'8 : 1 but, in the type, 2-0 to 2-4 : 1. The neck also is generally wanting and the lorica often punctate. 14 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS, Var. ovALis, n.var. (PI. i., f.36). Lorica var. latioris dimensionibus sed ovalis, polos versus magis acuminata, lateribus magis arcuatis, apicibus rotundatis; collo nullo; membrana dilute fulva interdum punctata. Long. 22-23, lat. 13-15; lat. oris 4 /x. Botany 151; Lismore 245. Oval-elliptic, instead of linear-elliptic, with sides converging from the centre to the ends. Var. MINOR, n.var. (PI. i., f.37, 38). Lorica minor, cetera ut in formis duabus precedentibus. Long. 12-19, lat. 8-12 /x. Botany 151, 152; Lismore 240, 242. Includes both the preceding forms in smaller sizes. Var. LiSMORENSis, n.var. (PI. i , f.39, 40). Lorica collo quadrato valido instructa. Long. 25-26, lat. 10-11; coll. alt. 21-3, lat. 3-4 /x. Lismore236, 237, 241. Var. GRANULOSA, n.var. (PI. i., f.41). Lorica minute granulata; collo humillimo. Long 25-28, lat. 11-14; coll. alt. 1, lat. 4 /x. Botany 142. Track. pulchejTima is a close connection of IVach. cylindrica, from which it differs in the gently arched, not parallel, sides. It is also much more variable than that species. Trachelomonas Volzii var. pellucida, n.var. (PL ii., f.l). Lorica ut in forma typica, levis autem et pellucida, nee punc- tata nee granulata; candore carnoso psene hyalino. Long. 34, lat. 1 8 /x. Botany 142; rarissime. Lemmermann gives 32 x 15/x, Dr. Volz gessam. siissw. Alg., p.l66, T. xi., f.9. Track. Volzii is ovate, broader behind than before, neck with pointed sides in optical section, The type is described as granulate (the figure, however, has a smooth outline) and yellow-brown in colour. Var. pellucida is pale bufT, almost colourless, and neither punctate nor granulate. Only one speci- men noted. It is a young form of var. australis, infra, with BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 15 which it is connected by var, intermedia. All three are stages of development. Var. AUSTRALis, n.var. (PL ii., fig.-). Lorica levis, subovata, postice latior, collo quadrato valido semper instructa; parte majore corporis suboblonga, fronte usque ad collum attenuata, a tergo latissime-rotundata; collo ad basin annulo incrassato plerumque ornato. Long. 34-38, lat. 16-20; coll. alt. 4, lat. 4 /x. Botany, 108, 142, 152; Lismore 225, 240, 241. This is the full-grown form of Track. Volzii, and a very distinct type; the colour is generally a clear yellow. Var. INTERMEDIA, n.var. (PI. ii., f.3). Lorica in ambitu ut in var. australi sed angustior, collo autem ad formam typicam potius pertinente. Long. 34; lat. fronte 11, postice 15; coll. alt. 3, lat. 3 fx. Botany 142. Cum forma typica. I had var. australis down as a separate type (it is much more common than the other two forms) when I came across Tr. Volzii and this variation, both in the same gathering, showing unmis- takably the connection of all three. Var. intermedia has the thin outer primordial membrane of the lorica stretched between the shoulder and the tip of the neck as in Tr, Volzii, type. Var. CYLiNDRACEA, n.var. (PI. ii., f.21). Lorica modice cylindracea, lateribus parallelis; a tergo late- rotundata; a fronte conica, lateribus ad collum convergentibus; collo recto valido, annulo basali ornato, instructa: membrana levis. Long. 34-38, lat. 16; coll. alt. 4-5, lat. 4 /x. Centennial Park 133; Botany 152. This form has not, so far, been noted at Lismore, but it is almost certain to turn up eventually. It lies between var. inter- media and var. australis. The latter is broader and more ovate. Trachelomonas EUCHLORA(Ehr.) Lemm., forma. (PI. iii., f.l). Lorica ovalis vel oblonga, semper autem minus rectangularis quam forma typica. Long. 29-30, lat. 19-20; coll. alt. 5, lat. 4/x. 16 THE GRNUS TRACHELOMONAS, Lismore 236, 237, 242, 245. Syn., Lagenella euchlora Ehr., Trachelomonas lagenella Stein, Chonemonas Schrankii var. glabra Perty. 'J'he name lagenella is not admissible, having been used in a generic sense both by Ehrenberg and by Schmarda. Our forms are more rounded, less rectangular, than Stein's type,(Naturg. d. FlagelL, H.i., T. xxii., f. 14-1 6) which works out at 30 x 17 /x over all. The characteristic curved neck is still pre- sent, however. This form is rather local, apparently, as I have not ob- 1 ., . £ J.1, • u Fig. 4. — Tr. euchlora (Ehr. served it m any of the many rich ° „^^ , ^, . •; 1 1 r. CI 1 Lemm., X 650, after Stein, gatherings from the suburbs of Sydney, but it is found sparsely distributed round Lismore, and is even frequent in Nos. 236 and 245. Tr. similis Stokes, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, ] 890, p.76, f.l 2, should be arranged here as Tr. euchlora var. similis (Stokes) mihi. Var. MINOR, n.var. (PI. ii., f.4, 5). Loricalevis, late-oblonga psene quadrata, angulislate-rotundatis; a tergo interdum rotundata levissime attenuata ; collo recto quadrato valido, ad basin annulo incrassato ornato. Long. 18-23, lat. 15-18; coll. alt. 2-4, lat. 2-4 /x. Botany 142, 151, 152; Canley Yale 1 10; Lismore, 225, 238, 241, 242, 245. Trachelomonas ampullula, n.sp. (PI. ii., f.6). Lorica levis, subhexagona, medio lateribus psene parallelis, extremis conica; collo quadrato recto, plerumque sine annulo basali, instructa. Long. 24-30, lat. 10-16; coll. alt. 2-4, lat. 3 /x. Canley Vale 110; Guildford 114; Botany 142; Parramatta 165, 166; Lismore 236, 237, 238. A very distinct species with little or no variation in form or markings; some specimens are a little more markedly hexagonal than others, the sides more angular. The posterior end also is occasionally somewhat mammillate. It is the only form of Tra- BY G. PLAYFAIR. 17 clielomonas that swims backwards, with the orifice and flagellum behind. Yar. MAJOR, n.var. (PL ii., f.7). Lorica major, formse typicse similis, postice levissinie retusa, mammillata; collo quadrato recto valido, plerumque annulo basali instructo. Long. 34-41, lat. 15-18; coll. alt. 4-5, lat. i fx. Botany 145; Lismore 263, 238, 241. This larger form is rare round Sydney, but frequent in the neighbourhood of Lismore. Trachelomonas conica, n.sp. (PI. ii., f.8, 9). Lorica conica levis; parte anteriore subrectangulari, lateribus parallelis, angulis late-rotundatis; parte posteriore conica, lateri- bus levissime arcuatis, a tergo obtuse-rotundatis; collo nullo aut humillimo. Long. 24-26, lat. 12-14; lat. oris 2-4; coll. alt. 1 /x. Auburn 56; Botanic Gardens 3, 158; Guildford 146; Lismore 225, 238. Always very uncommon in gatherings, though widely dis- tributed; generally without a neck. Var. GRANULATA, n.var. (PI. ii., f.lO). Paullo major, minute granulata. Long, 36, lat. 12 /x. Auburn 56. Cum forma typica. Var. RiCHMONDiiE, n.var. (PI. ii., f.ll). Lorica subelliptica angusta ; polo anteriore late-rotundata, posteriore conica acuminata; spinis obtusis brevissimis (paene granulis) ubique ornata; collo nullo. Long. 34, lat. 14; lat. oris 4 /x. Lismore 225. A river-form. Var. OVATA, n.var. (PL ii., f. 12). Lorica anguste-ovata, lateribus arcuatis; fronte late-rotundata, a tergo acuminata; ubique spinis brevissimis sparse ornata; collo humillimo. Long. 37, lat. 18; coll. alt. 1, lat. 6; spin. long, ad IJ/x. Lismore 236. 18 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS, Var. CAUDATA, n.var. (PI. ii., f.l3, 14). Lorica insequaliter elliptica, interdum extremum versus paullo latior, a tergo in caudam brevissiinam truncatam protracta; collo nullo, ore lato; membrana spinis minutis sparsis oriiata. Long. 38-42, lat. 18-20 /x. Lismore 236, 241. Trachelomonas clavata, n.sp. (PI. ii., f.l5). Lorica lageniformis, clavata, levis; patte anteriore conica, in collo longo recto ore everso producta; parte posteriore subrect- angulari, ad basin truncatam levissime attenuata, lateribus fere rectis. Long. 54, lat. 20; coll. alt. c. 10, lat. 4 /x. Botanic Gardens 3. A very rare form; the specimen observed had a very tenuous membrane absolutely hyaline. Var. subarmata, n.var. (PL ii., f. 16). Lorica ut in forma typica sed luteo-fusca et scrobiculata; polo posteriore spinis minutis paucis instructa. Long. 60, lat. 26; coll. alt. 10, lat. 6 fx. Botanic Gardens 137. Trachelomonas cactacea, n.sp. (PL ii., f.l7). Lorica ovalis fronte autem quam levissime attenuata, granulis minutis sparse ornata, collo humillimo. Long. 38, lat. 23; coll. lat. 6 fx. Botanic Gardens 150. A very rare form, only once noted. There might possibly be some connection between it and Track, bulla var. regularis Lemm., Dr Volz gess. Alg., T. xi., f.6, but the latter is hardly rightly placed as a variation of Track, bulla Stein. Trachelomonas granulosa, n.sp. (Pl.ii., f.l8). Lorica ovalis, interdum plus minusve acuminata, granulis min- utis dense obtecta; collo humillimo aut nullo. Long. 17-26, lat. 13-22 /x. Guildford 146; Centennial Park 133; Can ley Yale 110; Fair- lield 143; Botanic Gardens 150; Auburn 135, 139, 148; Botany 142, 145, 151, 152; Lismore 240, 242. BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 19 Common and widespread. The puncta-granules are minute, and merely giv e the edge a sandy appearance. It is possible that the forms of this species, which are generally oval and more rarely subglobose, should be arranged as granulate variations of Tracli. intermedia Dangeard. There is nothing specifically char- acteristic in the condition of the membrane; smooth, punctate, and granulate are merely three degrees of development due to the age of the infusorian, and probably also to the stagnation of its habitat. Each of them may (and often does) occur in unmis- takable forms of the same species, e.g., Tr. volvocina, Tr. pnl- cherrima, Tr. conica. Var. SUBGLOBOSA, n.var. (PI. ii., f.l9). Lorica subglobosa. Long. 19-28, lat. 17-26 /x. Botany 142, 151; Lismore 236, 245. Var. OBLONGA, n.var. (PL ii., f.20). Lorica late-oblonga sed non quadrata. Long. 24, lat. 20 /x. Guildford 114. Thachelomonas australis, n.sp. (PL iii., f.2). Lorica cylindracea, lateribus parallelis, polls late-rotundatis; vulgo collo nuUo; minute dense granulata; candore carnoso. Long. 24-30, lat. 14-18; lat. oris 4 /x. Botanic Gardens 150; Canley Vale 110; Guildford 70, 146; Fairfield 79; Botany 142, 145, 151, 152; Lismore 238, 240. This form has the same minute granulation as Tr. granulosa, but its cylindrical shape makes it very distinct. It differs also in colour, being generally pale biscuit-colour or buff, whereas Tr. granulosa is generally deep yellow, reddish-yellow, or dark red. Var. OBESA, n.var. (PL iii., f.3). Lorica prse forma typica latior, minus cylindracea, lateribus modice arcuatis nee planis. Long. 28-34, lat. 20-25; lat. oris 4 /x. Botanic Gardens 150; Parramatta Park 96; Fairfield 79; Botany 151; Lismore 236, 237. Broader and less cylindrical than the type, with slightly arched sides. Its finer granulation alone distinguishes it from Trach. hispida var. granulata. 20 THK GENUS TBACHELOMONAS, Var. SPLENDIDA, n.var. (PI. iii., f,4). Lorica dimidio prse forma typica longior, strictius cylindracea; polis magis truncatis. Long. 45, lat. 20 /x. Botany 37. Var. ARCUATA, n.var. (PL iii., f.5). Lorica oblonga nee cylindracea ; lateribus arcuatis nee de- planatis; polis late-rotundatis. Long. 20-27, lat. 14-17 /x. Botany 151; Lismore 236, 238. Yar. CONICA, n.var. (PI. iii., f.6). Lorica a tergo paullo coniea. Long. 30, lat. 18 /x. Guildford 146; Lismore 237. Var. SUBDENTICULATA, n.var. (PI. iii., f.7). Lorica modice cylindracea, major quam forma typica; granulis minutis acurainatis (psene denticulis) sparse ornata. Long. 36, lat. 22 fx. Lismore 240. Cum forma typica. It is doubtful whether this form should be placed under 7V. australis or T7\ hispida, forms of the latter being granulate. Of the two, only Tr. australis accompanied it in No.240, so I have arranged it under that species. Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) Stein. (PI. iii., f. 8). Long. 26-29, lat. 19 /x, sine spinis. Lismore 238. According to Stein, I.e., T. xxii., f.20-34, the type is oval or oblong, and covered with sharp-pointed spines. Such a form is extremely rare in our waters; I find it only in No. 238, and sparsely distributed even there. The dimensions, however, agree exactly with those of Stein, whose figures work out at 29 X 20, 26 X 20, 26 X 1 7, 27 X 19 /x, &c. Tr. crenatocollis Maskell, (Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol.19, n.s., 1886, PI. iii., f.3) is an oval form of Tr. hispida, with square, straight neck crenate at the end, corresponding to Stein's figs. 21, 24. Tr. piscatoris (Fisher) Stokes, Infus. U. S.,p.88, Fl, i.,i.2b{Lagu7icula piscatoris Fisher, and Layuncula Kellicottiana Fisher, Proc, Amer. Micr. Soc, 1880) is the corresponding oblong form. If both are re- BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 2] tained, they should stand as Tr. hispida var. crenatocoUia (Mas- kell), and Tr. hispidd var. piscatoris (Fisher), respectively; the latter has priority. I have not found either here yet. Yar. AUSTRALICA, n.var. (PL iii., f.9). Lorica ovalis vel oblonga, coUo nullo, spinisobtusis bacillaribus dense obtecta. Long. 32, lat. 22 /x; dimensiones etinm var. granidatcp, infra. Guildford 45, 76. A form of Tr. hispida a little larger than the type and char- acterised b}^ short, blunt, bacillar spines set, as usual in this species, very close together, and showing at the edge (as Maskell observes of 7r. crenatocollis) "a continuous border of points." This would be the Australian type of the species, were it not so rarely found; as it is, that honour falls to the succeeding variety, of which var. australica is the fully developed spinous form. Var. GRANULATA, n.var. (PI. iii., f.ll, 12). Lorica crasse denseque granulata nee spinosa; collo nullo. Long. 27-42, lat. 17-35 /x. Botany 142, 145; Guildford 45, 77, 114: Centennial Park 133; Casino 189; Lismore 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 245. The prevailing type in this country; it is a form of var. aus- tralica in which the granules have not developed into the usual bacillar spines of that variety. Intermediate states exist, and, even in granular forms, the polar granules are very often pro- duced as very short spines. The dimensions most commonly observed are, long. 30-34, lat. 20-24 //,. In shape, the lorica is oblong or oval-oblong, more rarely distinctly oval, dark brownish- yellow in colour. Var. RECTANGULARis Br. Schroder. (PI. iii., f.lO). Lorica rectangularis, lateribus planis, apicibus truncatis vel rotundato-truncatis, angulis rotundatis, spinis vel granulis dense ornata. Long. 31-36, lat. 18 20/x. Botany 37, 142; Centennial Park 133; Lismore 238. Cf. Stein, /.c, T. xxii., f.34; Schroder, Fischereiv. z. Trachen- berg, T. ii., f.8. This form is closely connected with var. aus- 22 THE GENUS TRACHEL03I0NAS, tralica and var. granulata. It is found here sometimes with short, blunt, bacillar spines as in the former, or coarsely granu- late as in the latter. Even in Stein's figure the spines are notice- ably blunter and more bacillar in shape than those of the typical form. Stein's figure works out at 38 x 16, Schroder's at 48 x 21, without spines. The spines in all these forms, as far as my observations go, are never over 2 /x long. Trachelomonas bacillifera, n.sp. (PI. iii., f.l3). Lorica subglobosa, spinis obtusis bacillaribus dense obtecta; collo nullo; colore plerumque obscuro. Long. 35-40, lat. 32-38, sine spinis; sp. long, ad 2 /x. Auburn 68; Guildford 114; Botanic Gardens 150; Centennial Park 133. The spines in all forms of this species are of the same character as those in 7V. hispida var. australica, supra. The type-form is almost spherical, and almost always very dark in colour, gener- ally dark red or dark reddish-orange. Var. ovALis, n.var. (PI. iii., f.l4). Lorica late ovalis, spinis ut in forma typica. Long. 38-42, lat. 32-34, sine spinis; sp. long, ad 2 /x. Auburn 68; Guildford 114; Canley Vale 110; Lismore 254. Yar. MINIMA, n.var. (PI. iii., f.l5, 16). Lorica subglobosa, oblonga vel ovalis, sed minor; spinis ut in forma typica. Long. 22-28, lat. 18-26, sine spinis; sp. long, ad 2 /x. Auburn 148; Coogee 4; Botany 151, 152; Lismore 237, 238, 242, 245. Trachelomonas Sydnbyensis, n.sp. (PI. iv., f.l5, 16). Lorica elliptica, lateribus interdum quam levissime deplanatis, polls rotundatis; collo humillimo crenato vel spicato semper in- structa; spinis acutis brevibus, vel denticulis (regione equatoriali plerumque denticulis) sparse ornata ; colore vulgo carnoso vel dilute flavescente. BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 23 Long., collo incl., 32-45, lat 22-26, s. sp.; sp. long, ad 4 /x, vulgo 2 It; coll. alt. 1-3, lat. 6-10 /x. Auburn 57, 119, 140, 148, 149, 163; Guildford 45, 114, 146; Botany 92, 145; Canley Vale 110; Centennial Park 133; Botanic Gardens 137; Lismore 225, 241, 245, 254. Common and widespread; quite distinct from Tr. hispida, and easily distinguished from it under the microscope. The lorica is elliptic or long-oval, sometimes slightly flattened at the sides, whereas Tr. hispida (here at any rate) is nearly always oblong or oval-oblong. Its colour is characteristic also, being generally a pale straw-colour, the membrane thin and transparent. :7V. hispida is nearly always dark yellow or red, the membrane in- crassate. The spines in T?-. Sydneyensis are sharp-pointed but very sparsely distributed, so that they do not show at the margin the "continuous border of spines" characteristic of Tr. hispida. Moreover, the spines, as a rule (almost invariably), are nothing more than mere denticulations not above 2 jx long, and reduced towards the centre; out of 20 records, I have only one with longer spines. The neck is a low band, broader above, with a crenate or spicate margin, and is nearly always present; in Tr. hispida, it is consistently wanting; I have onl}' one record in 28 of a collar (2 x 5 /x) in that species. The spines are occasionally bacillar in character, in which case the denticulations are repre- sented by minute granules. Var. OBLONGA, n.var. (PI. iv., f.l7). Lorica oblonga ubique rotundata, cetera ut in forma typica. Long. 46-48, lat. 34-36 /x, sine spinis. Botany 151; Kyogle 218, 219. Yar. MINIMA, n.var. (PI. iv., f.lS). Lorica minor, late-ovalis vel subglobosa, cetera ut in forma typica. Long. 26-28, lat. 21-24, sine spinis; coll. lat. 4/x. Auburn 135, 140; Botany 151. Var. OBESA, n.var. (PI. iv., f.l9). Lorica exacte late-ovalis, prse longitudine latior quam in f. typica, fronte et a tergo spinis minutis acutis sparsis vestita, in 24 THE GENUS THACHELOMONAS, medio spinis ad deuticulos reductis; collo humillimo ore dentato; membrana translucente dilute luteola. Long. 36, lat. 25-26; coll. alt. 2, lat. 7; spin. long, ad 2/x. Guildford 45; Lismoie 245. A broader oval than the type, with minute spines sparsely distributed at each end, but reduced to denticulations, or entirely wanting, towards the middle. Found in quantity in rainwater pools on grass-land; interspersed were many specimens entirely smooth. Trachelomonas armata (Ehr.) Stein. Chi. corpore ovato subgloboso, utrinque rotundato, fusco, ubique setis brevibus hispido, corona apiculorum postice nigra. The above is Ehrenberg's description of his Chcetotyphla armata; it indicates a broadly ovate lorica covered with short spines, and with a ring of short, somewhat stouter spines behind. Such a form, I have never seen, the nearest to it being var. longispina, infra, which differs from Ehrenberg's description only in the great length of the posterior spines. Var. GLABRA, n.var. (Pl.iii., f.l7). Lorica oblonga vel ovale-oblonga, perfecte glabra interdum punctata, a tergo corona spinarum validarum ornata, inter coronam interdum paucis spinis minutis. Long. Corp. 34-46, lat. 28-34; spin. c. 10-16, long. 2-8 /x. Botany 151; Guildford 114; Parramatta 96, 165, 166; Lismore 241,242. This is Stein's, T. xxii., f.37. Upon f.38, Lemmermann has founded Tr. arynata var. Steinii Lemm., which is smooth, but with small scattered spines at the anterior end, besides the pos- terior ring of larger awns. Cf. Dr. Volz gess. siissw. Alg. p. 16 5, where he gives the size as 29 //- long and 22 /z, broad. This is somewhat smaller than any I have noted. Stein's figures measure 37 X 27 ji without spines, corresponding almost exactly to the smallest sizes here. Australian forms are invariably smooth or granulate ; excepting the very rare var. longispina described below, I have never seen a specimen that could be described as hispid. BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 25 Var. GRANULA'i'A, u.var. (PL iii., f.l8). Loi'ica crasse denseque granulata, spinis posterioribus plerumque parvis. Long, coi-p. 38-44, lat. 30-34; spin. c. 9-14, long, ad 5 /X. GuildfordlH; Fairfield 143; ParraniattalGo, 166; Lismore 242. Very often found in company with var. glabra. The forms of Tr. armata are all of large size; the dimensions of all its varia- tions are about the same, viz., 40-46 /x long and 30-35 /a broad, with occasional specimens as low as 34 x 28 /x and as high as 50 X 36 /x; the most common length, without spines, is 40 /x. Var. SPARSIGRANOSA, n.var. (PL iii., f.l9). Lorica ut in f. typica, sed granulis vel spinis obtusis brevissi- mis sparsissime (polos versus densius) ornata, granulorum vice interdum denticulis. Long. corp. 40-50, lat. 30-36; spin. c. 6, long, ad 6 /a. Canley Vale 110; Guildford 114; Botanic Gardens 150; Lismore 236. »- In this form, the short spines are merely elongated granules. Fairly dense at the poles, especially the anterior one, they become verv scattered towards the equator, where they are reduced to granules. Var. LONGISPIXA, n.var. (PL iv., f.20). Lorica ovata subglobosa, postice latior, ubique rotundata ; spinis validis acutis brevibus ubique vestita, a tergo spinis gra- cilioribus; aculeis posterioribus magnis curvatis plerumque 4-6 instructa. Long. Corp. 43-44, lat. 32-34; spin. long. 5-6; acul. post. 4-10, long, ad 24 /x. Botany 37; Botanic Gardens 137, 150. Var. DUPLEX, n.var. (PL iii.^ f.20). Lorica ovato-oblonga, postice paullo latior, crasse sparseque granulata, polum anteriorem versus glabra; fronte et a tergo corona spinulorum ornata, spinis anterioribus rectis obtusis bacillaribus circa 12, posterioribus longioribus acutis recurvatis circa 10, ad os dentibus 4; colore fusco. Long. Corp. 46, lat. max. 35; spin, anter. long. 8/x, poster. 12 ji. Lismore 240. 26 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS, TuACHELOMONAS LiSMORENSIS, n.sp. (Fig.5). Loricaa vertice visa circularis, spinis radiantibiis sparse ornata, ore minuto spinis minutis paucis circumcincto. A latere sub- globosa, depressa, anteriore subplana, posteriore rotundata, spinis sparsis radiantibus, plerumque spinorum longiorum serie equa- toriali singula. Colore atro luteo-fulvo. Diam. corp. 20; spin, long, ad 4, oris diam. 2 /x. Lismore 225. Fig.5. Fig. 6. — Var. mirabilis. All X 1000. - Trachelomonati Lismorensis. Fig. 7.— Var. biseriata. Var. MIRABILIS, n.var. (Fig. 6). Lorica vertice visa spinis validis circa 10 regularius ordinaia, spinarum parte externa acliroa. Cetera ut in f. typica. Diam. corp. 26, spin. long, ad 6 /z. Lismore 241. BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 27 I have not seen this form in side-view, so cannot determine whether it inclines to the type or to the next variation. It is a little larger than usual, the spines stouter and more regular; the inner third of the spines is the colour of the lorica, the outer part is colourless. Var. BISERIATA, n.var. (Fig. 7). Lorica depresso-ovalis, ubique rotundata, spinis minutis sparse ornata, spinarum longiorum seriebus binis utrinque ad medium circumcincta. Diam. corp. 20; sp. long, ad 6 /x. Lismore 241. In this species, the type seems to be a form of Tr. volvoGi7ia which has developed the posterior spines of 7V. armata. This variation reproduces the anterior and posterior series of 7V. armata var. duplex. The two rows of spines are, of course, close together, and this is evidence of the fact that the growth of the lorica takes place mainly in the equatorial region. Var. iNERMis, n.var. (Pl.iii., f.21). Lorica ut in forma typica sed spinis nullis. Alt. circa 14-18, lat. 17-22 (rarissime 34) /z. Auburn 139, 140; Botany 142, 151; Lismore 236, 237, 241. I found this form in my Sydney gatherings (notably Auburn 140, ill which it occurs plentifully) before I discovered the mature form at Lismore. The latter is very rare, even where it is to be observed at all. Yar. inerinis is very liable to be overlooked in gatherings. Resting, as it does, always on one end, it appears circular from above, and may be mistaken for Tr. volvocina^ in company with which it is often found. Var. OBLONGA, n.var. (PL iii., f.22). Lorica ut in var. biseriata, sed spinis nullis. Diam., vertice visa, 12; alt., a latere, 8 fj.. Guildford 70. Very rare. A smooth form of var. biseriata. Although I have seen no intermediate forms, yet there is such a close agreement in the side-view of all these forms, that I must consider them variations of the same species. 28 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS, Trachklomonas veurucosa Stokes. (PL iv., f.l). Lorica globosa, minutis papillis achrois sparse ornata; collo nullo. Diam. 18 /x. Lismore 225; very rare. Cf. Stokes, Infus. U. S., p. 88. He gives diam. 24 /x. It should, perhaps, be arranged as a variation of 7'r. volvocina, but I have seen only one specimen. Trachelomonas scabra, n.sp. (PI. iv., f.2, 3). Lorica ovalis pequaliter rotundata vel postice acuminata; collo iato brevissimo; membrana scabra non autem ordine granulata. Long. 29-33, lat. 20; coll. alt. 2-4, lat. 4-5 /x. Lismore 238, 242. This species is very distinct; all its forms are easily recognised by the characteristic membrane. The surface is rough all over, not with granules but with minute protuberances irregularly disposed. The colour is generally pale yellow. Var. LONGICOLLIS, n.var. (PI. iv., f.4-6). Lorica et membrana ut in forma typica, collo autem longissimo, recto vel obliquo vel curvato, interdum ore everso. Long. 29-33, lat. 19; coll. alt. 6-7, lat. 3-5, lat. oris 6 /x. Lismore 238. Var. OVATA, n.var. (PL iv., f.7, 8). Lorica ovata, anteriore ovalis, posteriore acuminata, extremo producta conica; collo quadrato vel brevissimo. Long. 34-46, lat. 20-22; coll. alt. 2-6, lat. 5-6; caud. long. 4-6, lat. 3-4 /x. Lismore 237, 238, 241. Var. SCROBICULATA, n.var. (PL iv., f.9). Lorica ut in var. ovata, glabra autem et crasse scrobiculata paene reticulata; collum interdum annulo basali instructum. Long. 36-42, lat. 20-22; coll. alt. 3-4, lat. 4-6; caud. long. 2-5 //.. Lismore 236. The outline in this form is smooth, showing that the surface is level, but the membrane itself is so perforated with wide scro- biculse as to be almost reticulated. BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 29 Var. ELLIPTICA, n.var. (PI. iv., f.lO). Lorica elliptica, a tergo acuminata: collo brevissimo plerumque obliquo; membrana scabra. Long. 31, lat. 16; coll. alt. 2, lat. 7 /x. Lismore 242. Var. CORDATA, n.var. (PI. iv., f.ll). ^ Lorica cordata, a tergo acuminata; collo brevissimo recto. Long. 21, lat. 18; coll. alt. 2, lat. 3-4 /x. Lismore 242. Var. PYGM^A, n.var. (PI. iv., f.21). Lorica ovalis, a tergo in caudam brevissimam tiuncatam pro. ducta; collo lato humillimo; membrana inrequaliter scabra. Long. 34-35, lat. 18-20; coll. alt. 2-3, lat. 9-10 fi. Wyrallah, mere on grass-land. Trachklomonas eurystoma Stein, forma (PI. iv., f.l2). Lorica quam in f. typica magis rotundata, a tergo minus acuminata; collo paullo breviore, emarginato haud sulcato; mem- brana subtilissimeet oblique striata, striis interdum undulatis; colore dilute fusco. Long. 26, lat. 19; coll. alt. 1, lat. 9 /x. Lismore 244. Cf Stein, Naturg. d. Flag., H. 1, Pi. xxii., f.35, whose figure measures 31 x 21. The form found here has a shorter neck, „. ^ r ig. 8. — 1 not sulcate, and with emarginate edge, stein, x 650, after Stein. the mouth not quite so wide. The lorica is pale brown, sometimes with a purple tinge, and is finely and faintly striate obliquely downwards from right to left, not vice versd, as in Euglena and Lepocinclis. The striae are lines of partly coalesced scrobiculse. Var. PRODUCTA, nom.nov. (PI. iv., f.l3). Forma a tergo producta, conica, acuminata. C/. Stein, I.e., f.36. Long. 27, lat. 18; coll. alt. 1, lat. 6 /x. Lismore 244, cum priori. 30 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS, Var. Klebsii mihi. (PI. iv., f.l4). Lorica ovata, a f route rotundata, a tergo modice acuminata, oblique striata; coUo nullo. Long. 24-26, lat. 18; lat. oris 6 /x. Lismore 244, cum prioribus duabus; 245. Syn. Tr. reticulata Klebs, Organiz.ein. Flag., 1885, cf. Dangeard, Les Eugleniens, p. 137, f.43. The name 7'eticulata is unsuitable, as probably the type is reticulate also. Stoker' Tr. ohovata, New Frw. Infus., Amer, Philosopli. Soc, 1890, p. 76, f.l3, is also almost certainly a form of this species; if it is really hispid, it might stand as var. Stokesii mihi, the type being just as much obovate. Tt is possible, however, that it is the same as 7V. reticulata Klebs, and the hispid appearance due to pores running through the walls of the lorica. The inner margin of the mem- brane is often very distinct, while the outer edge is extremely vague; the pores then show as fine granules or setae upon what appears to be the surface. Trachelomonas caudata var. australica, n.var. (PL v., f.l, 2). Lorica ut in forma typica, corpore autem breviore, spinis nullis, membrana aspera. Long. 62-96, lat. 18; coll. long. 14-20, lat. 5; caud. long.18-30, lat. max. 4-6 /x. Lismore 238. Wyrallah, mere on grass-land. This is the nearest I have seen to Stein's Tr. caudata, I.e., PI. xxii., f.39, 40. It has an entirely different sur- face, lacking the spines, and the body is shorter in proportion to the total length. Stein's f.40 agrees perfectly in general dimensions, working out at long. 64 (neck 9, body 41, tail 14), lat. 18 J /x. The slender form of the same breadth was found at Wyrallah, alive Trachelomouas. Fi g. 9. — Tr. cmidata ( Eh Stein, X 650, after Stein It is a genuine BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 31 Trachelomonas acuminata var. amphora, n.vai Lorica, ut in forma typica, corpore inferne latissimo sed lateribus late-rotundatis nee angir latis, ad collum sensim convergentibus. Long. 46, lat. 28 ; coll. alt. 8, lat. 6 ; caud. long. 6/x. Parramatta 136. Like the type, 7V. acumiiiata (Schmarda) Stein, I.e., f.43, this form is smooth and broadest below, but it is regidarly rounded at the sides, not angular. Also it shows the square neck with everted rim which is characteristic of these tailed varieties of Trachelomonas. Schmarda's form has an obliquely sliced-oif neck. The figure given by Stein measures 55 x 32 /x. (Pl.v.,f.3). Fig. 10. Tr. acuminata (Sciimarda) Stein, X 650, after Stein. Trachelomonas urceolata Stokes, forma, (PI Forma longior, corpore inferne modice attenuato; collo paullo oblique truncato; cauda paullulo ob- lique protracta. Long. 54, lat. 20; coll. alt. 8, lat. 4; caud. long. 15/x. Parramatta 136. Cf. Stokes, Frw. Infus. U. S., p.89, PI. i.,f. 26. This is merely an irregular (probably growing) form of the type. The latter has an oblong body, not tapering to either end, with somewhat flattened sides. Size 44 x 20, Stokes. f.4), Fig.ll. Tr. urceolata Stokes, after Stokes. Var. ovALis, n.var. (PI. v., f.5, 6). Forma corpore ovali nee oblongo, lateribus rotundatis nee deplanatis; collo breviore, ore modice everso; cauda brevi inter- dum brevissima. Long. 34-37, lat. 22; coll. alt. 4-6, lat. 6; caud. long, ad 6 /x. Parramatta 136, 165, 166. The tail in this form is only about one-third the usual length, and is sometimes reduced to a mere broad, triangular projection. 32 THE GENUS TRACHELOMON AS^ Var. GiRARDiANA, n.var. (PL v., f.7, 8). Lorica corpore a latere subhexagono, a vertice eirculari; lateri- bus objectis parallelis, planis vel interdum levissime retusis; collo modo brevi, ore obliquo, modo longo recto truncate, ore minute denticulato. Membrana aspera. Long. 38-57, lat. 22-26; coll. alt. 4-6, lat, 6-8; caud. long. 16 fx. Lismore 242. There is some doubt whether this form should be placed under Tr. urceolata, as it comes from a different part of the country, and the membrane is distinct. The latter is irregularly and minutely rough, due probably to depressed scrobiculations, as in Tr. scahra, supra Obtained from swampy ground at the foot of Girard's Hill. Trachelomgnas elkgantissima (G. S. West) mihi. Syn. Di7iohryoii eleyaiitissimum G. S. West, Yan Yean Res., p. 82, fig. 1 OK; Track caudata var. elegantissima Playf., Sydney Water Supply, p. 54 6. From the figure of T7\ caudata given by Stein in his Naturgeschichte der Flagellaten, a copy of which has lately come into my hands, it appears / \ y. that there are too many points of difference for V / ^- 9^ this form to be conveniently arranged as a varia- . \ / T;, § 4i tion of Tr. caudata (Ehr.) Stein. I have made it, j — .2 o therefore, a separate type. West's dimensions are -.—Long, (sine stip.) 34; long. stip. 28; lat. max. 13, lat. coll. 4, lat. oscul. 7*5 /x. Var. OVATA, nom.nov. (PI. v., f.9). Minor quam forma typica, corpore ovato, superne rotundato, inferne acuminato lateribus psene planis ad stipitem convergenti- bus; collo quadrato, lateribus parallelis, ore everso. Long. 38, lat. 9 /x. Sydney Water screenings. Syn. Track, caudata var. elegantissima Playf., I.e., P1.57, f.lL The Victorian form, which I have not yet noted here, is some- what different in shape from mine; I am, therefore, describing the latter as a variation. BY G. I. PLAYFAIR. 33 Trachelomonas napiformis, n.sp. (PI. v., f.lO). Lorica corpore ovato, f route rotundato, a tergo acuminato lateribus modice arcuatis; stipite nullo sed cauda brevi instructa; collo quadrate, lateribus parallelis, ore everso. Primum cauda extrenia atRxa, deinde exsoluta. Long. 34, lat. 18; coll. ait. 8, lat. 6; caud. long. 6 /x. Parramatta 136. All these tailed varieties are plankton-forms. Tr. napiformis and all others in sample No. 136, were obtained from a body of freshwater in Parramatta Park, by passing several gallons of water through filter-paper. Many specimens of this form were noted firmly fixed by the point of the tail, others were swimming free. Syn., Tr.caudata, these Proceedings, 1913, P1.57, f.lO., Forma. Forma lateribus ad caudam convergentibus pfene planis; cauda brevissima, triangulari ; collo oblique truncato nee ore everso; colore psene hyalina. Long. 36, lat. 22; coll. alt. 4, lat. 7 fx. Botany 151. Var. ELEGANS, n.var. (PI. v., f.ll). Major quam f. typica, corpore ovato superne valde angulato, lateribus arcuatis, paullo supra caudam quam l.evissime angulatis, ad caudam convergentibus ; collo quadrato lateribus modice retusis, ore everso valde producto; colore dilutissime fulva. Long. 60 (corp. 40), lat. 30; coll. alt. 8, lat. 8, lat. oris 16; caud, long. 12/x, Duck Creek near Clyde. Several specimens observed in a sample obtained by filtering a considerable volume of water. Trachelomonas sESSiLis,^n.sp. (PL v., f.l2). Lorica corpore late-ovato psene triangulari, superne latissimo, abhinc lateribus rapide ad basin convergentibus, inferne acute- rotundato, cauda nulla; collo longo recto, lateribus parallelis, ore everso; colore dilutissime fulva; primum sessilis. ^ ' k'^' Long. 26, lat. 20; coll. alt. 8, lat. 6 /x. Parramatta 136. LIBR ARVr .V ^-"'^ J- 34 THE GENUS TRACHELOMON AS, Var. MINIMA, n.var. (PI. v., f.l3). Forma minima nee ore everso. Long. 9, lat. 5 /x. Fairfield. Noted in a gathering squeezed out of Myriophyllum in Orphan School Creek. Var. ELEGANS, n.var. (PL v., f.l4). Lorica corpore breviore quam in var. minima-, collo autem longiore, ore everso valde producto; basi per papillam affixa. Long. 13, lat. 5J/x. Guildford 88. Trachelomonas triquetra, n.sp. (PI. v., f.l5). Loriea corpore superne exacte rectangulari lateribus rectis parallelis, inferne acuminato lateribus planis rapide ad caudam convergentibus; collo recto brevi; cauda brevi; membrana tenui scrobiculataC?). Lorica a vertice triquetra. Long. 40, lat. 20 /x. Parramatta 136. Several of this shape seen alive among a great variety of other tailed forms (Parramatta 136). All these plankton-forms of Trachelom,onas have thin transparent membranes, dull and rather irregular in texture (scrobiculate*?) and are all very pale-coloured, pale brown, biscuit or flesh-colour. Trachelomonas gibberosa, n.sp. (PI. v., f.16-18). Lorica inflata rhomboidea, utrinque valde angulata, in medio latissima, lateribus superne ad collum inferne ad caudam rapide convergentibus, psene rectis; collo plerumque oblique truncato interdum ore everso; cauda acutissima; membrana hyalina vel dilutissime f ulva. Long. 32-56, lat. 16-30; coll. alt. 8, lat. 6-7; caud. long, ad 20 [x. Parramatta 136, 165, 166. Auburn 120. Almost all the tailed forms of IVachelomonas may be found now and again with obliquely truncate necks. BY G. PLAYPAIR. 35 Var. ROTUNDA, n.var. (PI. v., f. 19). Lorica corpore utrinque inflato, depresso, lateribus yequaliter rotundatis; collo quadrato ore everso; cauda obtusa subito e basi corporis oriente. Long. 28, lat. 17; coll. alt. 8, lat. 6; caud. long. 10, lat. max. 4 /x. Parramatta 136. Trachelomonas subglobosa, n.sp. (PI. v., f.20, 21). Lorica insequaliter subglobosa, fronte leviter deplanata, inter- dum inferne levissirae acuminata; collo lato humillimo; mem- brana interdum scrobiculata, dilutissime fulva. Long. 22-26, lat. 22; coll. alt. 2, lat. 6-8 ^. Parramatta 136; Duck Creek near Clyde. In spite of its obvious likeness to Tr. oblonga var. australica, this "species" is biologically connected with the tailed forms described above, in company with which the two specimens figured were found. All these forms have a tendency to be slightly irregular in outline, and this may be noted here also. The membrane, too, is similar, and the acuminate character of the hinder end in Fig. 20 points in the same direction. List of Synonyms. Tr. reticulata Klebs, Organ, ein. Flag., p.320, 1881-85, = rr. eurystoma var. Klebsii mihi. The name ^''reticulata'' being un- suitable in a variation. Tr. crenatocollis Maskell, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 1886, P1.3, f.3, = Tr. hispida var. cr-enatocollis (Maskell) mihi; cf. Stein, I.e., T.xxii., f.24; Dangeard, Les Eugleniens, p. 135, f.41 A. Tic^M ■^Lq.lk Fig. 13. — Tr. torta Stokes. Fig. 14. — Tr. euchlora var. ■■iimilis (Stokes) mihi. Fig. 15. — TV. eurystoma var. StoTcesii mihi. Fig, 16. — Tr. hispida var. piscatoris (Fisher) mihi. All after Stokes. 36 THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS^ Tr. torta Kellicott, in Stokes, Iiifus. U. S., p. 87, P].l,f.24, \^^'S = Crumenida texta Du].,^ Euglena viridis Vcivvsl form, c/! Stein, T. xx., f.26. Stokes, in his figure, has put in the strise from both sides of the test; there is only one set of stri?e, as shown by Stein. I have often found these empty tests in mixed gatherings. Tr. piscatot^is (Fisher) Stokes, Journ. Trenton Nat. Hist. Soc, 1886; Infus. U. S., p.88, PLl, f.25, 18SS (Lagiincula ^nscatoris Fisher, Proc. Amer. Soc. Micr., 1880), = 7'?-. hispida var. piscatoi'is (Fisher) milii. 7V. cervicula Stokes, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, p. 75, f. 1 1, 1890, = 7V. volvocina var. ceriiicula (Stokes) mihi. 7V. similis Stokes, ibid., p. 76, i. 12, = Tr. euchloi'a var. si^nilis (Stokes) mihi. Tr. ohovata Stokes, ihid., p. 76, f.l3 = Tr. eurystoma var. Stokesii mihi. The name ^''obovata^' is unsuitable in the variation, as the type itself and var. Klebsii, supra, are both obovate. Tr. volvocina var. minuta Lemm., Bot. Centralblatt, Bd. 76, p. 152, 1898. Size not known, has probably been included here with the type. Tr. layeiiella Dangeard, Les Eugleniens, p. 132, f.40, 1902 (not Ehrenberg nor Stein), = Tr. oralis Playf., Biol. Richm. R., p. 141, PL viii , f.4; but cf. Tr. teres Maskell. The decided neck, gener- ally slanting, is characteristic of Tr. euchlora {layenella). Such forms as depicted by Dangeard are just as likely to be smooth forms of Tr. hisjnda (Stein, T. xxii., f.23), or Tr. armata, or Tr. teres Maskell, without a neck. It is best to keep such forms by themselves where possible. Foryns not yet obse7'ved here. The exact types were not observed of Tr. euchlora {lagenella) (Ehr.) Lemm., I'r. armata (EXw.) Stein, Tr. caudata (EhY .) ^tQm, Tr. acumiwda (Schmarda) Stein, Tr. bulla Stein, Tr. eurystoma Stein, Tr. urceolata Stokes, Tr. Volzii Lemm., 7'r. elegantissi7na (G. S. West) mihi, but only very similar forms. Tr. volvocina f3 rugulosa (Stein) Klebs, = Tr. rugulosa Stein, I.e., f.l2, 13. Cy: Dangeard, ^.c, p.l28, f.39. A form of Tr. volvocina with minute ridf^es in slanting lines across the surface. BY G. 1. PLAYFAIR. 37 Dangeard's form is so entirely different from Stein's Tr. rmgulosa, that I propose to make it a distinct variety under the name of 7V. volvocina var. Dafigeardii, nom.nov. Tr. volvocina y hyalina Klebs, Organ. ein. Flag., p.3 19. 'I'he body of the animalcule is ^^^^^^ ^ devoid of chlorophyll. Tr. hispidd f3 cylindrica Klebs, I c; cf. Dangeard, I.e., p.l35(no figure). This must be a smaller form of Tr. his-Y^^^-j^Tr. volvocina ^ rug ulosa[i>,tem) pida var. rextangidaris Br. Klebs. a x 650, after Stein; ?>, after Schroder, Ploner Berichte, Bd . Dangeard. v.,T.ii.,f.8; Stein, T.xxii, f.34. As Dangeard remarks that it is much smallei- than the type, the dimensions of Avhich are roughly 30 x 20 /x, it must be quite minute. Tr. hispida var. suharmata Br. Schroder, I.e., p. 49, T.l, f.7. A broadly oval form a little larger than the type, with longer spines at each end. Schroder's figure gives dimensions of 37 x 29 /x, Tr. hispida var. punctata Lemra., von Dr. Volz ges. Siiss- wasseralg., p. 165, 1 904 (no figure). Oval, closely and finely punc- tate, with a low, straight, truncate neck. Fig. 18.^ — Tr. spinosa Stokes, after Stokes. Fig. 19. — Tr. ar^nata var. Steinii Lemm., x 650, after Stein. Fig. 20. — 7V. hiUla var, regulariu-s Lemm., x 1000, after Lemmermaun. Tr. hidla var. regularius Lemm., ibid., T.xi., f.6. Long elliptic, 30 X 14 /x, with numerous, very short scattered spines, no neck 38 THE GKNUS TRACHELOMONAS, T doubt whether this form is best arranged under 2V. bulla Stein. The characteristics of the latter are all wanting, viz , the ovate body, long neck, and smooth (or very slightly denticulate) mem- brane. 7?'. bulla itself, indeed, is of very doubtful validity, and were it not for the fact that its forms are generally smooth, it would probably before this have been arranged as a tail-less variant of Tr. caudata. Lemmermann's form goes best under 7>'. spinosa Stokes, infra; note that in both forms, and in these two only, all the spines point backwards. T7\ oblo7iga var. truncata Leram., ibid., T. xi., f.7, 8; Reise n.d. Pacific, p. 344, 1899. Lorica oblong, 12-13 /x long, 11 /x broad, truncate in front, squarely rounded below, with a short straight truncate neck, membrane smooth. Tr. acanthostoma Stokes, Infus. U. S., p. 89, no fig., 1888; Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1887. Lorica subspherical, brown, two or more irregular rows of short conical spines round the orifice, no neck, membrane punctate, length 36 /x. Tr. spinosa Stokes, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1890, p. 7 6, f.l4. Lorica oval, l\ times as long as broad; ends equally and evenly rounded; spines slightly recurved, pointing backwards, longest posteriorly : neck short, smooth, truncate, slightly narrowed above; length 42 /x. The recurved spines, pointing backwards, are characteristic of this type; cf. Tr. bulla viir. regidarius Lemm., supra. Tr. ar.si^07i.ga, n.var. ;( X 850). Plate iv. Fig. 1. —Trachelomonas verrucosa Stokes. Figs. 2, 3. ,, scahra, x\.H^. Figs. 4-6. ,, ,, var. longicollis, n.var. Figs. 7, 8. ,, ,, var. oj^ai^a, n.var. Fig. 9. ,, ,, var. scrobicidata, n var. Fig. 10. ,, ,, var. elliptica, n.var. * Fig.ll. ,, ,, var. cor(iaia, n. var. Fig. 12. ,, eury stoma Steiu, iornvA. Fig. 13. ,, ,, va.v. pi'odticta mihi. Fig. 14. ,, ,, var. Klebsii mihi. Figs. 15, 16. ,, Sydney ensis, n.sp. Fig. 17. ,, ,, var. o5^o?ig'a, n. var. Fig.18. ,, ,, var. minima, n.var. Fig. 19. ,, ,, var. obesa, n.vai-. Fig. 20. ,, armata var. longispina, n.var. Fig.21. ,, scabra v&v. pygmcea, n.vdiY. Plate V. Figs. 1, 2. — Trachelomonas candata var. australica, n.var. ;( x 660). Fig. 3. ,, acuminata var. amphora, n.var. Fig. 4. ,, arceolata Stokes, forma. BY G. PLAYFAIR. 41 Figs. 5, 6. — Trachelomoims urceolata var. ovalis, n.var. Fij^s,7, 8. ,, ,, var. Gir^ar diaiia, n.xoir. Fig. 9. ,, elegantissima var. ovata mi hi. Fig. 10. ,, napi/o7-niis, n.sp. Fig. 11. ,, ,, v^ar. e^eyan-s, n.var. ;( X 660) Fig. 12. ,, sessilis, n.sp. Fig. 13. ,, ,, var. mmima, n.var. ;( X 20OO). Fig. 14. ,, ,, var. e^e^ra^ts, n.var. ;( X 2000). Fig. 15. ,, triqtietra, n.sp.; a, end view. Figs.16-18. ,, y ibberosa, u.sp. 'Fig. 19. ,, ,, var. rohinda, n.var. Figs. 20, 21. ,, ^iihglohosa, u.'&p. 42 THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF SOME XEROPHYTIC NATIVE GRASSES. By E. Breakwell, B.A., B.Sc. (Thirteen Text-figures.) The grasses examined were : — Spiiiifex hirsutus Labill., (male plant), Fanicum flavidwni Retz., Themeda avenacea Hackel, Astrehla pectinata F.v.M., Neurachne Mitchelliana Nees, Pani- cum decGmposituni R.Br., Chloris acicularis Lindl., PanicuTn leucophcmim H.B.K., P. Benthami Domin, Eragrostis lacunaria F.V.M., and E. curvula var. valida Stapf. These grasses, with the exception of the first, were obtained from the Nyngan district. Spinifex hirsutus Labill., (male). Hah.— On the sea-shores throughout Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. Growth-form. — Grows in the form of tufts. Stems creeping at the base. Leaves intensely hairy, felted in appearance, and soft. The ventral surface is much more hairy than the dorsal. The latter surface is thrown into depressions. Leaf-anatomy (Fig.l). — A transverse section of a leaf shows a thick cuticle. The epidermal cells on the ventral surface are fairly regular in character, mostly rounded, and small-lumened. The stomata (St.) on this surface are numerous, and, in all cases, sunk in depressions. These depressions are formed by the cells bounding the stomata assuming a cylindrical shape, and being raised above the general level of the epidermal surface. The epidermal cells of the dorsal surface are larger than those of the ventral. The former surface is thrown into ridges of two dis- tinct consecutive sizes, viz., a smaller one to be followed by one twice its depth. The epidermal cells on the crests of the larger ridges are two- layered, and smaller than those bounding the smaller ridges. BY E. BREAKWELL. 43 44 XEROPHYTIC NATIVE GRASSES, The epidermal cells (B.) in the depressions are very large, and, although not distinctly bulliform in character, by their position and arrangement probably aid in the rolling of the leaf. The stomata are numerous, and invariably occur on the sides of the depressions. They are themselves sunk, being bounded by epidermal cells similar to those on the ventral surface. In the rolled-up position of the leaf, these stomata would be completely concealed. There are two kinds of bundles, viz., those (M.B^) in the narrow bands, closed, and not bounded by hypoderma; and those (M.B2) in the wider bands, also closed, but bounded on the ventral surface by hypoderma. The smaller bundles (M.B3) are completely surrounded by chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma, and contain no xylem-elements. The larger bundles (M.B.^) are similar in character. They are oval-shaped, and completely surrounded by chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma. The phloem does not present any noteworthy features. The xylem, however, is characteristic in nature. All the vessels are extremely large, much larger than in any other grass examined, more or less uniform in size, and with very narrow lumens. Between the epidermis of the dorsal face and the larger bundles are three to four rows of large, uncoloured parenchyma- cells, probably functioning as water-storage cells. Coiiclusio7i. — The large, uncoloured parenchyma-cells, the ex- tremely large xylem-elements, the depressed stomata, the narrow- lumened epidermal cells, the intensely hairy surfaces, all aid in the storage of water; to this purpose, the development of hypoderma (stereome; seems to be sacrificed. ^ote. —The presence of hairs, which are extremely numerous, is not indicated in the diagram. Explanation of References. H., Hypoderma — P., Phloem — X., Xylem — C.P., Chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma — B., Bulliform cells— M.S., Mestome-sheath — St., Stoma — U.P. , Uncoloured parenchyma— M.Bj, Primary bundle — M.Bj, Special form of secondary bundle — M.Bj, Secondary bundle — M.B^, Intermediate type of bundle — S.p.P. , Sub-papillose protuberance — T. , Trichome — V.S., Ventral surface — D.S., Dorsal surface. BY E. breakwp:li>. 45 Panicum flavidum Retz. Hah. — New South Wales, Queensland, and tropical Asia. In this State, it is most common on the better class of soils. Growth-form. —Tufted, bases of stems knotted but not bulbous; adventitious roots strong, long, and not typically fibrous. Leaves rigid, and often broad and scabrous. Leaf-anatomy (Fig. 2). — The stomata (St.) are confined to the dorsal surface, while the bulliform cells are arranged in groups of six or seven, and occur in depressions. The bundles are of three kinds (M.B^), open below, but bounded on the dorsal and ventral surfaces by hypoderma. The secondary bundles (M.B3) are completely enclosed by chlorophyll-bearing cells, and not bounded by hypodermal fibre. Tlie bundles(M.B4) are open on the ventral surface, but bounded by hypoderma only on that surface. The bundles of this series contain xylem as well as phloem. The xylem of the bundles is better developed than in any of the other Panicums examined. The midrib is well developed, and contains three primary bundles (M. Bj), and two bundles (M.B4) of an intermediate type. The uncoloured parenchyma-cells are in two or three bands. The hypodermal development of the leaf is large, and raises the surface at these points above the general level of the epidermis. Conclusion. — The dorsal position of the stomata, the bulliform cells, the well developed hypoderma, the large and numerous xylem-elements, are the principal xerophytic features of this grass. Themeda avenacea Hackel. Hah. — Throughout Australia (except Tasmania). In this State, it grows principally on the black soils of the northern tablelands and north-western interior. Groivthform. — Very tussocky, with well developed root-system. Bases of stems not bulbous. Leaves extremely coarse and rigid, mostly confined to the base of the plant. Leaf anatomy (Fig. 3). — The epidermal cells are small. The stomata are confined to the dorsal surface. Groups of bulliform cells, in series of five or six, occur. 46 XEROPHYTIC NATIVE GRASSES, The grass has a very distinct midrib. The mid-primary bundle is very large, contains well developed xylem-elements, and is bounded dorsally and ventrally by a large development of hypo- derma. There are three primary bundles in the midrib, and the development of uncoloured parenchyma-cells on the dorsal surface is large. The bundles are confined mostly to the primary (M.Bj) or the intermediate (M.B4) types. The latter are characteristic, being close to the ventral surface, open, and bounded by hypoderma. There is, thus, a large development of palisade-tissue towards the dorsal surface. Conclusion. — This grass presents some characteristic features. The harsh, rigid character of the leaves in the field is due to the extreme development of hypodermal fibre, greater, perhaps, in this grass than in any other examined. On this development of hard tissue, and on the bulliform cells, the grass evidently depends for its xerophytic characteristics. ASTREBLA PECTINATA F.V.M. Hab.—^ew South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory, Western and South Australia. In this State, it is found both on the red and black soils in the northern and western interior. Growth-form. — Tufted, bases of stems bulbous. It is particu- larly characterised by the rapidity with which leaf-growth takes place at the joints under moist conditions. Leaf-anatomy (Figs. 4-5). — The epidermal cells of the ventral surface are much larger than those of the dorsal. The cuticle is moderately thick, but not so thick as in Spinifex hirsutus Labill. The stomata (St.) are confined solely to the dorsal surface, and are on the sides of groups of bulliform cells. The latter (B.) are in groups of five. The middle bulliform cell is the largest, and the two on each side of decreasing dimensions. There appears to be no doubt, from the shape and arrangement of these cells, that they aid in closing the leaf, in which case the stomata would be hidden. The bundles are of three kinds, viz., primary (M.Bi), secondary (M.B3), and a special form of secondary (M.B2). The primary BY E. BREAKWELL 48 XEROPHYTIC NATIVE GRASSES, bundles are open above and below, and bounded by hypoderma. The special forms of secondary bundles contain phloem only, and are bounded, both on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, by hypo- derma. These are the most numerous in the leaf. The secondary bundles are completely enclosed, contain phloem only, and have no hypoderma either on the dorsal or vential surfaces. As will be seen from Fig. 4, the arrangement of the bundles is irregular; two primary bundles may occur consecutively, the only difference being in the larger size of one of them. Between each pair of bundles, colourless parenchyma-cells extend for almost the whole distance between the two surfaces. These cells are large, irregular in size, and separated in all cases from the chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma by palisade-tissue. Conclusion. — A comparison of the structure of the leaf of this grass with that of Spinifex hirsutus presents some interesting features. The development of hypoderma in Astrehla pectinata is much greater than in S. hirsutus. This hypoderma (stereome), besides aiding in the mechanical strengthening of the leaf, also helps to repress transpiration The characteristic bands of colourless parenchyma-cells, present in this grass, are absent in *S'. hirsutus. It is probable that these bands of cells are utilised for the assimilation of the palisade-tissue. In the field, a note- worthy feature of the grass is the rapid development of new leaves from every node of the stem. The arrangement and dis- tribution of the colourless parenchyma would allow light to penetrate readily into the palisade-tissue, even in the roUed-up position of the leaf-bud, and thus materially aid in the develop- ment of the leaf. Another feature distinguishing it from >S'. hirsutus is the undepressed nature of the stomata. The means adapted for rigidity, assimilation, and xerophytism in A. pecti7iata are thus different from those of the halophytic Spinifex, previously under review. Neurachnk Mitchelliana Nees. Hab. — Interior of all the States, except Tasmania and Western Australia. In this State, it seems to be more common on the red than on the black soils. BY E. BREAKWELL. 49 Gi'owth-foriJi.^Tuited, bases of stems extremely bulbous and hairy. Leaves rigid, pungent, and very hairy. Leaf-anatoiiny (Fig, 6). — In this grass, the stomata are confined to the dorsal surface. Groups of bulliform cells occur between the bundles. There are only two kinds of bundles, viz., primary (M.Bj), and a special form of secondary (M.Bj). The hypoderma is thus well developed under all the bundles. The primary bundles are more numerous than in any of the other grasses examined Trichomes are very numerous. Conclusion. — The trichomes, the position of the stomata, the bulliform cells^ the large number of primary bundles, and the well developed hypoderma, are the principal xerophytic charac- teristics of this grass. Panicum dkcompositum (R.Br.). Hah. —Throughout Australia. It reaches its best development, in this State, on the red and black soils of the interior. Growth-form. — Tufted. Stems very large and succulent. Base of stems bulbous. Leaves large, wide, and rather flaccid. Leaf-anatomy (Fig. 7).— The epidermal cells on the ventral surface are large, round, and fairly regular in size. Those developed over the hypoderma, however, are smaller and have thicker walls. Bulliform cells (B.), in groups of three, occur between the bundles. The stomata (St.) are, for the most part, arranged on the sides of the bulliform cells. Tliree kinds of bundles are present, viz., primary (M.Bj), secondary (M.Bg), and a special form of secondary (M.Bg). The secondary and the special form of secondary are about equal in numbers. The hypodermal tissue (H.) is not as well developed as in P. Jiavidum. Groups of colourless parenchyma-cells (U. P.) extend between the bundles from the dorsal surface, about half the dis- tance to the ventral surface. Conclusion. — This is the only Panic-grass examined, in which the bands of colourless parenchyma occur, evidently adapted to aid assimilation. The grass, according to its leaf-anatomy, is not as xerophytic as P. favidum, and this is also borne out by its behaviour in the field. XEROPHYTIC NATIVE GRASSES, I 00 oo. I BY E, BREAKWELL. 51 Chloris acicularis Lindl. Hah. — Throughout Australia, except Tasmania. Very cos- mopolitan, as regards its situation in this State. Growth-form. — Tufted, somewhat rosette-shaped, bases of stems not bulbous, adventitious roots strongly developed, leaves fairly rigid and pungent. Leaf-anato7ny (Fig.S). — The stomata(St.) are confined to the dorsal surface, and are arranged on the edges of groups of three well developed bulliform cells (B.). The bundles are either primary (M.Bj), or a special form of secondary (M.B2). They are large, with well developed xylem-elements. The hypoderma is very well developed. Bands of colourless parenchyma-cells ex- tend between the bundles for about three-quarters of the distance between the two surfaces. Conclusion. — This grass presents typical xerophytic features in the development of hypoderma, in the bands of colourless parenchyma-cells, in the position of the stomata, and in the bulliform cells. PaNICUM LEUCOPHiEUM H.B.K. Hah. — Throughout Australia, particularly in the interior. Also in tropical Africa and America. It is very partial to shady situations. Growth-form. — Tufted, bases of stems bulbous and hairy. Leaves narrow and rather flaccid. Leaf-anatomy (Fig 9). — The epidermal cells on the ventral surface are interrupted by stomata, and trichomes (T.) are numerous. On the dorsal surface, bulliform cells, in groups of five, occur between the bundles; and stomata, as a rule, occur on one side of these groups of cells. ^ Trichomes are numerous on this surface also. The bundles are of three types, viz., primary (M.Bj), secondary (M.B3), and a special form of secondary (M. Bo). The secondary bundles, with no hypoderma, are most numerous. Conclusion. — This is the least xerophytic of all the Panic- grasses examined. The hypoderma is comparatively weakly developed, the bundles are small, and the bulliform cells are not 52 XEROPHYTIC NATIVE GRASSES, BY E. BREAKWELL. 53 SO distinctly fan-shaped as in the others. My experience of the grass in the field is that, while its rootstock is extremely per- manent and drought-resisting, the foliage quickly withers under drought-conditions. Panicum Benthami Domin. Hab. — Interior and northern tablelands of the State. The grass occurs principally on the black or alluvial soils. Growth-form. — Tufted, extreme stem-development, bases of stems hairy but not bulbous, leaves fairly coarse and rigid. Leaf-anatomy {¥'\g.\^) . — Stomata were seen only on the ventral surface. On the dorsal surface, the bulliform cells (B.), arranged in groups of five or six between the bundles, are large, and form slight depressions. The bundles are of two kinds, viz., primary (M.B^), and a special form of secondary (M. Bo j. Hypoderma is developed under all the bundles. Conclusion. — The order of xerophytism of the Panic-grasses according to their leaf-structure^ is thus as ioWov^s: - {\) Panicum favidum, (2) P. decompositum, (3) P. Benthami, and {i)P. leuco- phcEuyn. This corresponds, in my experience, to their behaviour in the field. Eragrostis lacunaria F.v.M. Hah. — ^In the interior of all the States, except Tasmania and Western Australia. In the interior of this State, it is very common on the red soils. Growth form.— A. small, tufted grass, bases of stems not bulbous, leaves rigid and rather coarse. Leaf-anatomy (Figs.11-12). — The epidermal cells on the ventral surface are irregular in size. Trichomes are numerous. A striking feature of some of these trichomes is their large size. The latter are arranged on groups of four or five, large, epidermal cells, somewhat fan-shaped in character; the whole structure may be called a sub-papillose protuberance (S. p. P.). On the dorsal surface, groups of six bulliform cells occur between the bundles; they are situated in depressions, and have stomata (St.) on their edges. 54 XEROPHYTIC NATIVE GRASSES, BY E. BREAKWELL. 55 The bundles are of four kinds, viz., primary (M.Bi), secondary (M.B3), and a special form of secondary (M.B,), and those of an intermediate type (M.B^). They are about equal in numbers. The xylem in the bundles consists, for the most part, of small vessels. Conclusio7i. — The xerophytism of this grass is shown by its trichomes, bulliform cells, and well developed hypoderma. Eragrostis curvula var. valida Stapf. Hai. — South Africa, and probably the United States of America. It occurs only under cultivation in this State. Growtk-form. — Tussocky, stems hard and woody, adventitious roots long and tough. Leaves long, coarse, but rather flaccid. Leaf -anatomy (Fig. \^. Stomata occur on both surfaces. Tri- chomes are absent. The bulliform cells are characteristic; they occur in distinct depressions, and the middle one is very large. All the bundles (M.Bi) are primary, and contain large xylem- elements. Hypoderma is very well developed. Conclusion. — This grass, an introduced one, is under review for the purpose of comparing it with E. lacunaria. Both are growing side by side at Nyngan Demonstration Farm, and both are showing well marked xerophytism. It will be noticed that the leaves of E. curvnia var. valida, which are very long, have much better developed hypoderma and xylem-elements than E. lacunaria: this is probably for the purpose of maintaining the rigidity of the leaf. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Haberlandt — Physiological Plant- Anatomy. Hamilton, A. G. — Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1914, p. 152. Holm, Dr. — Botauical Gazette, xlvi. Ogden, E. L. — U. S. Dept. Agric. : Divti. of Agrostology. Bulletin No. 8. ScHiMPER— Plant-Geography. SoLERKDER — Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Suckling, E. L.— Trans. Proc. N. Zealand Inst., xlvi., 1913, p. 178. Warming, E. — Oecology of Plants. 56 AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA. Part ii. By Esben-Petersen, Silkeborg. (Plates vi.-xiii.; and two text-figs.) (Communicated by TF, W. Froggatt, F.L.S.) In the following notes, which may be looked upon as prelimin- ary ones only, I hope to give a contribution to the knowledge of the Australian fauna of Myrmeleonidee. Unfortunately, ] have not been able to work out the two large genera MyrmeUon and Formiccdeon, so that lack of material necessitates the postpone- ment of this work until more material is at hand. My best thanks are due to the (lOvernment Entomologist, Mr. W. W. Froggatt, and to my friend, Mr. R. J. Tillyard, for loans and gifts of material. Table of Genera of Australian Myrmeleonid.^.. l.ln the hind wing, only one crossvein (rarely two) before the origin of the radial sector 2. In thehindwing, tliree or more crossveins before the origin of the radial sector 12. 2. No spurs •>• Spurs present 5. 3. In theforewing, lA runs directly into the hindmargin. M and Cw^ unite before tip of wing Chrysoleon Bks. In the forewing, Cu„ and lA unite before margin. M and Cuj run separately into the margin of the wing. ... 4. 4. Legs rather stout. In the forewing, C forks at the origin of radial sector Gymnocnemia^cliu. Legs long and slender. In the forewing, C forks much beyond origin of radial sector, always at origin of first branch of ladial sector Froggattisca mihi. 5. Basal joint of tarsi longer than apical one. In the forewing, Cu^ runs parallel to Cui for some distance 6. Basal joint of tarsi shorter than apical one. In the forewing, Cuo does not run parallel to Cu^ 7. 6. Some of the crossveins in the costal area of the forewing united (two series of cells); the bent branches of radial sector in forewing form, or tend to form, a straight line through the apical part of wing. In hindwing, several rows of cells between Cu^ and hind margin.... Protoplfctron Gerst. BY ESBEN-PETERSEN. 57 In the forewing, the crossveins in the costal area are simple, the branches of radial sector not forming any straight line. In hind- wing, two rows of cells betweed Cuj and hind margin Pseudo/ormicaleo Weele. 7. Spurs as long as, or longer than, first four tarsal joints together Distohon Bks. Spurs shorter than first four tarsal joints together 8. 8. Hind margin of the wings excavated; wings with lustrous markings.... Periclystus G erst. Hind margin of the wings not excavated ; wings without lustrous markings 9. 9. Legs short, stout and strongly haired. Spurs strongly curved, and as long as the first three tarsal joints together FormicaUon. Bks. Legs rather long and slender, not strongly haired. Spurs shorter than the first three tarsal joints together 10. 10. Abdomen long and slender, especially in S- I" forewing, Cu forks before origin of radial sector Macronemurus Costa. Abdomen of usual size. In forewing, Cu forks beyond the origin of radial sector ^ 11. 11. Wings long and narrow. Legs ver}' slender. Each of second, third, and fourth tarsal joints longer than broad. Spurs nearly as long as first and second joints united Dtndroleon Br. Wings broad or rather broad. Legs rather stout (when slender, the wings are very broad). Second, third, and fourth tarsal joints not longer than broad. Spurs a little longer than first joint Glenoltoii Bks. 12.Legs stout, short, and strongly haired. The bent branches of radial sector form a straight line through the middle of the apical part of wi ngs ^ Acanthaclins Rbr. Legs rather slender, haired. No straight line through the middle of the apical part of wings .. 13. iS.In both wings, M and Cu^ unite long before tip of wings CallUtoleon Bks. M and Cu^ do not unite Myrmehon L. The Malayan genus Episahis Gerst., is not included in this Table. ACANTHACLISIS. Rambur, Hist. Nat. Ins. Nevr., p.378(1842). The Australian species of this genus diflPer from the European. African ones in regard to the shape of the spurs. In Acantha- clisis occitanica, A. bcetica, and A. distincta, the basal part of the spurs is broad, nearly straight; and forms, together with the 8 58 AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA, ii., pointed apical part, almost a right angle. In the Australian species, A. subtendens, A. fuiidata, A. fulva, A. suhfasciata, A. maclachlarii, and A. mmulata, the spurs have no broad basal part, and they are more or less gradually curved, not angular. A. subtendens, A. fundata, A.Julva, and partly also A. sub/asciata, agree with the A. occitanica-gvoup as to the shape and neuration of wings, the strongly haired and sliort legs, the length of tarsal joints, and the habitual appear- ance. A. maclachlani and A. annulata, however, differ with regard to their longer and nar- rower wings, their shorter spurs, and their relatively longer tibiae and tarsal joints. In the neu- ration o£ wings, there are also differences. Navas has founded a new genus, Cosina, including C .maclachlani and C. neozela7id- ica (the latter unknown to me); but it seems to me, that the generic characters mentioned by Fig.l.-Internal spur of left tibia, j^-^ ^^^ ^^^^ Satisfactory. I seen from inner side, in: a, A. , , ^i , ., , ^ , . J. . A think, tor the present, that it anmdata', h, A. subtendejis; c, A. ' ^ ' fundata; d, A. bcetica. will be preferable to retain the Australian species in Aca^itha- clisis, and place them in two groups : the A. fmidata-grouip, and the A. maclachlani-grow^. Below, I give a Table of the Australian species known to me. l.In the hindwing, 6-8crossveins before origin of radial sector. Cuj runs into hind margin of hindwing opposite to, or behind, origin of radial sector (^./imda^a-group) 2. In the hindwing, 11-16 crossveins before origin of radial sector. Cu2 runs into the hind margin much before origin of radial sector [A. madachlani-groni>) 5. 2.Forewing with four rather indistinct transverse bands... .sw6/asciaia Bks. No transverse bauds on forewing 3. 3. Length of forewing at least 70 mm ; nervature ;^ellowish-red and black fulva Esb-Pet. Lengtii of forewing not 50 mm. ; nervature yellowish -white and black 4. BY ESBEN-PETERSEN. 59 4.Cubital area in the forewing (the space between the stem of C\, the Cuo, and the first anal vein) with only one row of cellules (exceptionally, two rows are indicated). Cu^ and Cu„ proportionately wide apart. The line formed by bent branches from Cu^ rather indistinct fundata Walk. Cubital area in the forewing with two rows of cellules in its middle. Cuj and Cu.3 not wide apart. The line fonned by bent branches from Cuj distinct and straight suhtendens Walk. 5. Thorax above with only two small yellowish spots on mesoscutellum. Abdomen with narrow, j^ellowish, transverse bands maclachlani Weele. Thorax above with large yellowish spots. Abdomen with broad, yellow- ish, transverse bands anmdata, n.sp. AcANTHACLisis ANNULATA, sp.nov. (Plates vi., fig. 1 ; vii., fig.9.) Face and labrum yellowish; labial and maxillary palpi yellow- ish; apical joint of labial palpi brown exteriorly; above the antennae, (which are lost) a transverse blackish-brown streak. Vertex blackish-brown, touching the transverse streak in its middle, and with some indistinct pale spots; above the transverse streak and close to each of the eyes, a yellowish triangular spot. Vertex rather raised. Prothorax hardly as long as broad, trapezoid, brownish-black, with four yellowish spots along the front margin; four triangular, transversely placed, spots in the middle; hind margin yellowish, abrupted in the middle. Along the side margins, long white and black hairs. Mesothorax brownish-black, with four large yellowish spots, and some small and indistinct ones, along the front and lateral margins. Meta- thorax brownish-black, with five yellowish spots. Meso- and metathorax whitish-haired. First abdominal segment above, black; second black, with narrow yellowish front margin and broader hind margin; third to sixth black, with broad yellow front, and hind margin; seventh and^ eighth black, with yellow posterior half ; ninth brownish-black, with yellowish forceps, which are nearly as long as seventh and eighth segments united. Forceps provided with long blackish hairs exteriorly, and with strong, blackish, basally directed bristles interiorly. Wings long and narrow, with acute tips. Longitudinal nervures yellowish white or yellowish-red, blackish-banded. Cross veins mostly blackish, broadly blackish-shaded. In the 60 AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA, 11. hindwings, 1 1 crossveins before origin of radial sector. Cubital area in the forewing with two rows of cellules in its middle. Length of forewing, 45-50; of hind wing, 43-46 mm. Southern Cross, W. Australia; one male (type), 1912, W. W. Froggatt (Coll. Froggatt) — Broken Hil], N.S.W.; one male (Coll. Tillyard). ACANTHACLISIS MACLACHLANI. v.d. Weele, Notes Leyd. Mus., xiv., p.210(1904). I have seen two males of this species, one from Bernier Is., N. W. Austra]ia,(W. W. Froggatt leg.) and one from Port Dar- win (Dodd leg.). In one specimen, the membrane of the wings is almost quite hyaline, and the veins indistinctly shaded with brown; in the other specimen, tlie membrane of the forewings gets a brownish-black aspect from the broadly marginated veins. Thorax and abdomen are blackish-brown. Mesoscutellum with two small, but distinct yellowish spots Abdominal segments above with narrowly yellowish hind margin. In the hindwing, 16-17 crossveins before origin of radial sector. Cubital area in forewing with two rows of cellules in its middle part. Type in Mus. Leyden. AcANTHACLisis SUBFASCIATA. (Plate xiii., fig. 27.) Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xv., p. 141 (1913). This species is easily recognised by its banded forewings. The intercubital area in forewings acutely angulated basally; the cubital area narrow and long, with one row of cellules. I have seen one specimen from North Queensland (Dodd leg.). ACANTHACLISIS FULVA. Esben-Petersen, Ent. Mitt., i., p.269(1912). No doubt this species is the largest in the genus, the forewing measuring 72 mm., and the hindwing 69 mm. Nervures reddish-yellow, and black-banded. Eight to eleven crossveins at the base of costal area of forewing, simple. In hindwing, 8 crossveins before origin of radial sector. Cubital area in forewing with two irregular rows of cellules. Cu^ and Cua wide apart. Type from North Queensland (Coll. Esb. -Petersen). BY esbp:n-peterskn. 61 AcANTHACLisis FUNDATA. (Plate vii., fig.8.) Myrmeleon/i^ndatus Walker, Cat. Neur. Ins. Brit. Mus, p.320 (1853). The habitual structure of this species similar to that of A. occitanica; the main difference is found in the shape of the spurs. The broad, black, median streak on thorax hardly divided by any pale longitudinal line. Abdomen blackish. The cubital area in the forewing with two rows of cellules in its middle. Cui and Cuo not wide apart, i.e., the intercubital area acutely angulated basally. The line formed by bent branches from Cu^ straight and distinct. R and Cu^ with broad black bands. I have seen specimens only from New South Wales, W. W. Froggatt leg. (Coll. Froggatt); and from Broken Hill (Coll. Esb.- Petersen). AcANTHACLisis suBTENDENS. (Plate vii., fig.7.) Myrmeleon subte7ide7is Walk., Cat. Neur. Ins. Brit. Mus., p. 321 (1853). Acanthaclisis conspurcata Gerstaecker, Mitt, naturw. Yer. f. Neuvorp. u. Riigen, p.5(1885). The broad median streak on thorax divided by a narrow pale line. Abdomen more or less brownish above, with a blackish median streak. The line formed by bent branches from Cuj in- distinct. In strongly marked specimens, a row of rectangular dark spots in the subcostal area in both pairs of wings; a row of oblong spots in the median area (the space between M and Cuj) of the forewing; and sometimes, also, a spot where Cuo runs into the hindmargin. In the hind wing, the apical cross vein between M and Cu^ is often dark-shaded. I have seen two females from Cape York; 20 x. 1908; W. W. Froggatt leg. (Coll. Froggatt); and one male, North Queensland (Coll. Petersen). I have not seen the types of Walker's above-mentioned species; the specimens before me have been determined from the descrip- tions only; and, on that account, it is possible that my identifica- tion may be wrong. I am quite sure, however, that we have two closely allied but distinct species. I regard A. conspurcata Glerst., as a synonym of this species, although v.d. AYeele, who has seen Gerstaecker's type, refers it 62 AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA, 11., to A. fu7idata {Notes Leyd. Mus., xx., p.60, 1908). Probably v.d.Weele regards A./undata and A. subtenderis as one species. Callistoleon. Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., p.42(1910). Wings hyaline, with brownish-black spots. In forewing, lA ends before origin of first branch of radial sector; in hindwing, before origin of radial sector. About seven crossveins before origin of radial sector in forewing, four or five in hindwing. Crossveins in costal area simple. No straight line formed by bent branches of radial sector in apical part of wings. M and Cuj unite before the tip of the wings. Legs short, and rather stout; first tarsal joint a little longer than second; second, third, and fourth of about the same length; fifth twice the length of first; spurs as long as first and second joints united. Front part of vertex much raised. Type : Myrmeleon erythrocephalum Leach, (if. guttatus Rbr.). The two Australian species known to me may be separated as follows : — Wings rather broad, with large spots along front margin of forewing. Head entirely reddish-yellow erythrocephalum Leach. Wings slender, smaller spots ah)ng front of forewing in its apical part. Vertex blackish-brown illustreQ^ev^t.{V\. viii., fig.lO.) Myrmeleon. Linne, Syst. Nat., xii., p.9 13(1 767). Myrmeleon diminutus, sp.nov. (Plates vi., fig.2; viii., fig.ll.) Head yellow. Tip and inner margin of mandibles brown. Palpi yellow. Apical joint of labial palpi fusiform, brown on exterior side. Above antennae, a brown crossband; between the antennae, a narrow brown line. Vertex with several brown spots. Antennae rather short and stout, yellowish, a little darker towards apex; the extreme tip brown; apex of the two basal joints broadly brown, of the following joints narrowly brown below. Prothorax yellowish, a little broader than long, with a brown median stripe, and two shorter lateral ones; meso- and metathorax with several greyish-brown dots and streaks [abdomen lost]. Legs yellowish, blackish-brown haired; tarsal joints blackish at BY ESBEN-PETERSEN. 63 the tips. Spurs hardly as long as basal joint. Wings hyaline. Veins yellowish, brownish-banded except costa and radius. Most crossveins brown on their front half. Pterostigma greyish- yellow. In forewing, seven crossveins before origin of radial sector; in hind wing, five or six. Length of forewing^ 18 mm.; of hindwing, 16*5 mm. Broken Hill, N.S.W ; two specimens; type in Coll. Tillyard, cotype in Coll. Esb.-Petersen. Gymnocnemia. Schneider, Ent. Zeit. Stettin, vi., p.343(1845). No spurs. Legs rather short, strongly haired; tarsi almost as long as tibiae. Fifth tarsal joint the longest; first as long as second and third united; fourth the shortest. Wings very long and narrow; forewing rather longer than hindwing. In hind- wing, one crossvein before origin of radial sector; in forewing, three or four. Branches from radial sector and from Cuj bent, so that they form straight lines. Species known from Australia : G. tipularia Gerst.; G. penta- gramma Gerst., G. interrupta, n.sp., and G. bipimctata, n.sp. In the two species here described, is a very small rudiment of a single spur on each leg, but it is only visible by large magnifying. Gymnocnemia bipunctata, sp.nov. (Plates vi., fig. 3; ix., fig. 13.) Face yellowish. Palpi yellowish, apical joint dark brown. A broad blackish-brown interantennal spot enclosing the insertion of antennae; above this band, a reddish-yellow band, and then a blackish band, both in front of the much elevated vertex. On the top of the vertex, several reddish-yellow and blackish spots. Antennae rather long, blackish-brown, with yellowish-brown annulations at the joints. Prothorax longer than broad, nar- rowed in front, with rounded front angles, and with three inter- rupted yellowish-red streaks, which continue on the blackish meso- and metathorax. Abdomen dorsalh^ blackish, with short whitish hairs, ventrally testaceous. Legs testaceous; hind tibiae with blackish apex; fore and intermediate tibiae with blackish tip, and two narrow blackish bands on the exterior side; tarsal joints testaceous, with blackish tip. Wings long and slender. 64 AUSTRALIAN NfiUHOPTERA, li., with acutely rounded tips. Longitudinal nervures whitish, broadly blackish-brown banded. Some of the cross veins brown- ish-black shaded. In the hind wing, a large brown spot at the end of M and Cu^. Two rows of cellules in the cubital area of forewing. Length of forewing, 21 mm.; of hind wing, 17mm. Narromine, N.S.W.; two specimens, 14.x.l905(W. W. Froggatt leg.); Broken Hill, N.S.W.; one specimen. Type in Coll. Froggatt; cotype in Coll. Tillyard. Gymnocnemia interrupta, sp.nov. (Plates vi., tig 4; viii.,fig.l2.) Face yellowish; palpi brownish with pale joints. A broad black transverse band between the eyes, enclosing the insertion of the antennae. The raised vertex yellowish-red, with blackish streaks and spots [antennae wanting] . Prothorax greyish-black, with an indistinct pale median streak, and two very distinct yel- lowish-red streaks at each side. Meso- and metathorax greyish- black, with some yellowish-red spots. Abdomen black. Legs testaceous, with long black and white hairs. Hind tibiae with a blackish band at tip and base; fore and intermediate tibiae with a blackish band at the tip and base, and with two in their middle; tarsi blackish. Wings long and slender, with somewhat acute tips. Longitudinal veins whitish, mostly broadly blackish-brown banded. Crossveins whitish, mostly with one or two very small blackish-brown dots. In forewing, an abrupted longitudinal brownish-black streak along Cuj, terminating at the tip of the wings; in the hind wing, a blackish-brown streak at the end of M and Cuj. In the forewing, two rows of cellules in the middle of the cubital area. Length of forewing, 18 mm.; of hind wing, 15 mm. Coolebah, N.S.W.; one specimen, 16.ii.l907 (W. W. Froggatt leg.). Type in Coll. Froggatt. F R o G G A T T I s c A, gen.nov. Antennae long and slender. Prothorax and abdomen long and slender. Legs very long and slender. Femur and tibia of the same length. Fore-tarsus one-half the length of fore-tibia, hind- tarsus hardly half the length of hind-tibia. No spurs. Wings long BY ESBEN-PETERSEN. 65 and slender, strongly marked; tip of hindwing somewhat falcate. Three crossveins before radial sector in forewing, one in hind- wing. Origin of first branch from radial sector opposite to fork of Cu in both pairs of wings; 1 A runs nearly parallel to the hind margin. This genus is nearly allied to Dendrohon Brauer, but the absence of spurs, and its slender and strongly marked wings separate it from that genus. Type : Frogyattisca pidchella^ sp.riov. Froggattisca pulchella, sp.nov. (Plate ix., fig. 14.) Face and palpi yellowish; above the antennae, a blackish-brown transverse band proceeding between the antennae as a V-shaped spot. Above the transverse blackish streak, a narrow yellowish one. Vertex somewhat raised, bronze-brown. Eyes greenish, metallic, shining. Antennae blackish-brown, the club blackish; two joints before the club very pale, nearly white. Prothorax reddish-brown, longer than broad, narrowed in front, and with rounded front angles. One-third from the front margin, a trans- verse impression. Meso- and metathorax greyish-brow^n, with Text-fig.2.--Left foretarsus of Fro(jcjattxsca pulchella. narrow, whitish, hind margins. Abdomen reddish-brown, be- coming blackish-brown tovvards apex. Fore and intermediate legs blackish-brown, hind femur brown, with a broad blackish band in its middle, and a narrower one at the tip; hind tibiie brown, with a blackish band near base and at tip; hind tarsus blackish, first joint brown at base. All the claws yellowish. Body and legs with soft pilosity. Wings hyaline, with brownish tinge in the disc, and sooty-brown markings. Longitudinal 66 AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA, ii., nervures mostly yellowish; the greatest number of crossveins in the fore wings strongly sooty-brown shaded. Length of forewing, 35 mm.; of hind wing, 35 mm. Colo Yale, N.S.W.; one female; 20.iv.l900; W. W. Froggatt leg. (Coll. Froggatt). PROTOPLECTRON. Gerstaecker, Mitt.naturw. Yer.f. Neuvorp.u.Riigen,p.l5(1884). Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., iii., p.40(1910). Type : P. venustum Gerst. Tibia short and stout, two-thirds the length of the stout and short femur; tarsus long and slender, longer than tibia. Basal joint of tarsus the longest, longer than second-fourth united, which, united, are of the same length as fifth. Spurs as long as first joint. In the forewing, Cug and lA run parallel to Cuj for some dis- tance. Some of the crossveins in the costal area of forewing united (two series of cells); the bent branches of radial sector in forewing form, or tend to form, a straight line through the middle of the apical part of the wing. In the hindwing, several rows of cells between Cuj and hind margin. Table of Species. All nervures yellowish pallidum Bks. The iier wires more or less marked with black venustum Gerst. Protoplectron venustum. (Plate ix., fig. 15.) Gerstaecker, Mitt.naturw. Ver.f.Neuvorp.u. Riigen,p. 16(1884). Face below yellowish; jDalpi more or less brownish. A blackish cross-band below the eyes; vertex blackish-browu, with ill-defined pale brown markings. Prothorax longer than broad, reddish- brown, with an indistinct pale median line, and a pale longi- tudinal streak at each side, lateral margins blackish. Abdomen blackish-brown. Femora and tibiae brown and long-haired; hind tibiae yellowish, with black apex, and a narrow blackish band near base. Tarsi blackish. Wings with whitish membrane, pale, blackish-banded nervures, and many more or less brownish- shaded crossveins. Length of forewing, 26 mm.; of hindwing, 25 mm. New South Wales; one specimen; 14.x. 1905; W. W. Froggatt leg.(Coll. Froggatt). BY ESBEN-PETERSEN. 67 PSEUDOFOHMICALEO. v.d.Weele, Notes Leyd. Mus., xxxi., p.25(1909). Tahulus Navas, Revue Russe d'Ent., xii., p.ll2(1912). Tibiae short and stout, two-thirds the length of the stout and short femur; tarsus long and slender, longer than tibia. Basal joint of tarsus the longest, longer than second, third, and fourth united, which, together, are of the same length as fifth Spurs as long as first joint. In forewing, Cuo and lA run parallel to Cui for some distance. Crossveins in the costal area of forewing simple. Branches of radial sector not forming any straight line. In hindwing, two rows of cells between Cu^ and hind margin. PSEUDOFORMICALEO NUBECULA. (Plate X., fig.16.) Creayt^is nubecula Gerstaecker, Mitt, naturw. Ver. f. Neuvorp. u. Riigen, p. 18(1885). Pseudo/ormicaleo jacobaoni Weele, Notes Leyd. Mus., xxi., p. 25 (1909). Protoplectron cos^«^?ts Banks, Ann. Ent.Soc. Am., iii., p. 41(1910). Tahulus caligatus Navas, Revue Russe d'Ent., xii., p.l 13(1912). I have seen one specimen from Australia, which undoubtedly belongs to the species of Gerstaecker; and, as far as I can see, it also agrees with the description of P. costntus given by Banks, I have, in my collection, specimens of Pseudoforrtiicaleo jacob- soni froni Java, and Tahulus caligatus from Formosa; and I am undoubtedly right in regarding them as synonyms. Periclystus. Gerstaecker, Mitt, naturw. Ver. f. Neuvorp. u. Riigen, p. 103 (1887). Front part of vertex much raised. Wings hyaline, with brownish-black or golden shining spots or bands. Hind margin of wing with two excavations, the apical one the deeper. Costal area rather narrow, with simple crossveins, from the pterostigma broader, and with forked crossveins. Five or six crossveins before origin of radial sector in the forewing, one in the hind- wing. The somewhat bent branches of radial sector tend to form a straight line through the middle of the apical part of the wings. Legs slender; first tarsal joint about twice the length of second, 68 AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA, ii., and about one-half the length of fifth; second, third, and fourth of almost the same length. Spurs slender, and as long as first and second tarsal joints united. Type : Periclystus laceratus Gerst. The two Australian species known to me may be separated as follows : — Forewing with a nearly complete median crossband, and an irregular one before pterostignia; hindwing with a broad crossband before ptero- stigma circuiter Walk, No complete crossband s lacnratus Gerst. Periclystus circuiter. (Plate x., fig. 17.) Myrmeleon circuite?' Walker, Cat. Neur. Ins. Brit. Mus., p. 400 (18r)3). Fericlystus callipeplus Gerstaecker, Mitt, naturw. f. Neuvorp. u. Riigen, p.l07(1887). Of this species, I have an old specimen in my collection, from Cairns, Queensland. It agrees very well with the description of P. callipeplus^ and also with that of M. circuiter. I have sent a photo, of the specimen to the British Museum, and Dr. Meade- Waldo states that it agrees very well with the type-series of Walker. On that account, I place the name of the species of Gerstaecker as a synonym of that of Walker. Periclystus laceratus. (Plate x., fig. 18.) Gerstaecker, Mitt, naturw. Ver. f. Neuvorp. u. Riigen, p. 105 (1887). Cape York, Queensland; one male; 20.x.l908(W. W. Froggatt leg.). Coll. Froggatt; Queensland; one female, Coll. Petersen. The male is more slender, and has narrower wings, than the female; the excavations of the hind margin of the wings of the male are hardly so deep as in the female. DiSTOLEON. Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., p.42(1910). Wings long and narrow, hindwing as long as forewing. Seven or eight cross veins before origin of radial sector in forewing, one in the hindwing. In forewing, the bent branches of the radial sector and Cu^ tend to form straight lines through the apical part BY ESBEN-PETERSEN. 69 of the wings. Spurs as long as first four tarsal joints, fifth much longer than first. Type : D. verticalis Bks. DiSTOLKON BISTRIGATUS.^ Myrmeleon histriyatus Ramb., Hist. JSat.Ins.Nevr., p. 391(1 84:2). M. striola Walk., Cat. Neur. Ins. Brit. Mus., p.SdO (1853); M. perjurus Walk., ibid., p. 340; M. torvus Walk., ibid., p. 341; J/. violentus Walk., ibid., p. 348. Of this wide-spread Australian species, I have seen one speci- men fn^ni Queensland, in Coll. Froggatt; and several specimens from Oahu. I have seen also a very fine undescribed species from Australia. FOKMICALEON. Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., p. 16(1 911). The genotype is F. tetragrammicus Fabr., in which the bent branches of the radial sector form a straight line through the middle of the apical part of the wing. I call attention to the fact, that this line is wanting in some of the Australian species hitherto placed in this genus. These species may be placed in a new genus, and I propose the name Allqformicaleon, with F. mistralis Esb.-Pet., as genotype; but I will postpone giving a more complete description of the genus until more material is at hand. FoRMiCALEON AUSTRALis, sp.nov. (Platcs vi., fig. 6; xi., fig. 19.) Face and palpi yellowish. Below the antennae, a blackish- brown streak. The vertex reddish-brown, raised, and with a slight median impression; on the hind part of the elevated vertex, two blackish indistinct Spots. Round each eye, a narrow yellow- ish circle. Antennae as long as head and thorax united, brown, with yellowish annulations at the joints; club blackish-brown at tip. Prothorax broader than long, reddish-brown, with three longitudinal yellowish streaks. Meso- and metathorax reddish- brown, with narrow yellowish hind margins. First segment yellowish above, with a dark brown median spot; second segment entirely dark brown; front half of third segment yellowish, with a dark brown median spot; hind part with a narrow yellowish 70 AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA, ii., hind border; fourth, fifth, and sixth segments yellowish above, with a broad dark brown transverse band in their hind part; seventh and eighth dark brown, with yellowish hind border; ninth yellow. Venter of abdomen brown, with yellowish annula- tions at the joints. Legs yellowish, strongly blackish-haired; fore and intermediate tibiae anteriorly with some blackish spots; tarsi yellowish, the points with blackish tips. Spurs reddish, and nearly as long as first to third joints united. Wings long and narrow. Longitudinal nervures yellowish-white, blackish- banded. Several crossveins blackish and faintly blackish-brown shaded. Fore- and hindwings, 30 mm. in length. Sydney; two specimens; W. W. Froggatt leg. Type in Coll. Froggatt; cotype in Coll. Petersen. Dendrolkon. Brauer, Novara-Expedition, Neuroptera, p. 42(1 866). Antennae long and slender. Legs long and slender. Tarsus two-thirds the length of tibia. First tarsal joint longer than second, or third, or fourth, shorter than fifth; second, third, and fourth of the same length, each of them twice longer than broad. Spurs slender, nearly as long as first and second joints united. Wings long and rather narrow; costal crossveins simple, a few forked before pterostigma. Cu forks much beyond origin of radial sector; lA and Cug united before the margin. The bent branches of radial sector form a straight line through the middle of the apical part of the wing. Three or four crossveins before origin of radial sector in forewing, one in hiudwing. Dendroleon longipennis, sp.nov. (Plate xi., fig.20.) Face yellowish. Maxillary palpi yellowish; fifth and base of third joint brownish. A broad blackish-brown streak between the eyes, enclosing the insertion of the antennae. Vertex raised, reddish-brown, with two brownish-black, irregular, transverse streaks abrupted in the middle. Prothorax longer than broad, greyish-brown, blackish-haired; front angles rounded, and with yellowish border; two irregular pale longitudinal streaks, not reaching the front border, and a slight indication of a pale and BY ESBEN-PETERSEN. 71 narrow median line. Meso- and metathorax dark greyish-brown, with a narrow yellow hind border. Abdomen pale greyish- brown. Legs testaceous, dark brown-haired ; femora with a blackish band at tip, and with a long dark streak on the ventral side; tibiae with a narrow blackish band at tip and base, and the foremost with a long dark streak on the upper side; tarsi blackish: spurs yellowish-red, and nearly as long as the two basal joints. Wings long and slender, with acute tips, whitish, black-banded, longitudinal nervures; crossveins mostly blackish, several of them brownish-shaded. Wings with some blackish-brown markings. Length of forewing, 26 mm ; of hindwing, 25 mm. New South Wales; one specimen; W. W. Froggatt leg. (Coll. Froggatt). Glenoleon. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxxix., p.223(1913). Cu forks beyond origin of radial sector. Three or four cross- veins before radial sector in forewing, one in hindwing. In forewing, lA and Cuo unite before the margin. In the middle of the apical part of the wing, the bent branches of the radial sector form a straight line. Type : Myrmeleon pulchellus Ramb. Banks proposed this genus for the Australian species of Glen- urus Hag., but the species placed in the genus, as it is restricted at present, form a rather heterogeneous group as to the form of the wings, and the length and slender ness of the legs and tarsal joints. In G. indecisum and G. annulicorne, we have very broad wings, with broadly rounded tips, slender and rather long legs and tarsal joints; in G. pulchellum and G. dissolutum, the wangs are broad, with somewhat acute tips, and the legs and tarsal joints of usual size; in G.falsum and G. meteoricum, the wings are slender and narrow, and the legs and tarsal joints relatively stout, short, and strongly haired. With regard to the form of the wings, these two species are closely allied to the species of the genus Dendroleon, in which, however, the species have slender and relatively long legs, and tarsal joints as in the G. indecisum- group 72 AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA, ii., I think that it will be necessary, when more material comes under consideration, to make a new arrangement of the species, which at present are placed in the two genera Glenoleon and Dendroleon. The species known to me may be tabulated as follows : — 1. Hind wings with distinct black spots 2. Hindwings without distinct black spots, only minute dots 6. 2.Hindwings with two complete crosabands in their apical part pulchelliivi Rbr. Not two complete bands 3. 3. In hindwings, four crossveins below radius are marked with black; a large spot at the pterostigma, and another opposite to it on the hind margin radiale Bks. (Plate xii., fig. 24). No marks along radius on hindwing... 4 4. A lunate crossband in the hindwing, from pterostigma to hind margin; its inner margin convex. Vertex black ...falsum Walk. No such band. Vertex reddish-yellow, with black spots and streaks ..5. 5. Before pterostigma, in fore- and hindwings, a large black spot dissolutum Gerst. Only a minute spot meteoricum Gerst. 6. Antennae with a broad yellow band at base, and near the club. Cu„, in forewing, straight annidicorne Esb. -Pet. Antennffi without any broad band. Cuo, in forewing, somewhat curved. indecisuni Bks. I do not know G. stigmatuni Bks., (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., p.40, 1910) from Kuranda, but, judging from the description, it is closely allied to G. dissolutum. Glenoleon annulicorne, sp.nov. (Plates vi., fig.5; xiii., fig.26.) Face and palpi pale yellow; a broad, blackish, transverse band between the eyes, enclosing the insertion of the antennae. Vertex reddish-yellow, with a few blackish spots. Antennae blackish- brown, with pale annulations at the base; third joint as long as first and second united, pale yellow; three joints before the club pale yellow. Thorax dull black, with pale yellow streaks and spots, mostly on prothorax. Legs slender, brownish, with long dark bristles. Coxae with one or two dark streaks exteriorly. Femora with a dark band at apex, and a yellowish-white one just before that. Fore and intermediate tibiae with a dark band at apex, one in the middle, and one near base; hind tibiae with a BY ESBEN-PETERSEN. 73 dark band at apex. Second, third, and fourth tarsal joints blackish. Abdomen black, yellowish-spotted. Wings rather narrow, hind margin of apical part slightly incurved. Longi- tudinal nervures dark brown, with some whitish bands; cross- veins mostly blackish-brown Along radius and cubitus in fore- wings, brown dots. A brown dot where lA joins Cug. Two or three crossveins at the end of M and Cug brownish-margined. Pterostigma indistinct; in the forewing, with a small brown spot before it. Length of forewing, 22-23 mm.; of hindwing, 21-22 mm. Victoria; one specimen (Coll. Esben-Petersen), the other not labelled. Type in Coll. West Australian Museum, Perth; cotype in Coll. Esben-Petersen. This species has great likeness to G. indecisum Bks., from which it differs by the narrower wings, the more spotted abdo- men, and the straight Cuo in the forewings. In G. indecisum, Cu2, in the forewing, is somewhat curved, and wide apart from Cu,. Glenoleon indecisum. (Plate xiii., fig.25.) Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxxix., p.225(1913). Mackay, Queensland; one specimen, 1905; R. Turner leg. (Coll. Froggatt). Glenoleon dissolutum. (Plate xii., fig.23.) Gerstaecker, Mitt, naturw. Ver. f. Neuvorp. u.Riigen,xvi., p.26 (1884). Prince of Wales Island; one specimen; H. Elgner leg. (Coll. Froggatt). Glenoleon falsum. (Plate xi., fig. 21.) Walker, Cat. Neur. Ins. Brit. Mus., p.303(1853). Blue Mountains, N.S.W.; one specimen; 20.viii.l901; W. W. Froggatt leg. (Coll. Froggatt). Glenoleon metkoricum. (Plate xii., fig. 22.) Gerstaecker, Mitt, naturw. Ver. f. Neuvorp. u. Riigen,xvi., p. 25 (1884). Sydney; one specimen; W. W. Froggatt leg.(Coll. Froggatt). 74 AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA, ii. EXPLANATION OF PLATES VL XIIL Plate vi. Fig. L — Acanthaclisis annulata, n.sp. Fig. 2. — Myrmeleon dimimitii^, n.sp. Fig, 3. — Gymnocnemia bipunctata, n.sp. Fig. 4. — Gymnocnemia interruptaf n.sp. Fig.5. — Glenoleon annulicorne, n.sp. Fig. 6. — Formicaleon anstralis, n.sp. Plate vii. Fig. 7. — Acanthaclids subtendens Walk. Fig. 8. — Acanthaclisis fundata Walk. Fig.9. — Acanthaclisis annulata, n.sp. Plate viii. Fig. 10. — Callistoleon illustre Gerst. Fig. IL — Myrmelton diminntus, n.sp. Fig. 12. — Gymnocnemia inten-upta, n.sp. Plate ix. Fig. 13. — Gymnocnemia bipunctata, n.sp. Fig. 14. — Froggattisca pulchella, n.sp. Fig. 15. — Protoplectron vennstum Cerst. Plate X. Fig. 16. — Pseudoformicaleo nubecula Gerst. Fig. 17. — Periclystus circuiter Walk. Fig. 18. — Periclystus laceratns Gerst. Plate xi. Fig. 19. — Formicaleon australis, n.sp. Fig. 20. — Dendrolton longipennis, n.sp. Fig. 21. —Glenoleon falmm Walk. Plate xii. Fig-22. — Glenoleon meteoricum Gerst. Fig.23. — Glenoleon dissoluium Gerst. Fig. 24. — Glenoleon radiate Banks. Plate xiii. Fig. 25. — Glenoleon indecisum Banks. Fig. 26. — Glenoleon annulicorne, n.sp. Fig.27. — Acanthaclisis siihfasciata Banks. 75 ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. April 28th, 1915. Mr. A. G. Hamilton, President, in the Chair. Miss Constance E. M. Le Plasthiek, Lindfield; and Mr. Harry Stephens, B.Sc.Agr., Biological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sydney, were elected Ordinary Members of the Society. The President announced that the Council had elected Messrs. A. H. Lucas, M.A., B.Sc, C. Hedley, F.L.S., W. W. Froggatt, F.L.S., and W. S. Dun, to be Vice-Presidents ; Mr. J. H. Campbell, [Royal Mint, Macquarie Street] to be Hon. Trea- surer; and Mr. A. F. Basset Hull to be a Member of the Council [to fill an extraordinary vacancy, occasioned by the decease of Mr. J. R. Garland], for the current Session. The President referred to the recent news of the award, for 1915, of the Linnean Gold Medal, by the Linnean Society of London, to Mr. J. H. Maiden, FL.S.; and it was resolved that the hearty congratulations of the Society should be tendered to the recipient. The President, in addressing some valedictory remarks to Mr. Gilbert Goldfinch, a Member present, who expected to leave shortly with the Third Contingent of troops, gave expression to the good wishes of Members for his welfare, and for his safe return. The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (31st March, 1915), amounting to 5 Vols., 40 Parts or Nos., 7 Bulletins, 2 Reports, and 10 Pamphlets, received from 36 Societies, etc., were laid upon the table. 76 DESCRIPTIONS OF SIX NEW SPECIES OF BUPRESTIDjE. By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S. The residence of a keen collector, like Mr. H. W, Brown, at Cue, West Australia, has resulted in the capture of many inter- esting Coleoptera in this little explored region. Besides a number of new Tenebrionidse, the following six species of Buprestidse are undescribed, five of which are from the Cue district. Chalcot^nia violacea, n.sp. $. Upper surface dark violet, with coppery depressions more or less filled with yellow flocculence. Head with base, mouth- parts, under margin of eye, and two basal joints of antennae coppery, the rest of antennae piceous red, raised part of forehead violet, central excavation fiavo-pulvulose, pronotum and elytra violet on the raised, coppery or flavo-pulvulose on the depressed parts; scutellum blue, underside, femora (except the apex) coppery, albivillose, or floccose, apex of femora, tibise, and tarsi blue. Head with a large scutiform excavation on front, having an interrupted carinate margin, an interrupted medial sulcus, basal part closely, subconfluently punctate, antennae extending almost to base of prothorax, two basal joints with large punctures, 3rd cylindric, 4-11 serrate and successively shorter. Prothorax 5 X 6-5 mm., subquadrate, subsinuate at base and apex, all angles produced and acute, posteriorly more sharply so and subdentate, sides feebly rounded, converging anteriorly, and faintly sinuately widening behind; disc with wide medial, and two wider lateral sulci, the latter oblique, not at extreme sides, diverging apically to the angles, and narrowly continued on basal line to meet medial sulcus; space between sulci and extreme sides rugosely and irregularly punctate, the sulci finely punctate, the ridges wide and smooth except for a few large punctures. Scutellum transverse, smooth. Elytra wider than prothorax at base, and thrice and one-half as long, posterior sides very finely crenate or BY H. J. CARTER. 77 6bsoletely dentate, apex finely rounded; irregularly 5-costate (induding the suture), with three intervening sulci, besides a lateral sulcus, and three spots more markedly pulvulose than the rest; these placed, one at base, the second before the middle, at the interruption of the 3rd costa, the third postmedial at the widening of the 3rd sulcus; all cost?e wide, rounded and nearly smooth, the first sutural, the second parallel to first, diverging at scutellum, and not quite meeting the sutural costa at apex, the third starting behind the basal spot, interrupted by a wide ante- medial depression, and joining the 2nd costa on the apical de- clivity, the fourth abbreviated, starting from the humeral swell- ing, narrowed and terminated before the postmedial spot, the fifth starting behind humeral region, terminated on apical border, all sulci and depressions closely and finely punctate, costse with a few irregular larger punctures. Prosternum sulcate in middle, the sulcus with a coppery carinate margin, the three apical segments of abdomen with a slightly raised smooth carina, last segment triangularly excised. 2- With lower surface less pulvulose, showing a more coppery and pilose surface, with a smooth spot on the sides of abdominal segments, the apex not excised; head less coppery, basal joints of antennae blue. Dimensions : ^.24-5 x 8; 9.25 x 8J mm. Hah. — Cue, West Australia (H. W. Brown). The facies' and sculpture of the upper surface are very like those of Chalcophorella Beltance Blackb., or C. exilis Blackb.; but it is a much larger and more varicolored insect than these, while the distinct abdominal costa (wanting in Chalcophorella), and the somewhat longer antennae point decidedly to Chalcotcejiia as its .place. A marked character in this species is the almost total absence of the usual posterior denticulation of the elytra. Only by a close examination, can the very slight apology for this be observed. Type in author's Collection. BUPRESTIS MCESTA, n.sp.(?) Oval, nitid; head and pronotum dark violet, front of the former sometimes interspersed with copper, elytra entirely blue-black, underside blue or dark green, legs and antennae violet or blue. 78 SIX NEW SPECIES OP bupubstid^, Head coarsely dentate, with a short carina between eyes, and a triangular impression on epistoma. Pi'othorax as in B. lO-iiotata L. & G., widest at base, sides nearly straight, slightly converging to apex, front angles depressed and obtuse (from above), posterior acute, disc with a wide medial sulcus, and two large basal foveas, irregularly punctate. Scutellum small, transverse. Elytra as wide as prothorax, and thrice and one-half as long, widened behind middle, apex trispinose, outside and sutural spines short and sharp, the middle blunt and rounded; striate-punctate, the striae forming deep sulci at apex and sides, showing the punctures more than in B. decemnotata, intervals convex and punctate underside very lightly and shortly villose, and finely punctate. Dimensions : 13'5-15 x 4*5-6 mm. Hah. — Uorrigo, New South Wales (W. Heron). I have received five specimens of this, which may very well be only a melanic variety of the well known B. decemnotata L. & G., { = B. aurantiopicta L. & G 1). I have, moreover, a specimen from Queensland (Mr. R. lUidge), which is similar to the above except in showing a small indication of a red mark on the 7th interval behind the middle; but the apex of the elytra differs from that in six specimens of B. decemnotata before me [which agree with Saunders' figure in being bispinose, not truncate, as in his de- scription (Trans. Ent. Soc.,'1868, p.7)]. In the (J, the apex of abdomen is truncate; in the 9> oval. Types in the author's Collection. ]}fote. — In one of my six specimens of B. 10-notata., the two postmedial spots are confluent, forming a short fascia, as in the ficrure of B. aurantiopicta given by Laporte & Gory, and oddly enough also in that of B. 10-nota.ta. BUBASTES FORMOSA, n.Sp. Cylindric, nitid, and glabrous; head (on forehead only), pro- notum, and elytra a rich blue (in one example, the elytra some- what greenish); epistoma, mouth, antennae, and a triangular patch on apex of forehead, sides of prothorax, sides and apex of elytra, together with the underside and legs, brassy, (the sides of elytra less nitid than the rest, and, towards the apex, rather red than brassy). Scutellum green. BY H. J. CARTER. 79 Head coarsely and closely punctate, a sulcus between eyes, widening into an elongate smooth space. Prothorax 4 x 5 mm., bisinuate at apex and base (more feebly so at apex), widest near base, sides feebly rounded and converging anteriorly, nearly straight posteriorly, front angles obtuse and declivous, posterior angles (seen from above) rectangular; disc coarsely punctate as on head, becoming coarser, with a tendency to latitudinal con- fluence towards base, a smooth medial line terminating in a fovea near base, lateral carina short, not visible from above. Scutellum circular, with a depressed area behind it. Elytra of same width as prothorax, and more than thrice as long, rather deeply striate near suture, less deeply at sides, punctures coarser than in B. inconsistans Thoms., two or more rows of punctures crowded in the striae, and sometimes overflowing on the raised intervals; anterior portion of elytra slightly rugulose, apex ob- liquely bispinose, sutural spine longest, sides crenate near apex; underside very coarsely punctate on prosternum, less coarse on meso- and metasternum and legs, on abdomen becoming finer towards apex, last segment rugose, metasternum sulcate. Dimen- sions : 16-18 X 5*6 mm. Hab. — Cue, West Australia (H. W. Brown). I am indebted to Mr. Brown for two male specimens of this most beautiful species of the genus. It differs widely in colour alone from all described species. Type in the author's Collection. BUBASTES SUTURALIS, n.sp. Cylindric, brilliantly nitid, glabrous above, shortly albispilose beneath. Head green or coppery, prothorax brassy on disc, green at sides, elytra gold or coppery shading off to green later- ally, with the sutural interval blue or violet, basal margin blue or green, underside and legs bright green, antennae and tarsi coppery-red, scutellum blue. Head concave and sharply striate between the eyes, coarsely punctate, more sparsely so than in B. formosa^ and not at all rugose. Prothorax (in 9, 3*5 x 5*5 mm.) more narrowly convex than usual, apex feebly, base strongly bisinuate, sides feebly widened, arcuately converging anteriorly, front angles rounded. 80 SIX NEW SPECIKS OP BUPRESTJD^, posterior angles acute (as seen from above); punctures on centre and apex much smaller than on head, becoming coarser at base, and transversely rugose at sides, the punctures more sparse than in B.formosa, without definite medial line, except that indicated by a deep elongate fovea near base. Scutellum circular, depressed and concave; punctate. Elytra of same width as prothorax at base, and more than thrice as long, each elytron bispinose at apex, in ^ the spines of nearly equal length, the excision between them semicircular, in 9 the apical spines obsolete or blunt ; striate, with about three rows of punctures crowded between the intervals, the punctures larger than in B inconsistans Thorns., and smaller than in B. formosa, the intervals little raised, nitid and almost irapunctate, becoming obsolescent at apex ; underside coarsely punctate, the punctures becoming gradually finer from sternum to apex of abdomen. Dimensions: (J, 12x4; 9>17x 6 mm. ^a6.— Drysdale River (H. Giles), Cue(H. W. Brown). Three specimens examined. B. splendens Blackb., seems near it, but is described as green, with base of head and antennae violet. B. aureocincta Blackb., while differing in colour, has evidently a very differently shaped prothorax. Type in the author's Collection. Neocuris Brownii, n.sp. Ovate, nitid, head and prothorax of $ blue, the latter with base and sides greenish, of 9 brilliant brassy-green; in both sexes the scutellum green, elytra yellow, with basal margin green, the suture and sides narrowly dark violet, underside, legs, and antennae metallic green. Head wide, not deeply received into prothorax, concave be- tween eyes, finely and closely punctate. Prothorax widest at base, gently and roundly converging from base to apex; truncate at apex, bisinuate at base, anterior angles obtuse, posterior acute (both viewed from above); closely punctate as on head, without medial line, a shallow oblique impression on each side extending from apex outwards, and a transverse triangular basal fovea near hind angles. Scutellum small, transversely oval, smooth. Elytra not covering apex of abdomen, of same width as prothorax at BY H. J. CARTER. 81 base, separately rounded behind, obscurely impressed near shoulder ; finely punctate-striate ; underside closely punctate. Dimensions : 6-7 x 2|-2J mm. Hah. -Cue, West Australia (H. W. Brown). A pair, the sexes, form another of Mr. Brown's interesting captures in this district. The species is very near N. discoflava Fairm., but the head and pronotum are bright metallic, without the coppery margin, the elytra with much narrower dark edging, the yellow extending almost to apex, the head is more tumid and less enclosed in the prothorax than in Fairmaire's species, with the underside different. Type in the author's Collection. Stigmodera immaculata, n,sp. Oblong-ovate; head, antennae, prothorax, scutellum, underside, and legs, of (J, bright metallic green; of 9, rich golden-coppery, elytra (in both sexes) pale yellow; underside sparsely clothed with short white hair. Head finely punctate, with a shallow excavation between eyes. Prothorax narrow, apex truncate, base bisinuate, sides straightly converging from base to apex, anterior angles unseen from above, deflexed and embracing the head, posterior angles subacute; disc finely and closely punctate in front, more coarsely so at base, medial line impressed only near base, two small basal fovese. Elytra of same width as prothorax at base, and about twice and one-half as long, with moderate posthumeral and postmedial enlargements, rounded at apex, with a small circular excision bounded externally by two short sharp black spines, sides near apex entire; striate-punctate, intervals convex and finely punc- tate, apex of abdomen truncate in ^J, rounded in 9; underside finely punctate, prosternum, especially the sides, more coarsely punctate. Dimensions : 8 x 3*5 mm. Hob. — Cue, West Australia (H. W. Brown). Of the *S'. sexguttata Macl., {S. puella Saund.), and S. dispar Blackb., type, but larger and wider than Macleay's species, and the elytra without any markings. Two specimens, the sexes, received from Mr. Brown, who states that the sexual coloration is constant. The shape of the prothorax is unusual, narrow and 10 82 SIX NEW SPECIES OF BUPRESTIB.E. subconic, with its anterior part of the same width as the head. S. dispar Blackb., (from Queensland) has a very differently shaped pro thorax, inter alia. Type in the author's Collection. Stigmodera. — I have unfortunately used two preoccupied names in describing my species, and would, therefore, note the following alterations. S. caudata Cart., = S. Hackeri Cart. Kerremans has utilised the name caudata (Soc. Ent. Belg., 1900, p.316). S. gracilis Cart., = S. gracilior Cart. The name gracilis was used previously by Castelnau and Gory for a Brazilian species, since transferred to Conognatha. Nascio. — When describing two new species (These Proceedings, 1912, pp.482-3), I had not then read Mons. Kerremans' work in the Genera Insectorum, and hence did not note his division of the genus, a division entirely satisfactory, and, indeed, necessary. In accordance witli this, Nascio Tillyardi Carter, belongs to the new genus, and should be known as Aascioides Tillyardi Cart. The learned author has inadvertently omitted Nascio chydoea Oil., Nascioides munda OIL, and N. multesima Oil., from that work. 83 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMITIBjE. Part i. By Gerald F. Hill, F.E.S., Government Entomologist, Northern Territory. (Plates xiv.-xxiii.) The following contribution to a knowledge of the Australian Termitidce lias been prepared from part of a large collection of Termites, and many field-notes compiled during the past two years, in what may be termed the coastal region of the Northern Territory. Fifteen species are dealt with in this paper, eight of which are described as new. One new species is recorded from Melville Island; the remainder are from localities situated within 70 miles of Darwin, and within 20 miles of the Darwin-Pine Creek Railway. The Departmental collection contains about 27 species from the latter area, but it is probable that the number will be brought up to 30 or more when the whole collection has been worked out. In the absence of the winged forms, it has been found impos- sible to determine accurately several common species of the genus Eutermes. These, and a few species of the genus Termes, which are represented in the collection by one or two examples only, have been held over until more material is available for study. I desire to express my thanks to Mr. W. W. Froggatt, Govern- ment Entomologist of New ^outh Wales, for his courteous assist- ance in determining many species submitted to him, and to acknowledge the help I have derive^ from a perusal of his works on Australian Termites. Heterotermes validus, sp.nov. Winged form. — General colour ochreous, legs and antennae paler; wings pale fuscous tinged with ochreous, nervures fuscous; 84 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMITID^., i., clypeus pale yellow; labrum pale ferruginous. Length to tip of body 4 J mm.; to tip of wings 10 mm. Head large, longer than broad, rounded behind; forehead prominent, flattened, divided from the posterior part of the head by a wide, curved suture passing in front of the eyes and extending back to a point in line with the posterior margin of the eyes, a small circular ex- crescence in the centre of the head in line with the posterior margin of the eyes; clypeus large, arcuate behind, slightly rounded on the sides, truncate in front, a deep suture dividing it into two lobes, the posterior one convex and divided in the middle line by an indistinct suture ; labrum long, convex, widest at the base, sloping in to the truncate apex, not reach- ing the tip of the jaws; eyes small, circular, coarsely faceted, projecting, placed on the sides of the head, equidistant from the apex of the labrum and the hind margin of the head; ocelli wanting. Antennae very short, 16-jointed, springing from a circular cleft in front of the eyes, ] st joint longest; Snd half the length, slender; 3rd very small; 3rd-10th coalesced; llth-13th moniliform; 14th-16th hairy. Thorax covered with scattered hairs; prothorax moderately large, not as wide as head, not as long as broad, rugose on the summit, depressed at the sides, front margin turned up, notched in the centre, sides and hind margin rounded, with a slight indentation behind. Wings long (fore- wings 9 mm., hind wings 8|mm.), narrow (2 mm.), fragile, rounded at the tips. Forewing : costal nervure slender, paler than the rest; subcostal nervure stout, running close to the costal and merging into it before the middle; median stout at the base but rapidly becoming slender, curving downwards near the base below the middle line of the wing, then rising above the middle, two simple, slender, oblique nervures branching from it, the first about the middle, and both joining the hind margin well round from the apex, bifurcating at about two-thirds of its length from the base, the lower branch joining the hind margin well round from the apex, the upper branch again forked near the apex, the anterior branch joining the costal margin, the posterior the hind margin at points equidistant from the apex; submedian nervure stout at the base, slender towards the extremity, running through BY G. P. HILL. 85 the lower part of the wing at the base but rising to near the middle at a point nearly abreast of the first fork in the median nervure, joining the hind margin about three-quarters of the length of the wing from its base, with seven oblique nervures, the first four stout, simple, increasing in length; the 5th stout, with two branches; 6th and 7th slender, simple. Hindwing : costal and subcostal nervures similar to forewing; median nervure differs in that the upper branch at the apex is wanting; sub- median similar to forewing excepting that there are eight oblique nervures, and that the 1st to 6th are all stout and simple, the 7th divides into three long, slender branches, the 8th long, slender, forked near its extremity. Scapular shield angular, showing four branches, cross-suture convex. Legs stout, femora with scattered hairs; tibia and tarsi covered with hairs; tibial spines long; claws long; plantula wanting. Abdomen short, swollen towards the extremity; cerci and anal appendices long, slender, hairy. Soldier. — Hesid, antennae, base of jaws and labrum bright golden; jaws dark castaneous; the rest creamy-white Length, 5J mm. (head, 2mm.; jaws, 1mm.; thorax and abdomen, 2Jmra.). Head long, slender, cylindrical, rounded behind, straight on the sides to the antennal cleft; forehead slightly raised on the summit, then sloping sharply to the base of the powerful jaws; a small, obscure, circular cleft in the forehead behind the raised summit. Antennae moderately long, 17-jointed, springing from a circular cleft at the side of the head; 1 st joint longest, slightly turbinate; 2nd one-half the length, cylindrical; 3rd and 4th swollen towards the apex; 5th-17th oval; 3rd-17th hairy. Clypeus moderately large, straight on the sides, flat, truncate in front. Labrum large, long, convex, widest at the base, rounded on the sides to the spade-shaped apex, which bears two long and several short, slender hairs. Jaws long, stout, flattened, slightly curved upwards and inwards (the under surface from the hind margin of the head to the tip of the jaws forming an uninterrupted curve), at the base of the left jaw a stout, blunt fang, separated by a deep cleft from a flat, irregular tooth; at the base of the right jaw a single-pointed, broad tooth opposed to the larger 86 NORTHERN TBRRITOUY TERMITTDjE^ i., tooth on the left. Prothorax heart-shaped, a little wider than long, a deep indentation in the front margin, slightly turned up in front and on the sides, the middle convex, the hind margin truncate. Abdomen short, widest at the tip, covered with stout hairs; cerci and anal appendices long, hairy. Legs strong; tibia covered with hairs; claws and tibial spines long. Wo7'ker. — Head pale yellow, legs and antennae paler; abdomen whitish.^ Length 3|mm. Head large, orbiculate, arcuate behind the clypeus. Antennse 17-jointed, moderately long. Clypeus large, convex, lobed, truncate in front, a ferruginous spot at either end. Labrum large, apical two-thirds convex, spade- shaped, basal one-third narrower, with two depressions, one on either side of a median ridge, the hind margin produced at either side into a projection directed backwards. Jaws hidden by the labrum. Prothorax small, rugose, saddle-shaped; front margin rounded and turned up, with a deep median indentation; a deep indentation on either side behind the upturned front margin, sides rounded to the truncate hind margin. Abdomen elongate- oval. Cerci long, slender, hairy. Legs stout; tibia covered with bristles. Observations on this species have been confined to a small community (1 winged insect, 12 workers, and 10 soldiers) taken in the stem of a Papaw, whicli had been hollowed out and filled with earthy material; and to a still smaller community found under a log at East Point, near Darwin. Z^a6.— Darwin, Northern Territory (G. F. Hill, 17/12/13). Types (No. 95) in the Entomologist's Office, Department of Agri- culture, N.T. Termes nana, sp.nov. Winged form not known. Soldier. — Head pale ferruginous, darkest towards the forehead; labrum pale ferruginous : basal joint of antennae paler than labrum, rest of antennae ochreous; jaws dark reddish-brown; thorax, legs, and abdomen whitish. Length, 3mm. Head long, moderately slender, rounded behind, nearly straight on the sides. BY G. F, HILL. 87 rounded in front to the base of the jaws; forehead raised on the summit, sloping down to the clypeus. Clypeus large, arcuate, behind, truncate in front, with a dark spot at either end. Labrum large, straight on the sides for one-half its length, then sloping to the bluntly pointed apex. Jaws long, slender, falcate, basal three-fourths of the cutting edge finely serrated. Antennae 13-jointed, springing from circular clefts on the side of the head; 1st joint long, stout, slightly curved, swollen towards the apex; 2nd less than half the length, globose; 4th- 1 1th moniliform; 1 2th longer; 13th elongate-oval; first three joints with few hairs, the rest moderately hairy. Prothorax small, not as wide as head, wider than long, anterior half bent upwards, front margin arcuate and slightly indented in the middle, sides convex and sloping to the deeply indented hind margin. Abdomen small, not as large as head; cerci small, cone-shaped, hairy; femora moderately stout; tibia slender, flattened; claws and spines small; fourth tarsal joint hairy towards the apex. Worker. — Head pale ochreous; antennae, thorax, and legs paler; rest of insect whitish. Length, 3 mm. Head moderately large, longer than broad, broadest behind the jaws, rounded behind, convex on the summit, forehead divided from posterior two thirds of the head by an indistinct suture (most noticeable in young specimens), arcuate behind the clypeus. Clypeus large, convex, apical one-fourth separated by a deep suture, basal three-fourths with few hairs, divided in the middle line by a suture, a large ferruginous spot at each end. Labrum large, broad behind, sloping to the truncate apex. Antennae 13-jointed. Prothorax small, wider than long, similar to soldier. Abdomen long, slender, tapered at either end. Cerci small, cone-shaped. Legs as in soldier. The type and cotype specimens were taken under a coconut lying on the ground, and in tunnels leading to it. Another small colony was found building a covered passage up the outside of a concrete house-pile in an endeavour to reach 'the floor- joists. //a6.— Darwin, Northern Territory, (G. F. Hill, 28/1/U). Types (No. 100) in the Entomologist's Office, Department of Agri- culture, N.T. 88 NORTHERN TERRITORY TBRMITID^A.^ Termes germanAj sp.nov. Winged form not known. Soldier. — Head dark ochreous, jaws darker; thorax and legs pale yellow; rest of body yellowish-white. Length, 4 mm. Head large, longer than broad, rounded behind, curved on the sides to the base of the jaws, widest across the middle, convex on the summit. Forehead hairy, slightly flattened and rugose, sloping down to the base of the clypeus. Clypeus large, flat, lobed in front, divided in the middle line by a deep suture; a small ferru- ginous spot at either end. Labrum long, convex, sloping on the sides to the rounded apex, reaching half way to the barb on either mandible, a few bristles on the apical half. Jaws large, curved, on either side about the middle a large, angular barb or fang directed backwards. Palpi long and slender, as long as jaws. Antennae long, slender, 15-jointed, springing from circular protuberances on the sides of the head; 1st joint long, slightly swollen towards the apex, without hairs; 2nd one-half the length, slender, without hairs; 3rd one-half the length of 2nd; 4th and 5th moniliform; 6th to 14th oval, increasing in length; 15th elongate-oval; each joint from the 5th stalked and banded with white. Prothorax with a few long hairs, small, nearly as long as wide, divided across the middle by a deep suture, anterior half rounded and bent upwards, posterior half slightly convex, sloping on the sides to the rounded hind margin. Abdomen small, tapered to the extremity, hairy; cerci slender. Legs stout, 4th tarsal joint long, slender; claws slender; tibia armed with numer- ous spines in addition to the three apical spines. Wo7^ke7\ — Head pale yellow; antennae, legs and thorax lighter; rest of body white. Length, 3 mm. Head orbiculate. Fore- head slightly concave, arcuate behind the clypeus. Clypeus large, convex, truncate in front, with a brown spot at either end. Labrum large, broad behind, sloping on the sides to the truncate apex, barely hiding a large tooth near the tip of the left jaw. Antennae 14-jointed. Prothorax small, similar to soldier. Ab- domen moderately large, tapered rapidly to the extremity; cerci slender. Legs slender; tibial spines and claws small. BY G. F. HILL. 89 Only one small colony has come under the writer's notice. This was situated under a piece of wood lying upon the ground. The termites are believed to feed upon decaying grass-leaves. ^a6. -Fannie Bay, near Darwin, Northern Territory (G. F. Hill, 30/12/13). Types (No.ll9) in Entomologist's Office, De- partment of Agriculture, N.T. Termes rubriceps Froggatt. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1897, xxii., p.730. Winged form [description incomplete].— General colour brown above, ochreous below. Head very dark brown. Ocelli pale yellow; base of clypeus light brown; antennse lighter, and banded with whitish; thorax and apex of each dorsal plate of abdomen brown; rest of insect dark ochreous. Head large, rounded, slightly longer than wide. Forehead concave, with a deep circular cleft in the centre, a distinct suture from the cleft to the pos- terior margin of the head, arcuate behind the clypeus, summit without hairs. Eyes large, finely faceted, projecting. Ocelli large, circular, in line with the front margin of the eyes, from which they are widely separated. Between the ocelli and clypeus, a large light brown spot. Antennse 18-jointed, springing from a circular cleft in front of, and close to, the eye; 1st joint moder- ately long, cylindrical, apex whitish and fringed with hairs; 3rd and 4th very small, coalesced; 5th to 7th moniliform; 8th to 1 7th stalked, straight on the sides; 1 8th elongate; 5th to 18th covered with fine short hairs, and a few long ones. Clypeus large, convex, divided by a suture, apex lobed. Labrum large, convex, widest across the middle, sloping to the blunt apex. Prothorax saddle- shaped, not as wide as head, wider than long, truncate in front, rounded on the sides and hind margin, front margin bent up in the middle and crossed by a suture; behind the suture, the summit is concave. Scapular shield showing the base of five nervures; cross-suture transverse. " Abdomen nearly cylindrical, bluntly rounded at the end. Cerci very small. Abdomen and thorax covered with short hairs. Legs long, stout, hairy; tibial spines strong; claws long and slender. [Wings damaged]. The foregoing description refers to a single damaged specimen taken in an underground passage (11/1/14) in which were found 90 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMITID.E, i., numerous soldiers and workers. A portion of two wings only remained. Considering the proximity of these insects to the writer's house, the fact that lights were burning nightly only a few yards distant, and that occupied passages were examined frequently throughout the wet season, it is remarkable that numbers of winged insects were not secured. Termes ruhriceps is not known to build termitaria, although the insects are frequently taken in the walls of termitaria built by Coptotermes acinacifo^^mis, at the base of termitaria built by Eutet'mes triodice, and in abandoned nests of doubtful identity. In such situations, the colonies are small, and consist of workers and soldiers, which live upon the food stored by their hosts or upon rejectamenta. Their real homes are in rambling, underground galleries and chambers, situated on well-drained, pebbly or stony country. They are largely grass-feeders, and, as such, can hardly be regarded as pests. Small grassless or thinly grassed patches are generally characteristic of the land tunnelled by these termites. One may see, in such places, hundreds of workers and soldiers streaming out of small openings, measuring about 6 mm. by 3 mm., and dividing into parties or scattering. In a few minutes, the workers begin to return, each with a short piece of grass (green or dry), a grass-seed, a piece of Eucalypt-leaf or other vegetable matter; and, before long, there is a constant stream backward and forward. In this work, the soldiers direct operations, and defend the workers from predaceous ants. When sufficient food has been collected, or when disturbed, all return, and the open- ings, from which they came, are quickly sealed up with saliva- moistened earth. As a rule, operations are carried on simul- taneously from several openings, sometimes as many as twelve, over an area of 20 to 30 feet or more. Some of the openings are provided with projecting lips, but, as a rule, they are flush with the ground, faced with cemented particles of earth, and sealed just below the level of the ground. Although generally nocturnal in their habits, they are very often found gathering their food in the full glare of sunlight. Stores are collected at frequent intervals throughout the year. BY G. F. HILL. 91 Just below the surface, and opening off the tunnel used as an exit, there is an elongate, oval chamber which, like similar ones deeper down, will be found, after harvesting operations, to be full of short lengths of grass, etc. The lower chambers are generally larger than those near the surface, but all are very irregular in size and shape, varying, in the lower ones, from 6 to 10 mm., from floor to roof, and from 30 to 60 mm. across. The passages connecting them are greatly constricted for a short distance, and neither the passages nor the chambers are coated with alimentary rejectamenta, such as is to be found in the tunnels of Mastotermes. Certain chambers, either near the surface or deeper down, are used for the reception of waste- products, and such portions of the dead as are not used for food. Most of the chambers are from 1|^ to 6 inches below the surface, rarely are they deeper than 1 2 inches. There appears to be no regular "nursery." The eggs are carried by the workers to any of the large flat chambers, and there deposited in little heaps. Larvae and nymphs are found in all the passages and galleries. The eggs are yellowish-white, semitransparent, convex on one side, concave on the other, and bluntly rounded at the ends. They measure 0'03 in length by 0*01 mm. in width, and have been taken in December, January, and February. Loc. — Darwin, Stapleton, Brock's Creek, N.T. Termes Turneri, Froggatt. Froggatt, op. cit., 1897, p.736. This would appear to be an uncommon species in the northern portion of the Territory, since only two small communities have come under the writer's notice. The first was taken at Stapleton (31/12/12) in a few small galleries in the basal portion of the wall of a termitarium of Coptotermes acinaci/ormis, and comprised a few soldiers, workers, and winged forms. The queen was probably destroyed or lost in the fall of earth. The second community was taken a, few days later, in the same locality, in portion of a deserted termitarium of Termes sp., near ferox. In both cases, the winged forms greatly outnumbered the workers and soldiers. 92 NORTHERN TERRITORY TBRMlTIDjE^ i., CoPTOTERMES ACiNACiFORMis Froggatt. (Plates xiv.-xviii.) Termes acinaciformis Froggatt, op. cit., 1897, p. 740. This is, probably, the commonest species in the northern part of the Territory, where they are responsible for most of the damage to growing forest-trees. Hollow Iron wood-trees (Pithe- colohium moniliferum) and Eucalypts are almost invariably in- fested with them, but they are rarely found in fence-posts or in buildings constructed of indigenous or imported timbers. The large, dome-shaped termitaria (Plate xiv.), typical of the species, are usually found on well-drained, open forest country at the base of a tree, or enveloping a stump (Plate xv.). They are rarely found on wet lands or on hill-sides. Few attain a height of more than four or five feet, but occasionally one sees a straight column, six to eight feet high, surmounting one of these dome- shaped mounds. These columns are formed as the tree-trunks are gradually converted into food, and finally replaced by a column of earth and triturated wood. In most cases, trees appear to be attacked from below ground, and hollowed out to a con- siderable height before any external evidence of the presence of termites can be detected. Sometimes destruction is not carried beyond this stage, and excellent fencing timber is obtained from such trees, especially from Eucalyptus ininiata, a timber that possesses considerable termite-resisting properties when used for fences, stock-yards, etc. More often, however, destruction con- tinues, and the characteristic termitaria are built, and gradually extended, until the weakened trunk is blown over or consumed. Isolated mounds are common, and, if opened, will be found to contain, as a rule, some portion of a tree or stump (Plate xvi.). What occurs, when this portion is consumed, is not known, but there is evidence, in the shrivelled condition of the queens' abdo- mina, in the small number of soldiers and workers often observed, and in the number of abandoned and ruined termitaria, to suggest that the community dies out gradually as the food-supply diminishes. The walls of the termitaria are constructed of fine particles of earth and sand, gathered on the surface of the ground, and firmly cemented together into an intensely hard mass. The BY G. F. HILL. 93 foundations rest upon the surface, and are often used as the homes of other termites ( T. ruhriceps, T. Tumeric and Eutermes spp.), and of true amis [Opisthopsis respiciens, Camponotus Novce- Hollandice, and Iridorayrmex delectus). The thickness of the walls varies, even in the same termitarium, from two inches near the summit, to twelve inches near the ground, or on the sides. A few irregular, winding passages traverse the walls, and, in them, may be found a few soldiers and workers. The interior is composed of triturated wood moulded into curious forms. The upper portion is open and easily broken, but lower down it is more solid, lumpy, and folded. Near the ground, towards the middle of the nest, this papiermache-like material is in thin layers, forming more or less horizontal chambers. This is the " nursery." It contains the queen, eggs, larvae, nymphse, and a few soldiers and workers. The queen is generally found about three inches from the ground, and about the middle of the nest, in a low domed cell with more or less level floor, from which she cannot escape. The eggs are removed by the workers, as soon as they are laid, to surrounding cells, and the young are reared still further from the queen. The interior is generally separated from the walls by a space varying from \ inch to 3 inches, and is connected, in certain parts, by threads or a network of finely drawn out composition. In termitaria having no portion of a stump or tree within their walls, the woody interior rests upon a concave surface of earthy material, pierced by a few small passages. The lower portion of the interior is fairly dry, but the summit is moist and viscous. In the Stapleton district, where the predominant termitaria are those of Eutermes triodicE, there are many abandoned mounds, apparently of that species, on the heavy grey-soil flats at the foot of the hills. In breaking these down, one occasionally finds large nests of Coptotermes acinaciformis built within them, and resting on a foundation of solid earthy material, twenty to thirty inches thick, penetrated by a few passages into the surrounding soil (Plates xvii.-xviii.). The occurrence of a male in the queen's cell is very rare indeed. Complementary queens have not been found by the writer, but 94 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMITlDjE^ i., it is probable that they are used, since several termitaria, from which queens were removed, were immediately repaired, and have since been increased to their original size. A fully-developed gravid queen measures about 18 mm. in length, by 6 mm. in width at the widest part of the abdomen. Winged swarms leave the termitaria in December and January, but a few winged insects may be found in them months later. When disturbed, the soldiers eject a small quantity of milky secretion from a circular opening above the jaws, a habit that at once distinguishes them from other local species. This species is not infrequently met with in company with Rhi^iotermes reticulattis, but, unlike Rhinotermes, they are rarely found in buildings, and never (to the writer's knowledge) in cultivated plants. Loc. - Darwin, Stapleton, Melville Island, Bathurst Island. COPRITERMES MeLVILLENSIS, Sp.nOV. Winged form not known. Soldier. — Head yellow, thorax, antennae, and legs paler, the apex of each antennal segment banded with white; jaws dark castaneous; rest of insect whitish. Length, 3^ mm. exclusive of jaws; jaws IJmm. Head long, slender, cylindrical, bluntly rounded behind, straight on the sides to near the truncate front. Forehead produced into a cone-shaped projection, which is directed slightly upwards, and extends as far forward as the apex of the labrum, bearing a wart-like protuberance on either side between the base and the antennal cleft. Clypeus small, rounded in front. Labrum long, nearly straight on the sides, truncate at the apex, with either side produced into a slender point, anterior half with a patch of ochreous and scattered hairs, the rest white. Antennae long, stout, hairy, 14-jointed, springing from a circular protuberance situated within a deep angular depression in front of the head; 1st joint long, stout, cylindrical; 2nd one-half the diameter and length; 3rd and 4th smallest, moniliform; 5th to 13th increasing in length, turbinate; 14th elongate. Jaws very long, longer than head, similar to Copri- termes Froggatti, and C. Taylori. Prothorax small, not as wide BY G. F. HILL. 95 as head, divided across the middle by a deep depression, the apical half rounded in front, and turned up like a collar, the sides curving round to the hind margin, which is slightly indented. Abdomen elongate-oval, round in section; cerci large, hairy, pale ferruginous in colour, and conspicuous against the whitish body. Claws and tibial spines stout. Wo7-ker . —Head pale yellow; thorax, legs, and antennae lighter; the rest of the insect whitish. Length, 31 mm. Head large, round. Clypeus large, convex, lobed, a dark spot at each end. Labrum large, widest in the middle, contracted towards the truncate apex. Prothorax narrow, divided by a deep depression, apical half rounded, and turned up like a collar, hind margin rounded. Abdomen elongate-oval. Legs stout; claws and spines small; cerci large. The type and cotype specimens were taken from a small termi- tarium composed of a blackish-coloured composition of triturated wood and eaith, built against the trunk of a living Eucalypt- tree. In common with allied species, both the soldiers and workers are timid, and make no effort to defend themselves when dis- turbed. The soldiers produce a sharp, snapping sound with the jaws, which are normally carried horizontally, and meet only at the tips. In dead specimens, the jaws are almost invariably depressed, and crossed at the base. Excepting in the paler colour of the head (soldier), this species does not differ from a mainland-form taken in company with a smaller termite (7^. nana) in a blackish-coloured mass of triturated wood and earth, within a cluster of bamboos growing in the Botanic Gardens, Darwin. Hab. — Fort Dundas, Melville Island, Northern Territory (G. F. Hill, 12/4/14). Type (No. 115) in the Entomologist's Office, Department of Agriculture, N.T. . COPRITERMES TaYLORI, Sp.nOV. Winged form not known. Neoteinic queen. — Head, thorax, and chitinous plates of abdo- men light yellow; legs and antennae paler; rest of body creamy- 96 NORTHERN TERRITORY TSBMITID^^, i., white. Length, 5 mm. Head rounded behind; forehead con- cave; eyes circular, projecting from the sides of the head, finely faceted; ocelli round, in line with the front margin of the eyes; clypeus large, convex, arcuate behind, rounded on the side, divided longitudinally by a suture which extends across the con- cave forehead, front margin rounded, depressed, divided from the posterior portion by a deep lateral suture. Labrum large, projecting beyond the jaws, broadest behind, narrowing to the bluntly pointed apex. Antennae hairy, 15-jointed, short, slender, springing from a circular cleft in front of the eyes; 1st joint long, slightly turbinate; 2nd one-half the length of first, cylindrical; 3rd very small; 4th to 10th larger, coalesced; 11th, 12th, 13th increasing in size; 14th longer, nearly cylindrical; 15th elongate- oval, slightly stalked, longer than 14th. Prothorax long, nar- rower than head, saddle-shaped, truncate and rigid in front, sides and hind margin rounded; wing-pads rudimentary. Tarsi slender, claws small. Cerci small, cone-shaped. Entire head, thorax, abdomen, and legs covered with fine pale hairs. Male (king). — General colour dark brown above; head casta- neous; antennae dark );rown, with the base and apex of each segment whitish; legs and chitinous plates of ventral surface light brown. Length, 3 J mm. Head rounded behind, flattened on the summit, sloping down to the prominent clypeus, with a curious keyhole-like whitish mark in the depressed centre in line with the middle of the eyes. Eyes large, prominent, projecting well beyond the genae. Ocelli large, reniform, adjacent to the inner margin of the eyes. Antennae hairy, 1 5- jointed, springing from circular clefts in front of the eyes; 1st joint long, stout, cylindrical; 2nd one-half as long; 3rd very small; 4th-10th mon- iliform; llth-14th increasing in length; 13th and 14th nearly cylindrical ; 15th largest, elongate-oval. Clypeus paler than head, large, convex, arcuate behind, rounded on the sides; apex whitish, rounded in front, divided from the basal two-thirds by a deep transverse suture. Labrum large, covering the jaws, narrow at the base, swelling out at the sides beyond the middle, and contracting again to the rounded apex. Prothorax long, rugose, narrower than head, truncate and slightly bent in front; BY G. F. HILL. 97 sides and posterior margin rounded. Scapular shield angular; cross-suture transverse. Thighs stout, flattened; tibia slender; apical spines and claws large. Cerci small, cone-shaped. Soldier. — Head pale yellow, antennae with the base and apex of each segment white-banded; jaws dark castaneous; rest of insect dull white. Length, 2|mm., exclusive of jaws; jaws 1 mm. Head long, slender, cylindrical, rounded behind, sides straight to near the antennal clefts, truncate in front, with the forehead produced into a long cone-shaped projection directed slightly upwards, and extending as far forward as the apex of the labrum. Clypeus small, rounded in front, whitish in colour. Labrum long, very slightly contracted towards the apex, which is pro- duced into a sharp point at either side and bears a few long hairs. Antennae long, slender, hairy, 14-jointed, springing from circular clefts within angular depressions on the side of the head; 1st joint long, stout, nearly cylindrical; 2nd one-half the length of the 1st, slender; 3rd and 4th small, moniliform; 5th 13th increasing in length, slightly turbinate; 14th longer than 13th, elongate-oval. Jaws very long, longer than head, curved, slender, springing from the centre of the head, curved downwards to near the tips, which are straighter and flattened on one side. At the base of the left jaw, there is a large blunt fang opposed to a bluntened projection on the right. Prothorax small, not as wide as head, the apical half rounded in front, and. turned up nearly at right angles, the sides sloping back to the hind margin, which is slightly indented in the middle. Abdomen elongate-oval, rounded in section. Femora flattened. Tibia long, slender, with small apical spines and large claws. Cerci small, hairy. Worker. — Head and antennae paler than soldier, with ferru- ginous spots on either end of the clypeus. Head large, rounded, more hairy than that of the soldier. Clypeus large, convex, rounded behind, lobed. Labrum large, rounded in front. An- tennae 14-jointed, hairy, 3rd and 4th joints smallest. Legs stout; tibial spines small; claws large. Cerci small, hairy. The pos- terior opening always appears to be distended, as in the soldiers. Length, 3 mm. Eggs. — Pale yellow, curved, bluntly rounded at the ends, ^mm. in length, 11 98 NORTHERN TERRITORY TE RMTTID.F., \., This species appears to be a rare one, onl}^ one community having come under the writer's notice up to the present time. This colony consisted of a gravid neoteinic queen, king, two com- plementary queens, about 15 soldiers, about 100 workers, numer- ous nymphse and eggs. The nest was a rounded mass, about 3 inches in diameter, composed of triturated wood and eartli, situated just below the surface of the ground at the base of a fencepost-strutt. The royal pair were found in a small gallery, not differentiated from other galleries, with a few soldiers and workers. The eggs were stored in similar galleries close by. One of the complementary queens occupied a small passage about one inch distant, and by her were numerous eggs, and a few soldiers and workers. The species is of little economic import- ance. I have pleasure in naming the species after Mr. Frank H. Taylor, Entomologist to the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Queensland. Hab. — Koolpinyah, near Darwin, Northern Territory (G. F. Hill, 21/11/13). Types(No.89) in Entomologist's Office, Depart- ment of Agriculture, N.T. COPRITERMES FrOGGATTI, Sp.nOV. Winged form not known. Queeii. — Head and marking on scapular shield ferruginous; clypeus, antennae, thorax, legs, and chitinous plates of abdomen paler; rest of body whitish. Length, 10 mm. Head hairy like prothorax, rounded behind, flattened on summit, a keyhole-like mark in the centre, in line with the centre of the eyes. Eyes large, projecting well beyond the sides of the head; ocelli large, renif orm . Antennae hairy, base and apex of each segment white, 13-jointed, springing from a circular cleft in front of the eyes; 1st joint long and fairly stout; 2nd much shorter; 3rd smallest, circular; 4th and 5th moniliform; 6th-12th increasing in length, slightly turbinate; 13th same length as 12th. Clypeus large, arcuate behind, divided in the middle line by an indistinct suture, apex depressed, divided from the basal three-fourths by a deep cross-suture, sides sloping to the truncate front margin. BY G. F. HILL. 99 Labrum large, convex, broad at the base, spade-shaped at the apex, not reaching the tip of the stout jaws. Prothorax saddle- shaped, truncate and slightly raised in front, rounded behind, divided in the middle line by a narrow suture; on the summit, an irregular raised area one-half the width of the prothorax, with depressed centre. Scapular shield hairy, showing the base of four main nervures very distinctly; cross-suture nearly trans- verse. Abdomen long, cylindrical, bluntly rounded at the end; chitinous plates hairy; cerci indistinct. Soldier. — Head dark ochreous; antennae ochreous, with the base and apex of each segment white; jaws dark castaneous; rest of insect whitish. Length, 3J mm., exclusive of jaws; jaws 1 mm. Head a little longer than broad, bluntly rounded behind, sides straight to the base of a sharp projection from an irregular, roughened protuberance below the antennal cleft, truncate in front, with the forehead produced into a long, hairy, cone-shaped projection bearing a smaller projection on either side at the base, directed slightly upwards, and extending as far forward as the apex of the labrum. Clypeus indistinct. Labrum long, with the nearly straight sides produced into a point at either side, the front margin between the points slightly convex, scattered reddish hairs on the upper anterior portion. [In one of the co-types the labrum is slightly contracted on the sides, and truncate in front.] Antennae hairy, 14-jointed, springing from slightly raised tubercles in front of the head, and below the two smaller projections of the forehead; first joint long, stout, nearly cylindrical; 2nd less than one-half the length, slender; 3rd and 4th smallest; 5th-13th long, slightly turbinate; 14th longer than than 13th, elongate-oval. Jaws very long, longer than head, slender, curved, springing from the centre of the head, tips flattened on one side and sharply curved downwards, with a large blunt fang at the base of the left jaw, opposed to an irregular bluntened projection on the right. Prothorax small, about one-half the width of the head, divided in the middle line by an indistinct suture, the middle of the apical half turned up nearly at right angles like a collar, front margin rounded, notched in the middle, hind margin rounded. Abdomen elongate-oval, 100 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMITID.f:, i,, round in section; cerci small; claws strong; tibial spines larger than in H. Taylori. Worker. — Head pale yellow; thorax and antennae lighter; rest of insect whitish. Length, 3} mm. Head small, rounded behind and on the sides, with an obscure keyhole-like mark in the centre of the slightly flattened forehead. Clypeus large, convex, rounded, divided in the middle line by an obscure suture, front margin truncate, apex divided from hind portion by a deep suture, a brown spot at either end of the clypeus in line with the antennal clefts. Labrum large, hairy, not covering jaws, broad at the base, sloping in to the truncate apex. Antennae short, 14-jointed, arising from small protuberances; 1st joint long, slender; 2nd one-half the length; 3rd and 4th small, coalesced; 5th larger; 6th to 13th moniliform; 14th long. ?rothorax small, hairy, rounded behind, apical half turned up nearly at right angles Legs small, slender. Abdomen elongate-oval; cerci very small. This appears to be a rare species, only one small colony having been taken. The queen, with three soldiers and about fifty workers and nymphse, were taken at ground-level in an abandoned termitarium of Eutermes kastilis. It is a very distinct species, easily distinguished from others of this group. I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to Mr. W. W. Froggatt, Government Entomologist of New South Wales, who has kindly identified many termites for me, and whose works on the Termitidse I have freely consulted. Hah. — Thirty-four miles east of Darwin, Northern Territory (G. F. Hill, 14/1/13). Types (No.34) in Entomologist's Office, Department of Agriculture, N.T. Eutermes pastinator, sp.nov. (Plates xix.) Winged form. — Head nearly black, antennae, clypeus, labrum, palpi, legs, and underparts dull ochreous; thorax, chitinous plates of dorsum of abdomen, and a spot at either end of plates 2-6 of ventral surface, dark brown. Length, to tip of wings, 20 5 mm.; to tip of body, 10 mm. Head very hairy, round behind, a narrow cleft in the depressed centre of the flattened summit, arcuate behind the clypeus; eyes large, round, projecting; ocelli large, BY G. F. HILL. 101 oval. Antennae 16-jointed, hairy, springing from a circular cleft in front of the eyes; 1st joint long, stout, cylindrical; 2nd and 3rd smaller, slightly turbinate, with few hairs; 4th short, hairy; 5th to 15th longer, turbinate, becoming more slender and stalked towards the tip; 16th slender, elongate-oval. Clypeus large, broad, convex, with an indistinct median suture, lobed in front. Labrum narrow at the base, swelling out on the sides, rounded in front. Palpi stout, hairy. Jaws large, stout; right mandible with two, sharp, angular, stout teeth at apex, followed by a much shorter and blunter one, and a large serrated basal tooth; left mandible with two, sharp apical teeth, the hindermost connected with a third and smaller pointed one by a long cutting edge; at the base of the mandible there is a large, irregular, blunt tooth Opposed to the serrated tooth on the right. Prothorax hairy, wider than long, narrower than head, with median suture, straight along the front margin, rounded on the sides and hind margin, front margin slightly bent up in the centre. Scapular shields hairy, rugose; cross-suture transverse. Wings large (fore wing 15|mm. long, by 4jmm. in width; hindwing 14§mm. long, by i^ mm. in width), rounded at the tips, base of the costal and below subcostal nervures yellow, rest of wings smoky. Forewing, costal and subcostal nervures stout, running close together and nearly parallel to the tip of the wing; median nervure running through upper half of the wing for two-thirds of its length, with three simple nervelets, the first two of which are long and slender; submedian nervure slender, parallel to the median to a little beyond the first branch in the latter, then curving downwards to the hind margin, with eleven simple, oblique nervures, the first five of which are very stout. Hindwing similar to forewing, excepting that there is usually one less oi)lique nervure from the submedian. Legs strong, hairy; claws and tibial spines long and slender. Abdomen large, elongate-oval, bluntly rounded at the tip, covered with fine hairs; cerci short, cone-shaped, hairy. ^weer?.. - General colour creamy-white; chitinous plates dark brown, fringed on the hind margin with fine hairs; connecting membrane glabrous. Total length, 25mm.; diameter of abdomen, 8 mm. 102 NORTHERN TERRITORY TBUMITID^,!., Soldier. — Head rusty-brown, base of snout darker, back of head distinctly lighter, rest of insect ochreous-yellow. Length, 3 J mm. Head round behind, tapered to the base of the snout, a cluster of fine hairs and bristles on tip of snout; scattered, long, slender, reddish bristles on rest of head. Palpi long, slender, very hairy, reaching tip of snout. Antennae H-jointed, very long and slender, the base of segments 2-6 whitish; 1st segment long, moderately stout, nearly cylindrical, without hairs; 2nd and 3rd less than one-half the length, slender; 4th to 10th increasing in length, slightly swollen towards the apex; 11th to 14th de- creasing in length. Prothorax small, not as wide as head, much wider than long, rounded in front and behind, anterior half bent up in the middle, and fringed with a few long hairs. Hind margin of pro-, meso-, and metathorax fringed similarly. Legs very long; femora cylindrical, sharply contracted at the base, with a few fine hairs; tibia long, hairy; spines small; claws long and slender. Abdomen small, covered with scattered hairs; cerci long, slender, with a few long hairs at apex. Worker. — Head pale ferruginous above; clypeus, thorax, and legs very pale ochreous; rest of insect whitish. Length, 5 J mm. Head rounded behind, broadest across the middle, arcuate behind the clypeus, a pale median suture joining another which crosses the head well behind the clypeus, a dark ferruginous spot at either end of the clypeus. Clypeus large, convex, divided by a median suture, lobed in front, apex bluntly pointed. Labrum large, narrowest at the base, swelling out on the sides, rounded in front. Jaws short, not as stout as, but otherwise similar to, those of winged forms. Antennae 16-iointed. Legs moderately short and stout; tibial spines small; claws moderately long and slender. Abdomen large, covered with fine scattered hairs; cerci large, hairy. The termitaria of £J. pastinator are enveloped in an intensely hard exterior wall, composed of fine particles of earth, sand, and short lengths of grass firmly cemented together. Few exceed 2 ft. in height, by 2 ft. 9 in. in diameter at the base, the average being about 1 ft. 6 in. in height, by about 2 ft. in diameter. In shape, they are flattened domes, with or without irregular pro- BY G. F. HILL. 103 jections of the sides and summit, but all are sufficiently alike to distinguish them from the nests of other local species (Plate xix.). The interior is composed of similar material, and is not separ- able from the walls. A labyrinth of passages traverses it in all directions, those near the base being larger and more flattened than the others. There is no well-defined "nursery," and the position of the queen-cell varies greatly in individual nests. Sometimes it is situated near the side, and about one inch below the level of the surrounding surface-soil; at others, it is well down below ground-level, and beneath the middle of the superstructure. The cell measures about 3 inches in diameter, by J inch in height; with irregular floor, and the sides pierced by three or four holes large enough to admit the soldiers and workers. The exterior walls rest upon the natural surface of the soil, and are largely, if not entirely, constructed of material mined from below, with a small admixture of short lengths of grass to bind the particles. Below the superstructure, there is an area, roughly corresponding to the size of the dome, which is traversed by innumerable passages. These passages contain a quantity of grass cut into lengths of about ^ of an inch, but the greater part of the underground space is occupied by the young and adults. The main store of grass, upon which they live, is stored in the superstructure. Foraging tunnels pass out beneath the walls into the surrounding soil, and, from them, the workers and soldiers reach the surface to gathei' food. The termitaria are found on high, well-drained situations, either on light gravelly loam, or on stony hill-sides. In the latter situations, the underground portions of the nests are restricted or rambling, as a matter of course, according to the nature and quantity of stone underlying the superstructure. Accretions to the outer walls (PL xix., fig. 7) are made during the dry season. In two nests kept under close observation at Kool- pinyah, in May, this work was carried on during alternate nights, between the hours of 8 p.m. and 8 a.m. Supplementary queens are unknown. 164 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMITlDjE, {., Termitophilous insects, other than Mastotermes dartviniensis, have not been recorded from these nests, noi* are the latter invaded by predaceous ants. Hah. — Thirty-four-mile Siding, Northern Territory Kailway (G.F.Hill, 14/11/13); Darwin, Koolpinyah, Stapleton. Types (No. 28) in Entomologist's Office, Department of Agriculture, N.T. EUTERMES LONGIPENNIS, nOV.sp. Winged form. — Upper surface of head castaneous; mouth-parts ochreous; antennae dark ochreous, the apex of each segment paler; thorax and scapular shields ferruginous; dorsal plates of abdomen dark brown, ventral plates with a light brown spot at each end; the rest of insect ochreous. Length, to tip of wings, 20 mm.; to tip of body, 10 mm. Head very hairy, rounded behind, broadest across the eyes, sloping in to the base of the clypeus, flattened on the summit, and divided by an obscure median suture, which merges into a forked cleft in line with the centre of the eyes ; eyes moderately large, projecting, finely faceted; ocelli oval, adjacent to the inner margin of the eyes. Antennae 16-jointed, stout, hairy, springing from a circular cleft in front of the eyes; 1st joint long, slightly turbinate; 2nd less than one-half the length, and slightly swollen at the apex; 3rd about the same length as the 2nd, stalked; 4th very short, more rounded; 5th-7th larger, rounded; 8th-15th elongate, stalked, swollen towards the apex; 16th shorter, elongate-oval. Clypeus moderately large, hairy, slightly arcuate behind, lobed in front, apex paler in colour, and bluntly pointed. Labrum narrow at the base, swelling out on the sides, rounded in front, covering the tips of the jaws. Jaws large, right mandible with two, siiarp, stout, angular teeth at the apex, followed by a much shorter and blunted one, and a large, serrated basal tooth; left mandible with two, sharp, apical teeth, the hindermost connected with a third and smaller one by a long cutting Qdge; at the base of the jaw, a large, irregular, blunt tooth opposed to the serrated tooth on the right. Prothorax hairy, broad, not as wide as head, middle of front margin bent-up, sides sloping round to the hind margin, which is nearly straight, a deep depression behind the BY G. F. HILL. 105 bent-up front margin on either side of the median line. Scapular shields hairy, small; cross-suture transverse. Wings very large (forewing 27 mm. in length, by 4 J mm. in width; hindwing 16 J mm. in length, by 5 mm. in width), below the base of the costal and the entire length of the subcostal nervures deep yellow, giving the front margin of the wing a conspicuous tinge of colour; oblique nervures dark brown, the rest of wing dull ochreous. Forewing : costal and subcostal nervures stout, running nearly parallel to the apex; median nervure running through the upper half of the wing, slender, number and position of nervelets very variable, and rarely alike in the same pair of wings; submedian nervure slender, running through the middle of the wing for about one-half its length, number of oblique nervures variable (9 to 12), most or all of which are very stout, simple or bifurcated, rarely alike in the same pair of wings. Hindwing : costal and subcostal nervures similar to forewing, median nervure stouter than in forewing, with several short, oblique nervelets running towards the subcostal, the number, form, and position of the main branches very variable, and usually differing in the same pair of wings; submedian nervure as stout as median, oblique nervures very stout and variable as to number and form, and of ten differing greatly in 'the same pair of wings. Legs strong, hairy, inner margin of tibiae fringed with numerous bristles; tibial spines and claws long. Abdomen nearly cylindrical, broadly rounded at the tip, covered with fine golden pubescence; cerci short, hairy. !Soldier.— Head reddish-brown; thorax and antennae brownish- yellow, base and apex of each antennal segment, from the second to seventh, white- banded; legs and rest of insect stramineous. Length, 3 J mm. Head large, rounded behind and on the sides, sloping abruptly to the base of the snout (head wider, and more rounded than in E. pastiiiator)^ a few fine hairs on tip of the snout, and long, scattered bristles on the rest of the head. An- tennae 14-jointed, moderately long; 1st joint moderately long, stout, nearly cylindrical, with a few hairs; 2nd less than one-half the length and width, nearly cylindrical, with a few short hairs; 3rd shorter than 2nd, more hirsute; 4th to 6th about the same 106 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMITI D^J-:, {., length as 2nd, hairy, swollen towards the apices; 7th-13th longer, hairy, stalked; 14th shorter, elongate-oval. Prothorax small, not as wide as head, much wider than long, rounded in front and behind, anterior half bent-up in the middle, and fringed with a few, long, reddish hairs; hind margin of pro-, meso-, and metathorax similarly fringed. Abdomen small, covered with stout, red hairs; cerci long, slender, hairy. Legs short, moderately stout, with a few hairs; tibial spines small; claws very small. Workei'. — Head brown above; rest of head and thorax pale ochreous; legs much paler; abdomen whitish. Length, 4 mm. Head slightly longer than wide, rounded behind, arcuate behind the clypeus, a pale median suture dividing the head, and joining another irregular one, which crosses the forehead well behind the clypeus. Clypeus very large, broadly lobed, divided by a median suture, a dark spot at either end, posterior lobe convex, anterior lobe whitish, with a yellow mark on either side of the middle, front margin slightly arcuate. Labrum large, convex, nari'ow at the base, spreading out in the middle, rounded in front. Jaws short, not as stout as in the winged form, but otherwise similar. Antennae 15-jointed. Abdomen large; cerci slender, with a few hairs. Legs short, stouf, with scattered reddish hairs; tibial spines small; claws long. Further research will probably prove this to be a fairly com- mon species in the locality from which the types and cotypes were taken. Termitaria similar to those described below were not infrequently noticed, but they were taken to be those of an undetermined species of Eutermes. That there were two species in the same locality, building outwardly similar termitaria, was not discovered until recently. The termitarium from which the types were taken, measured 24 inches in height, by 16 inches in diameter at the base, with sides tapered evenly to the bluntly pointed apex. The walls were built of the same material as the interior, i.e., a composition of triturated wood and fine particles of earth, and were not separable from the inner portion. The outer part of the mass was dense and nearly solid, but, towards the centre, it was BY G. F. HILL. 107 traversed by many passages and flattened galleries (the latter mostly near the base, and evidently forming the " nursery "). The base rested partly on the sandy surface of the soil, and partly on a dead stump (Eugenia), now eaten away to the ground- level. The nest contained a great number of matured winged forms and many soldiers, but few workers and eggs. Unfortu- nately, owing to the lateness of the hour, and the fact that the species was not recognised as being distinct from others pre- viously investigated, no special effort w^as made to secure the queen. A second and similar termitarium was found over the remnant of a Eucalypt-tree (at Koolpinyah, 30/5/13). Tn this case, the interior contained a quantity of larval excrement of the Cetonid beetle, Ilemiphai'is insularis, the pellets being either loose or cemented together in masses in the lower galleries. Numerous Hemlj^haris larvte and pupae were found near the remaining underground portion of the stump. i/a6.— Koolpinyah, Northern Territory (G. F. Hill, 21/11/13). Types (No.87) in Entomologist's Office, Department of Agricul- ture, N.T. EuTERMES TRiODiiE Froggatt. (Plates xx.-xxiii.) Froggatt, op. cit., 1897, p. 745. Travellers on the Darwin-Pine Creek Railway are familiar with the great termitaria of the Spinifex Termite, and many writers have referred to them in past years. The mounds, or termitaria, are found on almost all kinds of soils, and in various situations, but rarely, in the Territory at any rate, on black peaty soils or on rocky hill-sides. They are commonly found on sour, stiff, grey soil or sandy flats, on tim- bered or treeless land, on dry gravelly or scrubby country, and in the little gullies amongst the low sandstone ridges (Plates xx.- xxiii.). The starting-point of a termitarium is invariably a tussock of coarse grass, never a stump, tree, or log. They vary considerably in size, shape, and relative density, but all are constructed entirely of fine particles of earth and sand, cemented together with proctodseal and salivary products. The interior is a maze of irregular chambers and passages, which are, in most cases 108 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMlTID.E^ i., tightly packed with short lengths of grass. In small, recently constructed mounds, the outer walls and interior partitions are very thin and easily broken, but, in the older and larger ones, only the recently-added buttresses are fragile. The interior and older buttresses are so strengthened, and the passages so cemented up, that it is dijSicult to make any impression upon them, even with a sharp pick. The writer has not made an investigation of the interior of these giant mounds, but many of the smaller ones, up to eight or nine feet in height, have been examined. In every case, the interior was not sheathed in an enveloping wall, such as exists in the termitaria of Coptotermes^ but the structure and composition was similar throughout. The food consists of dry grass only, the principal stores of which are found towards the outer walls from the ground to the summit. Many of the galleries and passages, especially in the upper middle portion, are frequently entirely filled with earthy material and rejectamenta cemented into a solid mass. The queen-cell is situated in the middle, and about six inches from the ground Above and below the queen-cell, the structure is more open and laminated, and contains the eggs and larvse. Adult males have not been found with the queens, nor have com- plementary queens been discovered. The whole structure rests upon the natural surface of the ground, and a number of tunnels pass out under the walls into the surrounding soil. These tunnels are flattened (averaging about 5 mm., by 20-50 mm.) and lie obliquely to the surface, pre- sumably to facilitate the carrying of comparatively long pieces of grass along them to the termitarium. When stores of grass are to be gathered, openings are cut through the intervening soil to the surface, and the soldiers and workers pour out in all directions. The tunnels lie a few inches under the surface, and extend outward from the mound for some considerable distance (44 feet in one instance). The food is gathered quickly by the workers, carried to the openings, and thence underground to the termitarium. The tunnels are kept in repair, and are occupied throughout the year. Harvesting is done in the dry season, and at night or early in the morning. BY G. F. HILL. 109 The soldiers are very numerous and pugnacious. If a portion of the mound is damaged, they quickly cluster about the breach to protect the workers while repairs are being effected. The mouth-parts are not adapted for biting, but, from the tip of the snout, they eject a clear, honey-like fluid, which appears to pos- sess caustic properties, besides impeding the actions of attacking predaceous ants. This secretion does not appear on the snout as a drop, but leaves it in a fine jet, which has the appearance of a silken thread waving from the tip. In defence, the Eutermes are more formidable than any of the apparently better-armed Termes. Even powerful ants, such as Odontomachus ruficeps, are sometimes driven off by the little Eutermes. There is no evidence to support the assertion that the termi- taria are abandoned during the dry season. On the contrary, the dry season is a period of great activity, and it is the season when most, if not all, the food-supply is gathered. Moreover, it would be a physical impossibility for a gravid queen to leave a termitarium; and it is hardly conceivable that the workers and soldiers would abandon her and the thousands of eggs and young- larvae, upon which the welfare of the community depends, to seek shelter in the few tunnels outside the mound, even were these roomy enough to accommodate them. It is also erroneously stated by popular writers and others, that these great structures are built of earth mined from below. Doubtless, thn small quantity of earth removed in making foraging tunnels is used in constructing the termitaria, but when we consider how few and small tliese tunnels are, it is obvious that the quantity of building-material obtained from them must be very limited. With the exception of one species of Eutermes, which builds a ver}^ small mound, all the termitt^s found in the Territory collect the great bulk of the earth and sand used in their termitaria, upon the surface. Rhinotermes reticulatus Froggatt. Froggatt, op. cit., 1896, p.540. This a common and very destructive species often found in dead trees, fence-posts, stacks of timber, and in boxes, benches, jute and cotton goods, harness, etc., stored in outhouses. 110 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMITIDJi:, \., As a rule, they work under cover of an enveloping crust of earthy material, and their detection is easy; but, sometimes, con- siderable damage is done before they make their appearance on exposed surfaces. Regular termitaria or mounds are rarely, if ever, constructed in the northern part of the Territory, nor are the young reared in trees, logs, etc., either on or above the surface of the ground. It is a rule that the workers and soldiers make their way in tunnels from distant underground nests, coming up under the box or log, as the case may be, covering it with a thin earthy crust, and rapidly reducing it to a mere shell. Occasion- ally, one finds large nyraphse with rudimentary wings, or, late in the wet season^ fully developed winged insects in such positions, but the young larvae, nymphs, and eggs are not found in these feeding-places. Although frequent attempts have been made to follow these tunnels back to the nests, the writer has never met with success, either owing to the fact that they were lost under buildings, or in ground where it was impossible to keep their course. One termitarium, possibly proving the exception to the rule that Rhinotermes do not build mounds, was found at Batchelor. This was a black, cone-shaped mass of earth and triturated wood, 18 inches high, by 12 inches in diameter at the base, built at the side of a stump, which itself was enveloped in a crust of similar composition. Both the stump and the termitarium swarmed with termites, but the latter contained no queen or young. The structure resembled others in the vicinity, which were occupied by Eutermes, excepting that it differed somewhat in the amount of wood in its composition. Winged swarms appear in Darwin about the beginning of March. Lepisma sp., and the small Tenebrionid beetle, Aphitohius piceus OIL, are frequently associated with these termites. The larvae of a Tachinid fly destroy Rhinotermes under natural conditions, but they are too rare to constitute an effective natural control (two examples only have been taken by the writer). The parasites were taken in termite-galleries under a log, at Batchelor, on 10th July. Each was surrounded by about eighty dead BY G. F. HILL. Ill termites, which they had sucked dry. In captivity, they de- stroyed, in two days, 25 and 28 Khinotermes, then pupated after resting two days. One fly emerged on 26th; the other pupa failed to mature. Rhinotermes intermedius Brauer. Brauer, Reise Novara, Zool. Th., Neuroptera, p.49. This species is not so common as R. reticularis in the neigh- bourhood of Darwin. Winged forms, soldiers (major and minor types), and workers were taken under a stack of wood in Darwin, on 29th November; and a month later, numbers of winged insects were taken at a lamp in the vicinity. The nest was situated, apparently, under the floor of an outhouse, up to which point a number of tunnels were traced. The habits of the two species of this genus appear to be similar. Swarming takes place at night, when large numbers are attracted by lights, and find their way into houses. The individuals of a svvarm, after a short flight, settle on the ground, spread their wings, and move backwards until these are broken off at the cross-sutures. The males are generally the first to shed the wings, the females sometimes retaining one or more until after mating. Immediately the wings are dropped, the males follow the females until a crevice is found under a piece of wood, bark, or tussock of grass, where mating takes place. Couples placed in breeding-jars partly filled with loam, mated under chips of wood, then burrowed down into the soil, where they lived only five or six days. Loc. — Darwin. Calotermes irregularis Froggatt. Froggatt, op. cit, 1896, p. 5 2 5. This genus appears to be represented in the Territory by the above species only. It is a rare termite, only one colony having been found by the writer. While investigating the cause of a gummy exudation from the fork of a small, unidentified, exotic tree in the Botanic Gardens, Darwin, on 22nd July, many larvae of a large fruit-fly {Dacus sp.) 112 NORTHERN TERRITORY TERMITID.'E,!.^ were found in the trunk, about three feet from the ground, crawling in a mass of comminuted wood saturated with gum and offensive-smelling fluid. On splitting the trunk downwards, the termites were found in irregular vertical passages through the green wood to a depth of about twelve inches from the fork. The passages were partly filled with comminuted wood, gum, and fluid, and were inhabited by the termites and fruit-fly larvie. The extremities of the passages were drier, and were occupied chiefly by termices of the worker-caste. The individuals com- prised about 100 soldiers, about 400 adult workers, one male (the king), a number of larvae and nymphse (measuring up to 4 mm. in length), and about 50 eggs. The queen was evidently shaken out, and lost in the long grass, which surrounded the trunk. The majority of these were secured as specimens, and the remainder, about 12 soldiers, 50 adult workers, and numerous nymphse, were removed, with several fruit-fly larvae, in portion of the stump to a breeding-jar. The remaining portion of the stump was examined, and found to be intact for a height of 2 feet from the ground. There was no trace of an external coverway up the outer side, or a passage up the interior from the ground, such as are always found when trees are attacked by other species of termites known to the writer. In this case, the tree was attacked at the fork, about three feet from the ground, and hollowed out to within about one-eighth of an inch of the bark. The fruit-fly larvae pupated between 8th and 15th August, and the flies emerged between 1st and 9th September. Up to 5th August, none of the nymphae showed developing wing-pads, nor could any of them be differentiated as destined to become soldiers or complementary queens. On 1st September, three, young, complementary queens were found amongst the nymphae, one of which was preserved, while the remaining two were kept alive for observation. On 22nd September, many of the nymphae could be separated, by the development which had taken place in the meso- and metanota since 5th August, as destined to become winged-forms. The little colony was now well established, and should have provided a good deal of inter- BY G. F. HILL. 113 esting data, had it not died out from want of attention during the writer's absence. This species is too rare to be regarded as an economic pest of importance. EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIV.-XXIII. Plate xiv. Fig.L — Termitarium of Coptotermes acinaci/or7ms FvoggSitt; Koolpinyah, N.T. Plate XV. Fig.2. — Termitarium of C. acinaciformis; Stapleton, N.T. Plate xvi. Fig.3. — Section of termitarium of C. acinaciformis; Batchelor, N.T. Plate xvii. Fig. 4. — Termitarium of C. acinaciformiH in termitarium of Eutermes triodice; Stapleton, N.T. Plate xviii. Fig.5. — Termitarium of C. acinaciformis in termitarium of Eutermes triodice; Stapleton, N.T. Plate xix. Fig. 6. — Termitarium of Eutermes pasiinator, showing recentl}' added por- tion; Stapleton, N.T. Fig. 7. —Termitarium of Eritermes pastinator; recently added portion broken away, to show numerous holes in wall of older portion; Stapleton, N.T. Plate XX. Fig. 8.— Typical termitaria of Eutermes triodice.; 34-Mile Siding, N.T. Railway. Plate xxi. Fig.9.— Large termitarium of Eutermes triodice; 34-Mile Siding, N.T. Railwa}'. Plate xxii. Fig. 10. — An unusual form of termitarium of Eutermes triodice; 34-Mile Siding, N.T. Railway. Plate xxiii. Fig. IL— Termitarium of Euttrmen triodice; Batchelor, N.T. 12 114 FEEDING-TRACKS OF LIMAX MAXIMUS LINN. By Thomas Steel, F.L.S. (Plate xxiv.) In Proc. Linn. Soc. London, October, 1913, p. 70, Mrs. Jane LongstaiF, F.L.S. , describes and figures the feeding-tracks of this slug. Some eighteen years ago, I noticed an individual of the same species feeding on the film of green conferva which had grown inside a white enamel bowl used for holding water for a dog. The tracks are very plainly shown by the removal of the green conferva from the white surface. There is no trace visible of the twin scratches at the apex of the individual tracks, seen by Mrs. Longstaff, and given in her illustration. Mrs. Longstaff figures only a single row of the tracks, and does not give the scale; and as my specimen shows the sequence of a large number of rows, and also various irregular and return- tracks, it will be of interest. The illustration is from a photo- graph by my son, Mr. W. A. Steel, and is natural size. I have deposited the specimen in the Australian Museum, Sydney. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI \'. Feeding-tracks of Limax maximiis Linn. (nat. size). 115 NOTES AND EXHIBITS. Mr. Fred Turner exhibited, from his herbarium, a series of remarkably fine specimens, collected over a great part of New- South Wales, comprising the typical species, var. tenidor, and the various forms of Panicum flavidum Retz., including one that Dr. Domin has recently described as a new species, under the name of Panicum glohoideum. Bentham and Mueller, Flora Austr., Vol. vii., p. 474, included this form under P . flavidum; Mr. F. M. Bailey, C.M.G., F.L.S., Government Botanist, Queens- land, does not regard it as specifically distinct, and the exhibitor has long held the same opinion. Mr. Turner also showed his original figures (Plates xi. and xii.) of the typical P. flavidum, and its variety tenicio?', which were published in the Government "Agricultural Gazette" (Vol. iv., Part 3, 1893). The form that Dr. Domin regards as a new species has the same robust habit as the typical P. flavidum, except when growing in damp situations, when it is a little taller, identically dilated leaf-sheaths and acute leaves, which are glabrous, glaucous, and striate, a short ciliate ligula, a panicle of several short, somewhat distinct branches, and a slightly dilated flexuous rhachis, sometimes ending in a distinctly aristate point. The distinctly but shortly pedicellate spikelets, to which Dr. Domin refers, are also a characteristic of tery many of the specimens the exhibitor has examined of the typical P. flavidum growing in New South Wales (vide the dissectional drawings in PI. xi. referred to). In some of the more robust forms, many of the spikelets are a little larger and more or less globose than those in the typical species, and have an additional nerve or two on each of the lower glumes, but there are the same number of glumes, and a single, large, broad palea in each spikelet. In order to avoid confusion in the identifi- cation of this grass in the future, it might be recorded as P. flavidum var. globoideum. Mr. Turner's first record of this grass in New South Wales was made in the Official Catalogue (p. 441), Indian and Colonial Exhibition, London, 1886. It is also recorded in his botanical surveys of New England, The Darling, and South-West and North-West New South Wales.* As These Proceedings, 1903-4-5. 116 NOTES AND EXHIBITS. regards, the economic value of all these forms, the description on p. 3 1 of Turner's "Grasses of New South Wales," published by the Government of this State in 1890, of the typical species, is applicable to them all, and has since been amplj^ verified by pastoralists and stockmen all over the State. Some graziers call these grasses " shot grass," and distinguish between the extreme forms as " small shot grass " and " big shot grass.'" It is worth putting on record that the plain-turkey is fond of the grain of these grasses. Mr. Basset Hull exhibited a skin of the Yellow-webbed or Wilson's Storm Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus exasperatus Mathews), caught by Mr. E. I. Bickford, on board the s.s. Cooma, between Brisbane and Sydney on a recent voyage. This species was found breeding in Adelie Land by the Australian Antarctic Ex- pedition.— Also a section of a stem of Callicoma serrati/olia, from Manly, cut through by a wood-boring beetle. Dr. E. W. Ferguson exhibited, by the permission of the Prin- cipal Microbiologist, a collection of foreign biting-flies recently received by the Department of Public Health, from the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, London. The species sent were chiefly African, but a few Asiatic species are included. The collection comprised Simuliidre {S sp-p.), Tabanidce {67 spp.), Muscidce (13 spp.), and Hippoboscidcn {^ ^pp.). Attention was drawn to par- ticular species, such as Glossina palpalis and G. 7norsitans, which were of interest as proved transmitters of disease. The collec- tion is now housed at the Microbiological Laboratory, Depart- ment of Public Health, and will be made available to workers for reference. Dr. J. B, Cleland exhibited specimens of the rootlets of Euca- IjT^ptus, each several inches long, dependent from the roof of a tunnel, driven at a depth of 50 ft. from the surface, at Wellington Caves. Portion of the cave-area is at present being exploited for rock-phosphates. The rootlets in question, which were present in masses, had grown to the length shown since the tunnel had been cut two months before. The rootlets show many lateral branches, and probably represent the effort to replace roots de- NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 117 stroyed in making the tunnel. White Box {E. alhens) grew immediately above the tunnel. To this the rootlets probably belong, though a Kurrajong grew some further distance away. The depth to which the rootlets descended was probably due to their following clefts in the rock, which had been filled with debris, and in which the phosphatic masses had developed. Mr. E. Cheel exhibited leaves of the common cultivated Grape- vine ( Vitis vini/era L.) affected with a disease known as Erinosis, caused by mites {Phytoptus vitis) which pierce and suck the young cellular tissue and cause the so-called Erineum — hairlike develop- ments of the epidermal cells. The specimens affected are from Canley Vale and Campbelltown. He showed also the following interesting series of Australian plants similarly affected with mites, probably of the same genus or possibly Tetranychits or some other closely allied mites. Eucalyptus saligna Sm ; Moona Plains; A.R.Crawford; December, 1904. i^"'. sp.; Jellore Creek, via Mittagong; E. Cheel; April, 1912. Dryayidra nivea R.Br.; S. Perth, W.A.; A. G. Hamilton, 1902: Midland Junction, W.A.; R. Helms; August, 1899: Swan Hill, Lowden, W.A.; Max Koch; December, 1910. Dryattdra obtusa V\.^i\; Hopetown, W.A.; J. H. Maiden; November, 1909. Banksia sp., probably B. rejyens; West Australia; J. Staer; March, 1911. Mr. A. A. Hamilton showed, on behalf of Mr. J. H. Maiden, F. L.S., Government Botanist, tubers of Mirahilis longi/io7-a h.; and flowering- specimens of Eucfdyptus torquata Luehmann. Both plants are growing in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Mr. Ham- ilton showed also specimens of, and communicated notes on, various plants from the National Herbarium, comprising Plan- tayo lanceolata L., showing basal prolification of the inflorescence. Examples collected by Mr. E. Cheel at Colo (January, 1912) exhibit, in the earlier stage, arrested growth of the primary spike, with resultant crowding of the flowers at its base. This con- dition becomes accentuated as the growth increases, and lateral spikes are seen to be in course of formation at the base of the primary one. In a series of specimens from Hornsby (Coll. W. F. l^lakely) similar conditions obtain, but are carried a stao-e 118 NOTES AND EXHIBITS. further, the formation of the lateral spikes at the base of the primary having, in some cases, been effected, Specimens ex- hibited by Mr. Ewen Mackinnon at the Meeting of this Society, in November, 1913, sliow several distinct basal spikes in addition to the primary one, which has become narrowed and elongated. A further series (Coll. W. M. Carne; Beecroft; November, 1914) exhibits the final stage, viz., multiplication of spikes. The primary spike is reduced in length, and is thickly studded with whorls of abbreviated spikes, in extreme cases almost to the apex. — Rosa Hort. var., showing frondiferous diaphysis. In an example com- municated by Mr. T. Steel (Pennant Hills; January, 1915) the axis of the shoot is prolonged through the flower, the calyx-lobes have assumed the form and functions of ordinary pinnate leaves, and the reproductive organs remain undeveloped. In a second example (Coll. L. Mac Donald; Mosman; December, 1914) only two of the calyx-lobes have shown frondescence, the other lobes remaining normal. — Pelargo7iuim {Geraniurti) Hort. var. (Miss Carne; Beecroft; March, 1915), showing lateral, foliar prolifica- tion of the inflorescence. A tuft of leaves is noted intermixed with sessile flower-buds at the base of the inflorescence, the whole surrounded by a normal involucre. The unilateral inflorescence, consisting of but two flowers, indicates arrested growth. — Iso'pogon aneinonifolius R.Br., (A. A. Hamilton; Newnes Junc- tion ; September, 1914); showing the xerophytic characters of reduced, sclerophyllous leaves, and generally stunted growth. Two examples were exhibited. The environment of these two examples was widely dissimilar, one growing on an elevated, barren ridge; and the other in a swamp. According to Schimper ("Plant-Geography," pp. 2-8), the presence of humous acids in the peaty soil of a bog creates a physiologically dry condition for the swamp- vegetation. As a consequence, the plant living in the swamp has been compelled to resort to the same devices for avoiding excessive transpiration as its congener on the dry ridge, hence the morphological similarity of the two examples. — Ca^/i^Hs Muelleri Benth. cfe Hook, f., showing dimorphic foliage. The juvenile leaves are still in situ, though the plant has reached the fruiting stage. This species is described in the Fl. Austr. (vi., NOTES AND EXHIBITS. 119 237) as a tree attaining 20-30 feet, and Mr. J. H. Maiden (Forest Flora of N. S. Wales, ii., 53) says:— "I have seen it up to perhaps 40 ft. in height with a trunk of 12 in." On the dry ridges in the higher parts of the Blue Mountains, it seldom reaches a height of more than 6-8 feet, the example exhibited having matured its fruit when only 1 foot high, — Panax sam- bucifolius Sieb., showing leaf-variation. The leaves are from 2 inches to above 1 foot long, simply pinnate, bipinnate to pin- natisect, with 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, or more leaflets. The leaflets are linear, lanceolate, oval, elliptical to rotundate; sessile, or with petioles varying from 1 line to 1 inch long; their apices obtuse, acute, or acuminate, and their margins entire, shortly toothed, deeply toothed, serrate, or lobed. Measurements: 4^ inchs X 2|, 3 X IJ, 3 X 1, 3 X ^, 2 X J, 1^ X 1|, IJ^ x 1, 1x1 line, f X I inch, -J X I inch. Dr. H. G. Chapman showed three sections of the small intes- tine, demonstrating the internal marginal layer of the circular muscle fibres; (l)a section of the ileum of the cat, (2) a section of the jejunum of the cat, and (3) a section of the jejunum of man. He had also observed this layer in the intestine of the Echidna. He showed also a section of the fundus of the dog's stomach, demonstrating the resistance of the oxyntic cells to digestive action by the gastric ferments. Dr. J. R. Dixon exhibited, under the microscope, transverse sections of the decalcified lower jaw-bone of a dog, prepared by the pyridin-silver-nitrate method. By this method, an elective staining of the sheath, which lines the canaliculi, resulted. This staining showed that the sheath lined also the lacunar spaces and the Haversian canals. The slide further demonstrated not only the free communication, by means of the canaliculi, between the elements of any one Haversian system, but that equally free communication existed between adjacent Haversian systems. 120 ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. May 26th, 1915. Mr. A. G. Hamilton, President, in the Chair. Mr. Percy G. Gilder, Department of Agriculture, Sydney; and Mr. Arthur W. Williams, Byron, N.S.W., were elected Ordinary Members of the Society. A letter from Mr. J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., returning thanks for the Society's congratulations on the award, for 1915, of the Linnean Gold Medal, was communicated. The President, upon requisition, convened a Special General Meeting to be held after the next Monthly Meeting on 30th June. Business : The Hon. Treasurer to move— " That the Annual Subscriptions of all Ordinary Members of the Society serving with the Australian Expeditionar}- Forces be remitted during their term of service." The President made regretful reference to the decease of Mr. William Allan, of Wingham, and Mr. Charles W. de Vis, of Brisbane. The former was the oldest Member of the Society in point of years, elected in 188G. He settled on the Manning River in his younger days, and spent the rest of his life there. He deceased on 26th April, in his ninety fifth year. Mr. C. W. de Vis, for many years Curator of the Queensland Museum, had been a Corresponding Member for more than thirty years. The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (28th April, 1915), amounting to 12 Vols., 93 Parts or Nos., 36 Bulletins, and 1 Pamphlet, received from 40 Societies, etc., were laid upon the table. 121 THE GEOLOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE GREAT SERPENTINE-BELT OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Part iv. The Dolerites, Spilites, and Keratophyres of the NuNDLE District. By W. N. Benson, B.Sc, B.A., F.G.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Geology. (Plates xxv.-xxvii., and six text-figs.) Introduction. — The first three Parts of this series recently issued(l) contain some of the results of field-observations made during the years 1909-1911, and of petrological observations made in Cambridge, whither the writer proceeded, having been awarded a Research Scholarship, by the Royal Commissioners of the Exhibition of 1851. Attention was devoted in the field chiefly to the occurrence of serpentine, and the intricate relation- ships of the dolerites and spilites were less studied, for the peculiar interest attaching to them was then unknown. A perusal of Messrs. Dewey and Flett's paper on British Pillow Lavas(2) showed the importance of these rocks, but the material that had been collected was not sufficient to allow of a detailed discussion, and a re-examination of the field-evidence was neces- sary. The following is the result of six weeks' further work in the Nundle district, and the study of about one hundred and seventy thin slices of the rocks collected. In the previous papers it was recognised that the coarse- grained dolerites were intrusive sill-like bodies, and it was believed that the fine-grained, or aphanitic, and frequently amyg- daloidal spilitic rocks were lava-flows. At the same time it was remarked that many passage-rocks existed, and that it was frequently found difficult to refer an amygdaloidal dolerite of medium grainsize either to the one group or to the other. The same doubt as to the distinction of flow from sill has arisen in most localities in which these rocks occur. A second difficulty 1.3 122 GREAT SERPENTINE BELT OP NEW SOUTH WALES, iv,, exists in the nomenclature. It was pointed out that the term " spilite " by original definition and present-day usage covered only such rocks as had undergone a considerable amount of alteration, with the formation of abundant secondary minerals. This has not always been the case among our rocks in New South Wales, unless we are to consider the acid felspar as a secondary mineral (a point which is discussed below), though in all essential features, chemical composition, structural characteristics, and geological association, they agree entirely with the rocks to which Dr. Flett has applied the term "spilite." To indicate this similarity in essential features, it seemed best to extend the use of the term to cover the apparently unaltered rocks in New South Wales, and the name " spilite " will be employed in the sequel in the same sense as before. The distinction adopted to separate the dolerites and spilites, is one of texture and grainsize: the former have a coarse or medium grainsize, with an ophitic, granu- lar, or intersertal texture; the latter are fine-grained, or partially glassy, with a more or less variolitic texture. All gradations may be found between them. Mineralogically, they differ from normal dolerites and basalts chiefly in the strongly sodic nature of their felspars. Geological Occurrence. — The general sequence of sedimentation in the Nundle district has been already discussed in Part ii. of this series. Briefly, the Devonian formation consists of a lower portion, the Woolomin Series, comprising phyllites, tuffs, and radiolarian jasper; a middle portion, the Bowling Alley or Tam- worth Series, consisting of radiolarian cherts and claystones, volcanic tuffs and breccias, and coral limestones; and an upper portion, the Nundle or Barraba Series, made up of mudstones, containing Lepidodendron australe and radiolaria, with numerous bands of tuff and breccia. Spilites and dolerites occur in some amount in the Woolomin Series, are abundant in the Bowling Alley Series, but are absent from the Nundle Series In Car- boniferous times, the formation was strongly folded, and slightly overturned towards the west, and a great mass of peridotite was injected into the plane separating the Woolomin Series from the main bulk of the Bowling Alley Series. A large amount of BY W. N. BENSON. 123 strike-faulting took place, which has greatly disturbed the strati- graphical succession, and this revision of the area makes it appear probable that some modification will have to be made in the detailed succession previously announced. It is hoped to discuss this in a later communication, after comparative work has been done in less complex areas. The consideration of the tuifs and breccias (which, doubtless, are cognate with the dolerites and spilites) is also reserved for future study. Detailed examination of the lines of contact between the igneous and sedimentary rocks, shows that the extent of true lava-flows has been overestimated. In nearly every instance, the igneous rock is intrusive into the sedimentary rock, whether it be a coarse-grained dolerite or a fine-grained spilite : indeed, there has only one instance been observed where doubt can exist on this point. An interesting fact brought to light in this revision, is the frequent occurrence of the pillow or ellipsoidal structure, which is so common a feature of British and German spilite-lavas. But, though it has been held by some writers that this structure is characteristic of lavas that have flowed over the surface of the sea-bottom, it does not appear to be confined to these. Pillow-structure is well developed in the Nundle district in rocks which show intrusive contacts with the surrounding sediments (radiolarian claystones), and the alternative view held by other writers, e.^., TealKS) and Geikie(4)* that pillow-structure may also be produced in lavas intrusive into loosely compacted clays on the sea-floor, is the one most applicable to the features seen in the Nundle district. The various explanations that have been offered for the explanation of pillow-structure have been dis- cussed by Clements{5), Daly(6), Sundius(7), Van Hise and Leith(37), whose papers give extensive bibliographies of the subject. f Tem- pest Anderson describes the formation of pillow-structure in recent * " Basic lavas flowing into water or watery silt." t Since the above was written, Wilson's discussion of the origin of pillow-structure in the Archaean rocks of North-western Ontario has come to hand (The Geology of the Kewagama Lake Map-Area, Quebec. Geol. Survey of Canada. Memoir 39, p. 50). He cites, though he disputes, Lawson's statement that the ellipsoidal rocks of California are intrusive (Mining and Scientific Press, No. 119, Vol. iv., 1912, p. 199). 124 GREAT SERPENTINE BELT OF NEW SOUTH WALES, iv., lavas in Savaii as follows{8) : — "An ovoid mass of lava still in com- munication with the source of supply, and having its surface, though still red-hot, reduced to a pasty condition, would be seen to swell or crack into a sort of bud with a narrow neck like a prickly pear on a cactus, and this would rapidly increase in heat, mobility, and size, till it either became a lobe as large as a sack or pillow, like the others, or perhaps stopped short at the size of an Indian club or large Florence flask. Sometimes the neck supplying the new lobe would be several feet long and as thick as a man's arm before it would expand into a full-sized lobe; more commonly it would be short, so that the fresh-formed lobes were heaped together." Sundius accepts this as the process by which the pillow-lavas were made in the pre-Cambrian rocks of Lappland, but suggests that the pressure of the moving lava may break off and separate the pillows from one another : this would account for the rarity of connecting tubes between the pillows in the lavas he describes. Daly, in his recent work (9), compares the production of these lava-ellipsoids to the formation of the "sphe- roidal state " in water. Sundius notes that the effect must depend on the possession by the magma of a definite degree of viscosity, and finds in this the explanation of the association of pillowy and non-pillowy lavas. Mr. Harker has pointed out(lO) that there is only a slight difference between the conditions of injection of lava into the loose muds of sea-floor, and an outflow of lava over the sea-floor, which is but the injection of magma between the soft muds and the overlying water.* The difference is naturally to be found in the slower cooling of the lava in the former case owing to the blanketing action of the muds. It seems quite probable that a flow with typically pillowy surface mav show an intrusive contact with the mud-surface on which it rests, and such may be the case in parts of the Nundle district. While, in many instances, pillow-structure is a feature of deep-sea marine flows, as is shown by the fine-grained nature of the sedi- ments with which they are associated, it is clear, from Tempest Anderson's observations, that it cannot be confined to such situa- * Compare F. vou WolflF. Der Vulkauismus (Stuttgart, 1913), pp.252 and 255. BY W. N. BENSON. l25 tions; and, moreover, pillow-lavas have been found associated with lacustrine deposits(36). Jukes-Brown has argued for the shallow- water origin of the radiolarian rocks associated with the pillow- lavas of Ballantrae in Ayrshire(ll), and Professor David and Mr. Pittman have declared that the Tam worth radiolarian claystones etc., which are continuous with those associated with the pillow- lavas of the Nundle district, were developed in comparatively shallow water(12). The mode of occurrence of special masses may now be described. No doubt can exist as to the intrusive character of any of the large patches of dolerite marked on the geological map of the district given in Part ii. They all represent areas of dolerite of coarse or medium grainsize, and almost free from vesicles. Not infrequently there occur in them veins of very coarse-grained dolerite-pegmatite. Their intrusive contacts with the surround- ing sediments are clearly observable. Often they have them- selves been invaded by later masses of dolerite, which have a strongly marked, fine-grained, chilled, marginal zone against the invaded rock. Such contact-zones may be seen in several places in the lower part of Munro's Creek. The areas marked as spilite-flows require more detailed con- sideration. The most important is that crossing the Peel River two miles south of Bowling Alley Point, and extending thence towards Hanging Rock. In the cutting on the main road, it consists of a group of stratiform masses, which may be seen to have intrusive contacts with the radiolarian claystones on either side. The same features are to be seen where this zone crosses Madden's, Moonlight, and Daylight Creeks, south of this point. The individual sills have a medium to fine grainsize, and are often amygdaloidal. In microscopical texture, they vary between ophitic dolerites and variolitic spilites : this variation may be seen on either side of a sill, and is due to marginal cooling; frequently, however, the sill is of uniform texture throughout. Multiple sills occur here and there, with chilled edges between the component parts. The vesicles are filled with calcite, epidote, and chlorite, and along the northern slope of Tom Tiger, axinite is frequently present in the vesicles, while axinite- and quartz- 126 GREAT SERPENTINE BELT OF NEW SOUTH WALES, iv., veins occur in the vicinity. Owing to the abundance of porphyry dykes in the vicinity, it was thought probable that the boric acid may have been derived from an underlying mass of granite which approached the surface in this region, though none of the porphyries contain tourmaline. There is, however, the possibility that the axinite may proceed from the dolerite-magma itself : axinitic contact-rocks are occasionally observed about diabases in Germany and New JerseydS). On Tom Tiger, the prominent peak north of the junction of Swamp Creek and the Peel River, pillow-structure is to be seen in the crags about the summit. The pillows are sometimes more than a yard in diameter, and their marginal zones of chilling are narrow and not well marked. They are separated by narrow bands of epidote, calcite and quartz. No exposures of the contact- line between the sediments and the igneous rock can be seen on Tom Tiger itself, but in Swamp Creek, half a mile to the south, a strongly intrusive junction is exposed. The bared rocks in the creek-bottom show that a considerable thickness, about ten yards, of fairly coarse-grained spilite is full of irregular, twisted fragments of chert of all sizes. The whole appearance suggests that the igneous rock invaded partially consolidated sediments. Pillow-structure is also observable here. Following the zone further southwards, pillow-structure is again met with on the ridge separating Swamp Creek and Happy Valley, and from this was obtained the specimen of spilite, of which an analysis was given in Part iii. The map in Part ii. shows a break in the spilite-zone south of this point, but it has now been proved to extend uninterruptedly to beyond Oakenville Creek, and the contacts with the sedimentary rocks, wherever visible, show the intrusive nature of the igneous rock. A thickness of over four hundred feet of pillow-lava is exposed in the bed of Happy Valley. The pillows vary from a few inches to over six feet in diameter; the inner portion is porphyritic, with a subvariolitic base; the outer and rapidly chilled portions are aphanitic, and have frequently a variolitic structure. Vesicles are not abundant, nor are they concentrically arranged; they tend to concentrate towards the centres of the pillows. The BY W. N. BENSON. 127 individual masses are separated, as usual, by narrow bands of epidote, etc., and quite large crystals of quartz or epidote may occur in the cuspate cavities between several pillows; no radio- larian chert has been observed in such a situation, though it occurs in this manner in several British localities. Occasionally, the pillow-lavas are invaded by massive non pillowy dolerite, which sometimes has chilled marginal zones. Pillow-structure may also be observed on the cuttings on the Hanging Hock road, though greatly obscured by spheroidal weathering. The spilites are here intersected by a dyke of horn, blende-lamprophyre. The exposures on Oakenville Creek, just to the south of the road, are almost entirely covered with drift ; one exposure, however, shows a most intimate mixture of spilite and chert. Fig. 1 was traced from a flat-ground surface of a Text-fig. 1. — Spilite intrusive into radiolarian clay. (Nat. size). specimen obtained from here. The microscopical character of the entangled chert suggests that, in this case, it is largely, if not entirely, the product of infiltrations subsequent to the consolida- tion of the igneous rock. Such is believed by Messrs. Reynolds and Gardiner* to be the origin of the strings and patches of chert in the spilites of Kilbride Peninsula, County Mayo, Ireland. Another important mass of pillowy rock commences nearly a mile further up Swamp Creek than the point where the first zone crossed, and continues thence up the gorge to the falls. It * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1912, pp.80-81. 128 GREAT SERPENTINE BELT OF NEW SOUTH WALES, iv., may be a repetition of the first zone, though this does not seem probable at present. Near the entrance to the gorge is exposed the mass of chert and spilite shown in Fig. 2 A. This is the only instance in which doubt may exist as to the intrusive nature of the pillowy rock. The manner in which the banding in the chert bends in and out sympathetically with the boundaries of the lava-pillows, may indicate that they were deposited on a pillowy surface. On the other hand, the upper mass of lava has transgressive boundaries against the chert. It is not pillowy where it is in contact with the chert, but the structure becomes observable about thirty feet above the chert. The upper mass may be a surface-flow which has broken up the lines of bedding of the clays over which it flowed, but the section does not pre- clude the possibility that both the upper and lower masses of igneous rock were intrusive into soft clays, crumpling, or break- ing through their lines of bedding as they went. Exposures of chert and spilite observed higher up the gorge clearly exemplify the second alternative. Indeed, there does not seem any other explanation possible for the features illustrated in rigs.2B and .20. These narrow bands of chert lie in a great thickness of pillow-lava, probably four or five hundred feet (screes and tangling brushwood prevent more exact measurement). The pillows may be as much as eight feet in diameter, and are just like those occurring in Happy Valley. Not infrequently they are quite free from vesicles. In between the pillows is often a very fine- grained rock which looks like chert, but which the microscope proves to be made up of quartz, epidote and a little actinolite; the same minerals, less finely crystallised, form the usual bands separating the pillows. As in Happy Valley, there is no radio- larian chert between the pillows, nor do they show the strongly marked radial contraction-cracks that are sometimes seen in similar rocks in other parts of the world. There are associated massive intrusive dolerites quite indistinguishable, in hand-speci- men, from the rock in the centre of the pillows (though under the microscope they may appear less variolitic), and it is often diflS- cult to determine whether there is a passage from the pillowy rock into the massive dolerite, or whether there is a definite boundary between them. BY W. N. BENSON. 129 No very definite statement is possible with regard to the other masses of spilite mapped, since their boundaries are rarely ob- servable. It seems safest to consider them, also, as intrusive, whether they are vesicular or not, when there is no evidence to the contrary, and particularly when the rock is not pillowy, and S a the texture is not more than subvariolitic. Even highly variolitic rocks have been proved to be intrusive. On such negative evi- dence, we may class as intrusive spilites or amygdaloidal dolerites, the bands shown on Moonlight Hill, tliose on the western side 130 GREAT SERPENTINE BELT OF NEW SOUTH WALES, iv., of Tom Tiger, and those forming the White Rocks overlooking Munro's Creek (see Part ii., Plate xxiii.). Confirmation of the intrusive nature of the first-mentioned group of spilites, is afforded by two poorly exposed contacts, and in the last case we find, on tracing the horizon of the igneous from the crags down across the scree-covered slopes into Munro's Creek, the great mass of White Rock is represented by a number of narrow sills, all intrusive into the cherts or claystones. But, though the sills often show transgressive boundaries, the general course of the mass is parallel to the strike of the country. With regard to the statement made previously, that a lava-flow occurred on Moonlight Hill, swamping the coral-limestone, some modification must be made. A closer examination of the field- occurrence showed that the specimen described was*not part of a flow, but of a mass of agglomerate, composed almost entirely of spilite-fragments, and evidently formed adjacent to the point of eruption. As stated, it contains large and small masses and fragments of limestone, some of which contain recognisable fossils of coral. On the western side of Munro's Creek, however, opposite to the Razorback, there is also an association of spilite and limestone, with somewhat analogous characters. The lime- stone, unfortunately, is so crystalline that no organic remains are preserved. It forms a lens about seventy yards long and ten wide. At its northern extremity, it is most intimately mixed up with lava showing skeleton-crystals and other indications of rapid chilling, and this passes laterally into a solid mass of lava, containing numerous fragments of limestones and calcite-filled vesicles. The igneous rock must here be an intrusive body, formed probably at a small depth below the sea-floor. The nature of the spilite-occurrences in the Woolomin Series is not clear. Dolerites have been proved to occur, and a special type of spilite as yet not chemically analysed. They are rather crushed, and are less variable in texture than the igneous rocks in the Middle Devonian. Only one instance of pillow-structure (and that a dubious one) has been seen in the spilites of the Woolomin Series in the Nundle district; it occurs in a tributary of Munro's Creek. Generally the rocks are quite massive, and free from BY W. N. BENSON. 131 vesicles. It may be mentioned here that well marked pillow- structure has been observed in some amygdaloidal spilites occurr- ing in the Woolomin Series in Portion 56, Parish of Loomberah, by the bridge over the Peel River, eleven miles south of Tam- worth. These rocks are highly altered, as much so as the majority of the British spilites known to the writer. It cannot be doubted that long strips of Bowling Alley (Middle Devonian) rocks are faulted or folded in among the Woolomin Series, but the spilites of these strips should be usually distinguishable from those belong- ing to the Woolomin Series. Distinction between the two sets of dolerites is not clear at present. Other rock-types occur that are cognate with the spilites, though differing from them in varying degree. In Munro's Creek, com- mencing at the Bazorback, and running thence up to the end of /\f'firoMn'ujrf Scale Text-fig. 3. — Pavement of Pillow-Lava. the westernmost branch of it, is a series of pale grey green rocks. This mass was overlooked in the first survey, being thought to have been merely a rather altered tuff. Its eastern side adjacent to the serpentine is a flow-breccia, and traces of the same rock appear on the western side of the mass on the other side of the creek. The main mass is composed partly of a very fine-grained variolite with a most peculiar microscopical structure, partly of a subvariolitic porphyritic rock, and partly of a rock with an almost doleritic texture, intrusive into the finely granular or aphanitic variolitic rock. The porphyritic rock has a well developed pillow-structure, and several pavements of it are exposed in the bed of the creek. Fig. 3 illustrates one of these. 132 GREAT SERPENTINE BELT OF NEW SOUTH WALES, iv., The doleritic type is abundant, but does not exhibit pillow- structure. It has not been possible to determine the mode of occurrence of these rocks. They lie in the most disturbed zone in the Bowling Alley rocks, and the steep scree-covered slopes on either side do not expose any lines of contact between the sedi- ments and the igneous rocks. It is almost certain that the series is faulted and folded, probably in a syncline. The occurrence of the breccia on both sides of the creek may be due to this; lines of shearing are to be seen in the rock. It is not clear, also, whether any of the rocks were actual flows. At the southern extremity of the mass there is a band of variolite only a yard thick, lying in a rather wider band of decomposed flow-breccia. The line of contact between this and the sediments is indecisive. There is also no clear evidence as to the relation between the variolitic leucocratic rocks and the strongly magnetitic spilite, described above as intrusive into a limestone. There seems to be almost a passage between the two types. In the creek below, pillowy spilitic boulders are associated with the variolites, and here again passage-rocks seem to occur, but the relation of the two types in situ is unfortunately obscured. A passage from a rock free from magnetite into one rich in that mineral is not impossible, as will appear from the consideration of the magnetite- keratophyres. A dyke of odinite traverses the series. The most remarkable of all the rocks are the keratophyres. Of these are to be distinguished the keratophyres proper, the magnetite-keratophyres, the quartz-magnetite-keratophyres, and the quartz-keratophyres. The simplest occurrence is that of the keratophyre at Hanging Rock, which has been mentioned pre- viously (Part ii., p.586; Part iii., p.666). It is also in a zone of great disturbance, and its relations are obscured. It seems pre- ferable to consider it as a short sill, rather than as a volcanic plug. The rock is made up almost entirely of plagioclase, and analysis shows its extremely sodic character. The magnetite-keratophyres are linked by passage-rocks both to the spilites and to the keratophyres. In the one sequence, the spilite passes into magnetite-keratophyre by the gradual diminution in the amount of augite present, and the increase in BY W. N. BENSON. 133 amount and decrease in grainsize of the magnetite; and by the substitution of a very slaggy for an amygdaloidal habit. The change from keratophyre into magnetite-keratophyre is a more complex one, and is discussed at length in the sequel. North and south of Folly Creek, near the serpentine, there are small masses of spilitic magnetite-keratophyre, which seem to be intrusive into the adjacent sediments. No unusual tectonic features appear in their neighbourhood. Here and there through- out the district are little patches of spilite, richer than usual in magnetite, and showing some approach to the character of mag- netite-keratophyres. These, however, are of rare and limited occurrence only. The main region of development of the purely keratophyric type of rocks lies north-west of Bowling Alley Point in the region between Hyde's and Cope's Creeks. About a mile due west of the small infaulted area of Permo-Carboniferous rocks, is what may be termed the Hyde's Creek Complex. It forms a small ridge, running back from the creek. Fig. 4 is a map of the occurrence. The normal strike of the region is that seen to the north-east of the figure, namely, N.N.W.-S.S.E. The strata following this strike are steeply inclined cherts and agglomerates or breccias. The strike warps round from N.N.W. to W.N.W. A fault cuts almost perpendicularly across this, and south of the fault lies an area, the strike of which swings from N.E. to E.N.E. The line of fault is marked by a series of masses of jasper, not of the usual red homogeneous character, but more clearly a secondary vein-like and vesicular rock, with quartz and chalcedony and crystalline haematite ; the last is present as a finely divided colouring matter, as crystals in druses, and in veinlets through brecciated jasper. Where the jaspers cease, there continue zones of red jasperised radio] arian chert. Microscopical sections of these clearly show the metasomatiq effect of ferruginous siliceous solutions. Intrusions of igneous rock occur both north and south of the fault-line. At the southern end of the hillock is a complex of keratophyre and magnetite-keratophyre as shown. No actual contact with the chert has been seen, but the intrusive nature of 1 34 GREAT SERPENTINE BELT OP NEW SOUTH WALES, iv., w 1 :i 2:* •-> 0) 15 fO (^ a & i^ a a <^ ^ ^ fi 0