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MT DEPARTMENT OF LABOR & INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS BUREAU 1321 LOCKEY P.O. BOX 1728 HELENA, MT 59624

(406) 444-2430

JOB SERVICE

RFTIIRN

ub

^m

ANACONDA 307 E. Park Anaconda, MT 59711 (563-3444)

MONTANA LOCAL JOB SERVICE OFFICE LISTING

DILLON

126 S. Montana St. Dillon, MT 59725 (683-5501)

HELENA PROGRAM OFFICE 529 N. Warren Helena, MT 59601 (442-2531)

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

S 331,4 Llmw 1985 c 1 Kragh Montana women in the '80 s.

3 0864 00050980 5

POLSON

417 Main Street P.O. Box 970 Poison, MT 69860 (883-5261)

BILLINGS EAST 624 N. 24th St. Billings, MT 59101 (248-7371)

GLASGOW

238 2nd Ave. S. Glasgow, MT 59230 (228-9369)

KALI SPELL 427 1st. Ave. E. Kalispell, MT 59901 (257-5627)

SHELBY

401 1st Street S. Shelby, MT 59474 (434-5161)

BILLINGS WEST 1425 Broadwater Ave. Suite 3

Billings, MT 59102 (259-5529)

GLENDIVE 211 S. Kendrick Glendive, MT 59330 (365-3314)

LEWISTOWN 324 W. Broadway Lewistown, MT 59457 (538-8701)

SIDNEY

120 S. Central Sidney, MT 59270 (482-1204)

BOZEMAN 220 W. Lamme Bozeman, MT 59715 (586-5455)

GREAT FALLS 1018 7th St. S. Great Falls, MT 59405 (761-1730)

LIBBY

314 S. California Libby, MT 59923 (293-2682)

THOMPSON FALLS 608 Main Street Thompson Falls, MT 59873 (827-3472)

BUTTE

206 W. Granite

Butte, MT 59703

(782-0417)

HAMILTON 333 Main Street P.O. Box 73 Hamilton, MT 59840 (363-1822)

LIVINGSTON 228 S. Main P.O. Box 1199 Livingston, MT 59047 (222-0520)

WOLF POINT 200 Highway 2 East Wolf Point, MT 59201 (653-1720)

BUTTE PROGRAM OFFICE HAVRE

Idaho &. Mercury Sts . Butte, MT 59701 (792-9115)

416 1st. St. Havre, MT 59501 (265-5847)

MILES CITY 12 N. 10th

Miles City, MT 59301 (232-1316)

CUT BANK 513 E. Main Cut Bank, MT 59427 (873-2191)

HELENA

715 Front Street Helena, MT 59601 (449-3044)

MISSOULA

539 S. 3rd St. W. P.O. Box 5027 Missoula, MT 59806 (728-7060)

HOW TO READ FOOTNOTES

Footnotes in this publication are added to the text in numerical order, starting over with one (1) at each new section. Footnote numbers are enclosed in parenthesis; for example, footnote 1 would look like this (1). To find out the source of the footnote, look at the end of each section of the publication. A listing of all footnotes from that particular section is included in numerical order.

MONTANA WOMEN IN THE '80's

STATE OF MONTANA TED SCHWINDEN, GOVERNOR

MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY DAVID E. WANZENRIED, COMMISSIONER

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT: BOB RAFFERTY, CHIEF RESEARCH & ANALYSIS BUREAU MT DEPARTMENT OF LABOR & INDUSTRY P.O. BOX 1728 HELENA, MT 59624 (406) 444-2430

JANUARY 1985

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY

COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE

TED SCHWINDEN QOVERNOB

STATE OF MONTANA

(4()(i)^44 IMil

STATE CAPITl^L

HELENA MONTANA 59b/l)

January 11, 1985

This publication is the result of a special effort by several groups and individuals. Because of this effort, this publication has become the most complete source of data on Montana women currently available.

A special thank you to:

The Governor's Women in Employment Advisory Council for their impetus in getting the project started, and council members Z.I. Giraldo and Susan Seliq Wallwork for their help in proofing the final document.

The Women's Publication Advisory Council for providing a focus,

a goal, and spending numerous hours making this publication possible.

The government agencies and Montana business people who cooperated and contributed data for the publication.

Gail Kragh, the intern who gathered data, wrote the text, and entered it into the computer. Her dedication and effort made this publ ication a reali ty.

Louis LaFloe of the Department of Highways who designed the cover. His creativity and contribution are greatly appreciated.

WID E. WANZ

[)AVID E. WANZENRIED Commissioner

"KN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EUPLOyER"

ii

INTRODUCTORY SUMMARY

Montana's women of the 80 ' s - are they so very different from women who lived 100 years ago, or 50 years ago, or even 5 years ago? Are women now at the vortex of sweeping changes in demographic, social, and economic patterns?

Women are an active and vital component of this country's work force. Perhaps no other change has more far reaching implications for society and the economy than the dramatic increase in labor force participation of women. Their numbers have grown from 4.0 million in 1890 to a 1983 total of 48.5 million for the nation.

Following World War II, which had drawn a great number of women into the labor market, many returned to full-time home and family duties. Many women, however, continued to enter the labor force.

In Montana, the 1950 Census reports a female labor force partici- pation rate of 25.2 percent, and 32.6 percent in 1960. A 1970 to 1980 comparison shows a growth from 38.6 percent to 49.0 percent. Current Population Survey (CPS) household data set the 1983 civilian labor force participation rate as 53.9 percent for females.

Women are an important element of the work world, and conversely, employment is an undeniable factor in each woman's life. It is estimated that only one out of ten women will NEVER work outside the home. Today's young woman is likely to spend 30 or more years in the paid work force. A married woman with no children will work an estimat- ed 35 years. A mother can expect to spend 22 years in a paid job if she has 2 children, and 17 years with 4 children or more.

In a discussion of women and employment, it is important to look beyond the number employed, and to examine the nature of the positions occupied. Tliough many of the occupations have remained the same since 1900, their labor force distribution has changed. For exam- ple, in both 1900 and 1980, 97 percent of all private household workers were female. These workers composed 28.7 percent of the total female labor force in 1900, whereas the 1980 percentage is 2.5. Overall, the female-dominated occupations account for 54.4 percent of the 1900 female labor force and 32.2 percent in 1980.

Changes are slowly being made in the definition of "women's work". In spite of remarkable gains made in the number of female craft and kindred workers, such as a 260 percent gain in the number of female carpenters and 800 percent growth for machinists, women are far from realizing equitable representation in tliese occupation.^ .

As of 1980, women are st.il] only 1.6 percent of all c:arp<Mitors , and 4.9 percent of machinists. The most notable differences from 1970 to 1980 include substantial increases in the percentage of women managers (11.6%), sales supervisors (11.2%), and accountant/auditors (13.6%). There were decreases in the percentage of women in the categories of maids/housemen (-18.5%), cooks (-10%), and elementary teachers (-8.5%).

Educational advancement and increased financial/credit opportuni- ties have helped make starting one's own business an increasingly viable option for women. From 1977 to 1980, the number of female- owned sole proprietorships in the United States increased 33 percent. The number of self-employed women rose by 10 percent from 1980 to 1982.

IV

INTRODUCTION, cont.

The past 20 years have witnessed tremendous growth in female military enlistment. In 1962, U.S. military women were outnumbered by men 70 to 1. By 1972 there existed a 43 to 1 ratio, and in 1982 the male-to-female ratio of resident military personnel had declined to 11 to 1. Three factors encouraged this growth: the 1973 change to an all-volunteer military, incieaoed i eciui Liiient for both sexes, and the general movement into the labor force by women.

On a national scale tlie female/male earnings ratio has clianged little since 1955. Women's median yearly earnings as a percentage of men's has continued to hover near 60 percent. Montana Census figures are even lower.

MONTANA

Median Income of Persons with Earnings Who Worked 50-52 weeks.

Women Men Ratio

1970 (ages 14 & over) $3,929 $ 7,521 52.2%

1980 (ages 15 & over) $7,915 $15,665 50.5%

Some of the most glaring income differences exist for the growing number of women maintaining families. This is illustrated by median annual income by family type. Not only was female householder income less than one-half (44.0%) tliat of all husband-wife families, but the 1970-81 income growth was lowest for female householders.

By 1983, 16 percent of all U.S. families were maintained by women, the number having more than doubled since 1940.

One out of every three female-headed families lives in poverty, compared to 1 out of 9 male-headed householders. One-half of all families in poverty in the U.S. are headed by women and these families are 10 times more likely than their male >-ounterparts to remain poor.

Looking at college enrollment in the U.S. since 1965, the percent- age of women has grown from 38.7 percent to slightly over half of enrol lees .

In June of 1982, for the first time in 36 years, v/omen received over one-half (50.3%) of all U.S. bachelor's degrees. Although female enrollment has exceeded that for males since 1979, National Center for Education Statistics records dating back to 1870 report more bachelor's degrees awarded to women only three times prior to 1982. This occurred during the war-related years of 1944, 1945, and 1946.

These are just a few of the "facts and figures" you will find in this publication. It is not the intent of this publication to take a stand on any of the women's issues that may be mentioned here, but only to provide the facts along with explanations on how to interpret data presented in table or graph format so tliat the readers may draw their own conclusions.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii

INTRODUCTION iv - v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

INDEX OF TABLES AND GRAPHS vii - xi

DEFINITIONS xii - xiv

SECTION A: LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS 1-66

Labor Force Participation 3- 4

Full-Time and Part-time Employment 12 - 13

Job Sharing/Flextime 18

Unemployment Rates 19 - 20

Job Service/Project Challenge 23

Displaced Homemakers 25

Occupational Distribution 26 - 29

Self-Employed Women & Women-Owned Businesses 49 - 50

Agriculture 53 - 54

Childcare 59 - 60

Armed Forces/Veterans 62 - 63

SECTION B: INCOME 67 - 102

Wagegap 69 - 74

Women Maintaining Families 86 - 89

SECTION C: EDUCATION 103 - 120

Education 105 - 107

SECTION D: OLDER WORKERS 121 - 134

Older Workers 123 - 126

SECTION E: WOMEN IN PUBLIC OFFICE 135 - 140

Women in Public Office 137

SECTION F: LAWS, LEGISLATION, RESOURCES, & REFERENCES . . . 141 - 166

Laws Affecting Women 143 - 150

Montana Legislation: Selected Houso & Senate Bills. . . 151 - 152

Resources: Organizations 153 - 158

References and Other Reading 159 - 160

INDEX BY SUBJECT 161 - 164

APPENDIX A: Placement Data 167 - 184

APPENDIX B: Status of Civilian Labor Force by County. . . . 185 - 198

VI

INDEX OF TABLES

Section A Tables: PAGE

A-1 EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF NON INSTITUTIONAL POPULATION BY SEX. . 5

A-2 U.S. CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE BY SEX, AGE & RACE 6

A-3 U.S. EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF CIVILIAN NON INSTITUTIONAL

POPULATION BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP 7

A- 4 MT CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE STATUS BY TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD .... 8

A- 5 MONTANA CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE STATE SUMMARY, 1970&1980. . 9

A-6 U.S. REASON NOT IN LABOR FORCE BY SEX, AGE, RACE 10

A-7 MT REASON NOT IN LABOR FORCE BY SEX, AGE, MARITAL STATUS . 11

A-8 U.S. FULL- & PART-TIME STATUS OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY SEX . 14

A-9 U.S. EMPLOYED WOMEN BY FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS 15

A- 10 MONTANA FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS OF CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE. 16

A- 11 U.S. PERSONS AT WORK IN NONAGR I CULTURAL INDUSTRIES .... 17

A- 12 MONTANA UNEMPLOYED PERSONS BY DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT . . 20

A- 13 U.S. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES OF WOMEN AND MEN 21

A-14 MONTANA INDIVIDUALS PLACED IN REGULAR JOBS 23

A- 15 MONTANA DEGREE OF SERVICE PROVIDED FEMALE JOB

SERVICE APPLICANTS 24

A-16 OCCUPATIONS RANKED BY SIZE OF ABSOLUTE EMPLOYMENT CHANGES. 26

A- 17 U.S. FEMALE-DOMINATED OCCUPATIONS 30- 31

A- 18 U.S. 25 OCCUPATIONS WITH LARGEST NUMBER MEN AND

PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN IN EACH OCCUPATION 32

A- 19 U.S. FEMALE GAINS AS CRAFT & KINDRED WORKERS 32

A-20 U.S. 25 OCCUPATIONS WITH LARGEST NUMBER WOMEN 33

A-21 U.S. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED WOMEN BY MAJOR OCC . . 34

A-22 MONTANA DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION 35

A-23 MONTANA DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY 36

A- 2 4 MONTANA FEMALE EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY 36

Vll

Section A Tables, cont.

PAGE

A-25 MONTANA EMPLOYED PERSONS BY DETAILED OCCUPATION 37- 42

A-26 MONTANA CLASS OF WORKER BY SEX AND RACE, 1970 & 1980 . . . 43- 44

A-27 MONTANA STATE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN 46

A-28 U.S. WOMEN APPRENTICES 47

A-29 MONTANA FEMALE & MINORITY-FEMALE REGISTERED APPRENTICES. . 48

A-30 U.S. AND MONTANA SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS 49

A-31 MONTANA SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION LOANS 50

A-32 U.S. & MONTANA SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP BUSINESSES:

BUSINESS RECEIPTS AND NET INCOME 51

A-33 U.S. PERSONS EMPLOYED IN AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES 55

A-34 MONTANA NUMBER EMPLOYED IN FARM OCCUPATIONS BY SEX .... 56

A-35 MONTANA 1982 VS 1978 AGRICULTURAL COMPARISONS 57

A-36 U.S. LABOR FORCE STATUS OF WOMEN AGE 18-44 61

A-37 U.S. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF PRINCIPAL TYPE OF CHILDCARE

ARRANGEMENTS USED BY MOTHERS 18-44 YEARS OLD 61

A-38 U.S. MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES BY SEX 64

A- 3 9 MONTANA NUMBER OF VETERANS BY SEX, AGE, AND RACE 65

A- 40 MONTANA FEMALE VETERANS 65

Section B Tables:

B-1 U.S. GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES, 1981 72

B-2 MONTANA STATE GOVERNMENT SALARY ANALYSIS BY SEX 73

B-3 U.S. MEDIAN HOURLY EARNINGS BY SEX, AGE 74

B-4 MONTANA JOB PLACEMENTS BY HOURLY WAGE RATE BY SEX 74

B-5 U.S. COMPARISON OF MEDIAN EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME WORKERS. . 75

B-6 U.S. MEDIAN WEEKLY EARNINGS BY AGE, SEX, SCHOOL COMPLETED. 76

B-7 MONTANA MEAN WEEKLY EARNINGS BY AGE, SEX, YEARS OF SCHOOL. 76

Vlll

Section B Tables, cont. PAGE

B-8 MONTANA INCOME BY AGE, SEX, YEARS OF SCHOOL, RACE 77- 79

B-9 MONTANA MEAN ANNUAL INCOME BY AGE, SEX, SCHOOL COMPLETED . 80

B-]0 U.S. MEDIAN WEEKLY EARNINGS BY OCCUPATION, BY SEX 81

B-11 U.S. MEDIAN USUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS BY OCCUPATION, BY SEX. . 81

B-12 U.S. MEDIAN WEEKLY EARNINGS FULL-TIME WAGE AND

SALARY WORKERS BY OCCUPATION AND SEX 82

B-13 U.S. OCCUPATIONS WITH HIGHEST MEDIAN WEEKLY EARNINGS ... 83

B-14 MONTANA MEAN WEEKLY EARNINGS FULL-TIME WORKERS 84

B-15 MT MEDIAN EARNINGS BY OCCUPATION, BY SEX, BY RACE 1979 . . 85

B-16 MONTANA EARNINGS BY OCCUPATION OF EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN

LABOR FORCE, BY SEX, 1969 85

B-17 MARITAL STATUS BREAKDOWN OF U.S. WOMEN MAINTAIN FAMILIES . 86

B-18 U.S. LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES 86

B-19 U.S. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, MARCH 1983 87

B-20 U.S. PERCENTAGE OF V^OMEN WITH CHILDREN UNDER 18 88

B-21 MONTANA HOUSEHOLDER LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES &

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY TYPE OF HOUSEHOLDER & RACE 88

B-22 POVERTY RATE OF MONTANA FEMALE HOUSEHOLDERS BY RACE. ... 89

B-23 U.S. DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY TYPES, SELECTED YEARS 1940-83. 90

B-24 U.S. MEDIAN INCOME BY RACE & TYPE OF FAMILY 91

B-25 MONTANA MEDIAN ANNUAL INCOME BY FAMILY TYPE 92

B-26 U.S. POVERTY RATES BY TYPE OF HOUSEHOLDER 93

B-27 U.S. WOMEN & MEN MAINTAINING FAMILIES BELOW POVERTY LEVEL. 94

B-28 U.S. EDUCATIONAL LEVEL & POVERTY . . . . '. ........ 95

B-29 U.S. POVERTY RATES FOR FEMALE HOUSEHOLDERS 95

B-30 MT PERSONS WITH INCOME BELOW POVERTY LEVEL BY SEX, AGE, RACE 96

B-31 MONTANA SOURCE OF INCOME & PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES

RECEIVING EACH TYPE BY AGE, RACE, SEX, & INCOME 97- 99

B-3 2 MONTANA AFDC RECIPIENTS BY SEX & CATEGORY OF PAYEE .... 100

B-33 MONTANA MEDICADE RECIPIENTS BY SEX AND AGE 100

ix

Section C Tables

C-1 U.S. TOTAL ENROLLMENT IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION. C-2 MONTANA NUMBER ENROLLED IN COLLEGE BY AGE & SEX

PAGE 108

108

109 C-4 U.S. EARNED DEGREES CONFERRED BY TYPE OF DEGREE & SEX. . . 110

C-5 U.S. DEGREES CONFERRED BY SEX, BY FIELD OF STUDY 111-112

C-6 MONTANA HEGIS EARNED DEGREE SUMMARY BY FIELD OF STUDY. . . 113-117

C-3 U.S. TOTAL ENROLLMENT IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN SELECTED MAJOR FIELDS OF STUDY BY SEX

Section D Tables;

D-1 U.S. CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE BY AGE . . D-2 U.S. EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION BY AGE

D-3 MONTANA 1980 EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF THE CIVILIAN NON INSTITUTIONAL POPULATION BY SEX, RACE & AGE

D-4 U.S. UNEMPLOYMENT RATE & RATE WITH DISCOURAGED WORKERS .

D-5 U.S. MEDIAN WEEKS OF UNEMPLOYMENT BY SEX AND AGE ....

D-6 U.S. PERSONS NOT IM THE LABOR FORCE WHO DESIRE WORK. . .

D-7 U.S. SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME FED. ADMINISTERED PMTS

D-8 OLD AGE, SURVIVORS, & DISABILITY INSURANCE BENEFITS. . .

127 127

128 129 130 131 132 132

Section E Tables;

E-1 MONTANA STATE & COUNTY ELECTED OFFICIALS, 1983-1984. ,

E-2 MONTANA MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS, 1984

E-3 U.S. WOMEN IN STATEWIDE ELECTIVE POSITIONS, 1983 . .

E-4 U.S. WOMEN APPOINTED TO STATE CABINET POSITIONS, 1983

E-5 U.S. WOMEN STATE LEGISLATORS, 1969-84

138 138 139 139 139

Appendix A Tables: PAGE

EASTERN MONTANA COLLEGE 168

ROCKY MOUNTAIN COLLEGE 169 - 170

MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 171 - 172

MT COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 173

WESTERN MONTANA COLLEGE 174

NORTHERN MONTANA COLLEGE 175 - 176

CARROLL COLLEGE 177 - 179

FLATHEAD VALLEY COMMUNITY COLLEGE 180

UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 181 - 183

Appendix B Tables:

EMPLOYMENT STATUS BY COUNTY, BY SEX, RACE, & AGE. . . . 186 - 191 UNEMPLOYMENT STATUS BY COUNTY, BY SEX, RACE, & AGE. . . 192-197

INDEX OF GRAPHS

Section A Graphs:

A- I U.S. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY SEX SELECTED YRS 1950-1983 . . 22

A- 1 1 EMPLOYMENT BY CLASS OF WORKER, BY SEX, BY RACE 45

A-III MT FEMALE STATE GOVERNMENT WORKERS BY OCCUPATIONAL

CATEGORY, AS PERCENT OF TOTAL IN CATEGORY, 1975 & 1983. . 46

A- IV U.S. FEMALE APPRENTICES AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL 47

A-V MT VS. U.S. SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS BY SEX 52

A- VI REASONS FARM WOMEN ALSO EMPLOYED OFF THE FARM 58

Section C Graphs:

C-I PERCENT OF EARNED COLLEGE DEGREES RECEIVED BY WOMEN FOR

SELECTED YEARS OF 1962, 1972, & 1982 118

XI

DEFINITIONS

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ( BLS ) : Established in 1884 and now part of the U.S. Department of Labor, this federal agency functions as the principal data - gathering agency in the field of labor economics. BLS collects, processes, analyzes, and disseminates data relating to employment, unemployment, the labor force, productivity, prices, family expenditures, wages, industrial relations, and occupational safety and health.

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE (CLF): The sum of all employed and unemployed persons 15 years of age or older in the noninstitutional population but not in the Armed Forces.

CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY (CPS): A monthly household survey of

sample households of the civilian noninstitutional population of the United States conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the BLS. The survey gathers monthly statistics on employment, unemployment, demographic data, and related subjects which are analyzed and published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. There are approximately 60,000 households assigned nationally, and 815 assigned in Montana at the current time.

DISCOURAGED WORKERS: People who are not in the labor force because they believe suitable jobs are not available. These people are not included in unemployment estimates.

EMPLOYED: In the Current Population Survey, those individuals, 16 years of age or older, who worked at least one hour for pay or profit or worked at least 15 unpaid hours in a family business during the reference week--the '.veek that includes the 12th day of the month. Individuals are also counted as employed if they had a job but did not work because they were: ill, on vacation, in a labor dispute, prevented from working because of bad weather, or taking time off for personal reasons.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA: Labor market data collected from employing establishments (e.g. payroll, wages, accessions, and separations).

FAMILY iiPE: Families are classified by type according to sex of the householder and the presence of relatives, based on questions on sex and relationship asked on a complete-count basis.

FARM: In determining the number of farms, survey questionaires were mailed to all individuals, businesses, and organizations which could be readily identified as being associated with agriculture. These were drawn from the 1974 Census of Agriculture listings, based on Department of Agriculture and Internal Revenue Service sources.

FIRST PROFESSIONAL DEGREES: Signifies both (a) completion of academic requirements and (b) a level of skill beyond normal requirement for a bachelor's degree, usually at least 2 years of higher education befor entering the program and a final total of at least 6 years. Examples: dentistry, veterinary medicine, law.

FULL-TIME EMPLOYMENT: 35 hours or more a week paid employment.

Xll

Definitions, cont.

HIGHER EDUCATION GENERAL INFORMATION SURVEY (HEGIS): Annual Survey of fall enrollment, tuition, and finances of all two and four year public and private colleges and universities.

HOUSEHOLDER, TYPE OF: A household is classified by type according to sex of the householder and the presence of relatives based on questions asked on sex and relationship. This item was determined on a complete count basis.

MEAN INCOME: The value obtained by dividing the total or aggregate income of a population by the number of units in that population.

MEDIAN INCOME: A measure of central tendency derived by ranking each value and choosing the middle value in the series.

OPERATOR: As used in this publication, an operator is a person who operates a farm, either doing the work or making day-to-day decisions about such things as planting, harvesting, marketing, etc. The operator may be the owner, a member of the owner's household, a salaried manager, a tenant, a rentor, or a sharecropper. For farm operations where both husband and wife participated, the designation was determined by the parties involved.

PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT: Less than 35 hours a week paid employment.

PARTICIPATION RATE: The labor force particiption rate is the number of persons in the labor force expressed as a percentage of all noninstitutionalized persons at least 16 years of age.

POVERTY LEVEL: Families and unrelated individuals are classified as above or below the poverty level by comparing their total income to an income cutoff or "poverty threshold." The income cutoffs vary by family size, number of children, and age of the family house- holder or unrelated individual. Poverty status is determined for all families and ail family members. Poverty status is also determined for persons not in families, except for inmates of institutions, members of the Armed Forces living in barracks, college students living in dormitories, and unrelated individuals under 15 years old. The poverty status of a person who is a family member is determined by the family income and its relation- ship to the appropriate poverty threshold for that family. The poverty thresholds are updated every year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index.

The term "poverty" connotes a complex set of economic, social, and psychological conditions. The standard statistical definition provides only estimates of economic poverty based on the receipt of money income before taxes. Excluded from the income concept is a measure of the benefits derived from the receipt of in-kind government transfers, such as food stamps, Medicaid, and public housing; private transfers such as health insurance premiums paid by employers; the value of the services obtained from the ownership of assets; and the receipt ofmoney from the sale of property, with- drawal of bank deposits, gifts and money borrowed.

Xlll

Definitions, cont.

RESIDENCE DATA: A count of people by where people live. The usual place of residence 5 years before the census (i.e., on April 1, 1975), was asked on a sample basis of persons 5 years old or over. If residence was not in "this house" the location was recorded in terms of State, county, and city, or foreign country. College students or military personnel were to report the actual residence rather than the legal residence, if different. Residence in 1975 is used in conjunction with residence in 1980 to determine the residential mobility of the population.

SELF-EMPLOYED: Persons who work for profit or fees in their own unincorporated business, profession, or trade, or who operate a farm.

SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP: One owner; one person having legal right and exclusive title to a business.

UNEMPLOYED: In the Current Population Survey, those individuals, 15 years of age or older, who do not have a job but are available for work and actively seeking work during the reference week (the week including the 12th day of the month) . The only exceptions to these criteria are individuals who are waiting to be recalled from a new job within 30 days -- these, too, are considered unemployed.

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE: The number of unemployed expressed as a percent of the civilian labor force.

WOMEN MAINTAINING FAMILIES: A never-married, divorced, widowed, or separated woman with no husband present and who is responsible for her family and its income.

WOMEN-OWNED BUSINESSES: For federal procurement purposes, this is a small business at least 51 percent owned, controlled, and managed by a woman or women who are United States citizens. These women must exercise the authority to make policy decisions and be actively involved in day-to-day management of the business. This term is synonomous with female-operated business.

XIV

(STII®M A

LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS

LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION

Women are an active and vital component of this country's work force. Their numbers have grown from 4.0 million in 1890 to a 1983 total of 48.5 million. While the male labor force increased approx- imately 43 percent between 1947 and 1980, the number of female workers grew by 173 percent.

Although World War II had drawn a great number of women into the labor market, many, particularly younger white females, returned to full-time home and family duties at the end of the war. While the overall increase in the participation rate for the 1950' s was 3.9%, the greatest change occurred in women over 45. The participation rate for 45 to 54 year-olds grew by 11.8 percent with a 10.2 percent change for 55 to 64 year-olds.

The age representation of the female labor market influx in the 1960's and 1970' s reversed this trend. In the 1960's, women 20 to 24 showed the largest increase, followed by the 25 to 34 year-olds. Par- ticipation for all women under 45 expanded substantially during the 1970' s, with the rise of the 25 to 34 year-old group being more than twice the overall increase. Therefore, the most rapid expansion in fe- male employment has occurred among mothers of young children who were formerly the least likely to seek employment. (See TABLE A-2 for participation rates by family relationship.)

TABLE A-3 gives a 1983 picture of the civilian labor force by sex, age, and race. The participation rate for young people (15-24 yrs.) and older workers (55 yrs. and over) is lower than that of prime age workers of both sexes. The differences botween young and prime age workers is more extreme for males than females (a 21.3% difference for males and 5.2% for females). Participation rates for blacks are generally lower than those for whites with the exception of women ages 25 to 54 and those 55 and over.

Montana women appear to have mirrored the national pattern. The 1950* Censvis reports a female labor force participation rate of 25.2 percent, and 32.6 percent in 1960*. A 1970 to 1980 comparison shows a growth from 38.6 percent to 49.0 percent. Current Population Survey (CPS)** liousehold data set the 1983 civilian labor force participation rates as 79.0 percent for males and 53.9 percent for females.

Participation rates for married women in Montana changed dramatic- ally during the 1970 to 1980 time period. Census figures indicate a jump from 37.7 percent to 49.0 percent for married women, from 28.5 to 42.5 percent for those with children under six, and from 45.7 to 60.3 percent for married mothers of children aged 6 to 17. (See TABLE A-4 for Montana civilian labor force status by type of householder and race.)

* Note: 1950 and 1960 Census figures are based on the number of females age 14 and over, rather than the 16 and over division used later.

** CPS data are based on monthly household samples and are not strictly comparable to Census information.

LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, cont.

Participation rates in 1983 for females by CPS marital status breakdown is as follows:

Single, never married 55.9%

Married, spouse present 52.0%

Other Status (includ. divorced, 49.5% widowed, separated, and married with spouse absent)

Changes in male labor force participation have been less dramatic and opposite in direction. Because young men delayed entry and older men began to retire earlier, their national participation rate dropped from 83.6 percent in 1950 to 77.4 percent in 1980. During the last ten years male civilian labor force participation has hovered between 75 and 77 percent, reflecting fluxuations in the nation's economy rather than demographic or social changes.

Women are an important element of the work world, and conversely, employment is an undeniable factor in each woman's life. It is estimat- ed that only one out of ten women will NEVER work outside the home. To- day's young v/oman is likely to spend 30 or more years in the paid work force. A married woman with no children will work an estimated 35 years. A mother can expect to spend 22 years in a paid job if she has 2 children, and 17 years with 4 children or more.

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TABLE A-2

UNITED STATES CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE (CLE) BY SEX, AGE, AND RACE, 1983 (# in thousands)

SEX, AGE, RACE

CIVILIAN

1

civilia:

N LABOR FC

)RCE

NON-INST.

1 TOTAL

% OF

EMPLOYED

UNEMPLOYED

POPULATION

1 CLE

NON-INST. POPULATION

#

%

TOTAL

174,215

111,550

64.0%

100,834

10,717

9.6%

16-24 YRS.

36,073

24,223

67 . 1%

20,064

4,159

17.2%

25-54 YRS.

90,246

72,295

80.1%

66,528

5,768

8.0%

55 YRS. AND

OVER

47,895

15,032

31.4%

14,242

791

5.3%

MEN

82,531

63,047

76.4%

56,787

6,260

9.9%

16-24 YRS.

17,799

12,904

72.5%

10,532

2,372

18.4%

25-54 YRS.

43,899

41, 182

93.8%

37,799

3,382

8.2%

55 YRS. AND

OVER

20,834

8,961

43 . 0%

8,456

506

5.5%

WOMEN

91,684

48,503

52.9%

44,047

4,457

9 . 2%

16-24 YRS.

18,276

11,319

61.9%

9,533

1,786

15.8%

24-54 YRS.

46,347

31, 113

67 . 1%

28,729

2,384

7.7%

55 YRS. AND

OVER

27,061

6,071

22.4%

5,786

285

4.7%

WHITE

MEN

71,922

55,480

77.

. 1%

50,621

4,

,859

8.

.8%

16-24 YRS.

14,937

11, 170

74.

.8%

9,389

1.

,780

15.

•9%

25-54 YRS.

38,221

36,173

94.

.6%

33,511

2,

,662

7.

.4%

55 YRS. AND OVER

18,764

8,137

43.

.4%

7,721

416

5.

. 1%

WOMEN

78,884

41,541

52,

.7%

38,272

3,

,270

7.

.9%

16-24 YRS.

15,177

9,832

64.

.8%

8,547

1,

,285

13.

.1%

25-54 YRS.

39,443

26,349

66.

.8%

24,599

1,

,750

6.

•6%

5 5 YRS. AND OVER

24,265

5,3 59

22,

.1%

5, 125

234

4,

•4%

BLACK

MEN

8,447

5,966

70.

.6%

4,

,753

1,213

20.

.3%

16-24 YRS.

2,341

1,430

61.

■ 1%

906

524

36.

.4%

25-54 YRS.

4,401

3,882

88.

.2%

3,

,266

616

15.

.9%

55 YRS. AND OVER

1,704

655

38.

.4%

582

73

11.

.1%

WOMEN

10,477

5,681

54.

.2%

4,

,622

1,059

18.

.6%

16-24 YRS.

2,618

1,249

47.

.8%

790

459

36.

.7%

25-54 YRS.

5,465

3,829

70.

.1%

3

,273

557

14.

.5%

55 YRS. AND OVER

2,395

601

25.

.1%

559

33

7.

.2%

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employ- ment and Earnings", Household data, annual averages, Jan. 1984.

TABLE A- 3

UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF THE CIVILIAN NON INSTITUTIONAL POPULATION

BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, 1983 (# in thousands)

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE (CLE)

% OF * TOTAL NONINST. EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED NOT IN CLE POPULATION # % LABOR FORCE

FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

TOTAL, 16 & OVER

HUSBANDS WITH EMPL. WIFE WITH UNEMPL. WIFE WITH WIFE NOT IN

LABOR FORCE 15,706 66.0% 14,790 916 5.8% 8,082

111,

,550

64,

■0%

100,

,834

10,

,717

9,

.6%

62,665

39,

,532

79,

.4%

37,

,040

2,

,492

6,

.3%

10,241

22,

, 191

91,

.6%

20,

,916

1,

,275

5,

.7%

2,023

1,

,635

92

•3%

1-

,334

301

18,

•4%

136

WIVES

25,

,984

52.

.2%

24,

,213

1,771

6,

■8%

23,

,788

WITH EMP. HUSBAND

22,

,250

60.

.1%

20,

,916

1,334

6,

•0%

14,

,790

WITH UNEMP . HUSBAND

1,

,576

63,

.2%

1,

,275

301

19,

.1%

916

WITH HUSBAND NOT IN

LABOR FORCE

2,

, 158

21,

. 1%

2,

,023

136

6

•3%

8,

,082

WOMEN WHO MAINTAIN

FAMILIES

5,

,796

59,

CO/

5,

,090

706

12,

■2%

3,

,945

MEN V;H0 MAINTAIN

FAMILIES

1,

,884

75,

■7%

1,

,690

194

10,

•3%

604

PERSONS LIVING ALONE

10,

,425

53,

■2%

9,

,679

746

7,

■2%

9,

, 174

MEN

5,

,534

72,

•1%

5,

,030

505

9

■1%

2,

,144

WOMEN

4,

,891

41

.0%

4,

,650

241

4

•9%

7,

,030

* See TABLE A-2 for total civilian noninstitional population.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employment and Earnings", Household data annual averages, January 1984.

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TABLE A- 6

UNITED STATES REASON NOT IN LABOR FORCE BY SEX, AGE, AND RACE, 1983

(# in thousands)

REASON NOT IN LABOR FORCE

TOTAL

SEX, AGE, RACE

NOT IN

KEEPING

ATTENDING

UNABLE

OTHER

LABOR FORCE

HOUSE

SCHOOL

TO WORK

REASONS

TOTAL

16-24 YRS.

11,851

2,584

7,072

84

2, 111

25-54 YRS.

17,951

13,428

945

805

2,772

55 YRS. AND

OVER

32,863

16,046

34

1625

15,157

MEN

16-24 YRS.

4,895

45

3,646

51

1,155

25-54 YRS.

2,717

117

436

566

1,597

55 YRS. AND

OVER

11,873

255

9

862

10,746

WOMEN

16-24 YRS.

6,956

2,539

3,428

33

957

25-54 YRS.

15,234

13,311

509

239

1,175

55 YRS. AND

OVER

20,991

15,792

26

763

4,411

WHITE

HEN

16-24 YRS.

3,767

33

2,853

38

844

25-54 YRS.

2,047

85

304

445

1,213

55 YRS AND OVER

10,626

214

8

696

9,708

WOMEN

16-24 YRS.

5,344

1,991

2,618

24

713

25-54 YRS.

13,092

11,573

394

177

949

5 5 YRS. AND OVER

18,905

14,372

22

614

3,898

BLACK

MEN

16-24 YRS.

912

11

619

11

272

25-54 YRS.

520

29

54

108

330

55 YRS. AND OVER

1,050

35

1

149

864

WOMEN

16-24 YRS.

1,367

471

670

9

216

25-54 YRS.

1,635

1,

,312

71

57

196

55 YRS. AND OVER

1,794

1,

,213

3

138

439

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employment and Earnings", January 1984

10

TABLE A- 7

MONTANA REASON NOT IN LABOR FORCE BY SEX, AGE, AND MARITAL STATUS, 1983

(# in thousands)

BOTH SEXES AGE 16-24 YRS. 25-54 YRS. 55-65 YRS. 65 YRS. & OVER

FEMALES AGE 16-24 YRS. 25-54 YRS. 55-65 YRS. 65 YRS. & OVER

REASON NOT IN LABOR FORCE TOTAL NOT IN LABOR FORCE

39.7 61.4 28.4 71.1

25.9 52.4 19.6 41.3

EP] 0U5

[NG IE

ATTENDING SCHOOL

UNABLE TO WORK

0TB

iE

10

7

22.9

0

6

1

46

3

2.5

1.4

11

2

15

6

0

1.6

11

2

30

0

0.1

1.2

39

8

10

7

11.7

0

3

6

46

2

1.2

0.2

4

8

15

4

0

0.4

3

8

29

8

0

0.4

11

1

MARITAL STATUS

BOTH SEXES MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT SINGLE, NEVER MARRIED

*OTHER MARITAL STATUS HEAD WITH OTHER RELATIVES

FEMALES MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT SINGLE, NEVER MARRIED OTHER MARITAL STATUS HEAD WITH OTHER RELATIVES

26.7

79.7

2.2

2.7

42.2

35.1

2.9

22.5

0.2

9.5

39.0

20.1

0.8

1.2

16.8

42.9

5.4

1.3

2.4

33.8

91.4

79.4

0.9

0.5

10.5

17.7

2.9

11.3

0.1

3.5

30.2

19.9

0.6

0.4

9.3

6.9

5.0

0.3

0.1

1.5

•■ uTHER MARITAL STATUS includes divorced, widowed, separated, and married with spouse absent.

Source: U . S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Household data, annual averages, 1983.

11

FULL-TIME AND PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT*

A large percentage of part-time "-f -^-^^^rpJrcenrofLrar iod 1963-83, women constituted ^^^ween 72^9 and ^5^3 perc ^^^_

part-time workers age 20 and over ^^-^^f^f^.^^t^xme Employees have

ing that same time period women s ^^nks as ^^|J g ^^^^^ to 39.2

gradually grown from 29.6 percent of total full

^''"Soth the full-time and part-time percentages are 1°^--^^ ^ "°;;^j;j! than for the country as a whole. Montana 1980 Census figures for work ers age 16 and over are:

1980

PART-TIME WORKERS total female % 77,165 49,219 63.8%

FULL-TIME WORKERS total female % 243,182 82,182 33.8%

relatively small, the great majority of employed women are full-time employees.

UNITED STATES (CPS data, # in thousands)

1965 1970 1975 1980 1983

Employed Men 43,422 45,582 48,018 53,102 58,744

% Working Full-time 96.5% 95.3% 9 5.1% 94.9% 94.7%

Employed Women 22, 632 26,952 30,726 38,492 44,636

% Working Full-time 80.7% 78.5% 78.6% 79.5% 80.3%

MONTANA (Census;

Men at Work

% Working Full- time

1980 188,946 85.2%

1980 Families with female head, no husband present

Women at Work

131,401

14,295

% V^orking Full-time

62.5%

78.6%

The information on TABLE A-9 provides additional comparisons of differences in the percentage of working women employed full time by m;,rital status** Divorced women, over half of whom had children u^aer aae 18 Sa5 tL highest percentage of full-time workers. The category wfth?he smallest ?ropor?ion working full-time were never married women :id widows wthout^h?ldren under 18. These two -^-^--/-J^ f ^^ more part-time workers because of age, with '^^^^^-"^^^"^f ^J^.'^^^y ^° d Se ve?y young and widows more apt to be older workers. ""^^^^J^mZl wLen! over 60% were married and 56% had a husband present^ Marred women with children worked full-time noticeably less than those wirn no children under age 18. Divorced women and those married with an absent hS^SanS^orJid full-time in nearly equal percentages whether or not they had children.

12

FULL-TIME AND PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT, cont.

The reasons women are employed part-time more often than men can- not be easily identified and charted. TABLES A-10 and A-11 show the sex breakdown of part-time workers by age and reason on state and national levels. Montana and U.S. data yield a nearly identical profile for the youngest and oldest workers of both genders. A majority of 16-19 year- olds and those age 20-24, who are usually still pursuing an education, chose part-time employment on a voluntary basis. Ninety percent of male and female part-time workers age 55 and over did not want full-time em- ployment .

The finer detail regarding age given by the U.S. table highlights the reason differences exist between the sexes. Among 25-64 year-olds, 36.7 percent of males worked part-time voluntarily rather than for economic reasons, compared to 72.7 percent of females in that age group. Montana comparisons of men and women ages 15 and over with those 20 and over demonstrate a similar disparity.

The broad categories used to denote reason for part-time employment may give a somewhat false impression. The Bureau of Labor Statistics defines the term voluntary simply as those who choose to work part-time without being forced to because of outside economic conditions, such as slack work or the inability to find full-time work. The category labeled "Does Not Want Full-time" includes those who do not want or are unavailable for full-time work. There are obvious reasons other than current economic conditions for more women than men to be unavailable for full-time jobs, the chief of which is home and family responsi- bility. As seen by TABLE A-9, 53.3 percent of married women and 49.5 percent of divorced and separated women in the work force have children under the age of 18.

It is important to recognize that the choice of a part-time posi- tion over a full-time one does not mean that the income earned is extra money. The assumption has been made, especially when the woman is a second-earner in the family, that lier salary is used for unnecessary extras rather than essentials. A 1980 analysis done by National Bureau of Economic Researcli economists places the aftertax income of two-earner families as 20 to 25 percent more than that of single-earner families in 1972-73.(1) Some of this "extra income" is used for additional em- ployment expenses of the second-earner, such as transportaion. For the two-earner family with children a considerable portion will be spent on child-care services. Often, the net amount added by the woman's income may be the difference needed to raise the family's income above the poverty level. In a state like Montana, where many husbands are employed seasonally, the second-earner's income is particularly important.

*Note: Part-time employees are defined as those working 1 to 34 hours per week. Full-time employment involves 35 or more weekly hours.

**Note: Because this table deals only with March figures, the numbers do not equal the 1979 annual averges from TABLE A-8.

13

TABLE A-8

UNITED STATES FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY SEX, (Persons age 20 and over, # in thousands) ANNUAL AVERAGES, 1963-1983

PART-TIME WORKERS

FULL-TIME WORKERS

Year

Total

Females

% Female

Total

Female

% Female

1963

5,648

4, 145

73.4%

57,859

17,111

29.6%

1964

5,831

4,261

73.1%

58,959

17,643

29.9%

1965

5,902

4,372

74.1%

60,152

18,260

30.4%

1966

6,160

4,599

74.7%

61,014

18,908

31.0%

1967

6,695

4,944

73.9%

61,996

19,453

31.4%

1968

7, 131

5,268

73.9%

63,010

20,013

31.8%

1969

7,526

5,524

73.4%

64,259

20,873

32.5%

1970

7,925

5,803

73.2%

64,609

21, 149

32.7%

1971

8,055

5,876

72.9%

65, 103

21,370

32.8%

1972

8,380

6, 110

72.9%

67,028

22,168

33.1%

1973

8,693

6,383

73.4%

69, 101

23, 101

33.4%

1974

8,888

6,551

73.7%

70,457

23,873

33.9%

1975

8,956

6,578

73.5%

69,788

24,148

34.6%

1976

9,270

6,884

74.3%

72,146

25,342

35.1%

1977

9, 700

7,162

73.8%

74,630

26,614

35.7%

1978

10,071

7,485

74.3%

77,907

28,350

36.4%

1979

10,345

7,746

74.9%

80,396

29,688

36.9%

1980

10,601

7,904

74.6%

80,993

30,588

37.8%

1981

10,773

8, 108

75.3%

82,399

31,481

38.2%

1982

11,805

8,777

74.4%

89,874

34,921

38.9%

1983

11,890

8,782

73.9%

91,490

35,854

39.2%

Source: 1963-1981 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Labor Force Statistics Derived From tlie Current Population Survey: A Databook, Vol.1, September 1982. "'032,1983 "Employment and Earnings" January 1983,1984.

14

TABLE A- 9

UNITED STATES EMPLOYED WOMEN BY FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS, MARITAL STATUS, AND

PRESENCE OF OWN CHILDREN ["lARCH 1979 (# in thousands)

TOTAL

#

%

NO CHILDREN UNDER 18

# %

WITH CHILDREN UNDER 18 # %

TOTAL EMPLOYED WOMEN 40,150 100.0% Worked full-time 28,805 71.7% Worked part-time 11,346 28.3%

24,741 100.0%

17,994 72.7%

6,746 27.3%

15,409 100.0%

10,810 70.2%

4,599 29.8%

NEVER MARRIED, TOTAL 9,940

Worked full-time 6,562

Worked part-time 3,379

MARRIED, HUSBAND PRESENT,

TOTAL 22,620

Worked full-time 16,066

Worked part-time 6,555

100.0% 9,549 100.0% 66.0% 6,252 65.5% 34.0% 3,297 34.5%

100.0% 10,564 100.0% 71.0% 8,070 76.4% 29.0% 2,494 23.6%

391

100

0%

309

79

0%

82

21

0%

12

056

100

0%

7

995

66

3%

4

061

33

7%

MARRIED, HUSBAND ABSENT,

TOTAL 1,631 100.0%

Worked full-time 1,361 83.5%

Worked part-time 270 16.5%

757 100.0% 638 84.3% 119 15.7%

875 100.0% 723 82.7% 151 17.3%

DIVORCED, TOTAL Worked full-time Worked part-time

3, 3,

723 292 432

100.0% 88.4% 11.6%

1,949 100.0%

1,734 89.0%

214 11.0%

1,775 100.0%

1,557 87.7%

217 12.3%

WIDOWED, TOTAL Worked full-time Worked part-time

2, 1,

235 525

710

100.0% 68.2% 31.8%

1,922 100.0%

1,299 67.6%

623 32.4%

313 100.0%

225 71.9%

88 28.1%

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Perspec- tives on Working Women: A Databook" , October 1980

15

TABLE A- 10

MONTANA FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS OF CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE BY REASON FOR PART-TIME, SEX AND AGE, 1983 (# in thousands)

USUALLY WORK PART-TIME

*DOES

FULL-TIME

SLACK WORK NOT FITLL-TIME

ABOR FORCE

OR ONLY WANT WORK

TOTAL

TOTAL FIND PT FULL-TIME <35 HRS. OTHER

MALE AGE 16 AND OVER AGE 16-19 YRS. AGE 20 AND OVER

213.4

21.9

7.0

12.0

0.8

2.1

7.2

7.5

1.8

5.4

0

o.z

206.2

14.4

5.2

6.6

0.8

1.8

FEMALE AGE 16 AND OVER AGE 16-19 YRS. AGE 20 AND OVER

117.6

49.6

11.6

31.9

2.3

3.7

7.0

7.0

1.9

4.7

0.2

0.1

110.6

42.6

9.6

27.2

2.1

3.6

* Does not want, or unavailable for, full-time work.

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Household Data, annual averages, 1983.

16

TABLE A- 11

UNITED STATES PERSONS AT WORK IN NONAGR I CULTURAL INDUSTRIES BY FULL-TIME OR PART-TIME STATUS BY SEX AND AGE, 1983 (# in thousands)

Sex, Age

MEN

16 & over 16-19 yrs. 20-24 yrs, 25-44 yrs. 45-64 yrs. 65 & over

WOMEN 16 & over 16-19 yrs. 20-24 yrs. 25-44 yrs, 45-64 yrs. 65 & over

Part-

-time

Total at

for

economic

Voluntary(2

) Tota

work

reasons( 1 )

part-time

full-t

51,396

2

758

3,690

44,948

2,932

437

1,361

1,134

6,645

617

781

5,247

26,338

1

136

561

24,641

14,094

508

394

13, 192

1,387

59

593

735

40,642

3

240

8,727

28,675

2,885

456

1,533

896

6, 128

664

1, 148

4,316

20,338

1

,386

3,485

15,467

10,269

675

2,000

7,594

1,022

50

561

402

(l)ECONOMIC REASONS: is defined as slack work, material shortages, repairs to plant or equipment, start or termination of job during week, or inability to find full-time work.

( 2 ) VOLUNTARY : is defined as part-time by choice for other than economic reasons .

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employment and Earning3", Household data, annual averages, Jan. 1984,

17

JOB SHARING/ FLEXTIME

Reduction of work/family role conflicts which exist for women try- ing to maintain a job or career and still fulfill their housewife/mother role, is an issue which cannot be ignored by employers or by women, themselves. A woman may try to reduce this stress by lowering her stan- dards for her housework or by cutting down her social life. All too of- ten she doubles her efforts to be more organized and efficient, trying to be "superwoman" . (2) This choice can create impossible standards and result in a feeling of failure. Remaining single or childless are also options being considered and chosen by more women pursuing careers. As shown earlier, however, a large portion of the female wor): force is al- ready married and raising children. For some of these women an answer to their dual role responsibilities is an alternative work schedule. Schedule flexibility can be extremely important to the working woman who is raising a family. As women continue to exert an influence on the shape of the work world, alternatives to traditional v/ork sched- ules are being initiated to fulfill this need. Flextime and job sharing are two options which, though used by both sexes, can be especially beneficial to women.

A flextime schedule typically requires an employee to be present during certain core hours, such as 9:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M., and allov/s the employee to come in earlier or leave later than the normal work day allows. Sometimes this choice is flexible; sometimes it must be made in advance and changed only with permission and advance notice. Flextime scheduling began in the late 1950 's in Germany. (3) American corporations began to experiment with it in the early 1970' s. It is found, at present, primarily in service companies such as banks and insurance companies which seem to be well-suited to this arrangement. Some of the benefits are a boost in employee morale, reduction of tardiness, more even distribution of work load (especially computer usage), and less absenteeism caused by child- care problems or dental appointments. Each of these benefits seems to contribute to an increase in job satisfaction.

Job sharing is another worktime alternative that many women see as preferable to a traditional workweek. Like flextime, job sharing is not used only by women, but is an option that seems to be particularly at- tractive to women.

There are nearly as many divergent job sharing arrangements as there are shared positions. Some workers choose to work mornings while their partners take the afternoon shift. Some alternate days, weeks, or months. The partners may be husband and wife, retirees, young mothers, or any workable combination of people.

Most shared positions come into being through the initiative of two people who desire such an arrangement. Employers who do institute job sharing programs list the following reasons (4):

-- greater flexibility in work scheduling,

-- retention of valued employees,

-- wider range of skills in one job title,

-- recruitment from a broader labor pool,

-- new options for older employees,

-- more energy on the job,

-- reduction of absenteeism, and

-- continuity of job performance.

18

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES

A look at national unemployment rates for men and women from 1950- 1983, indicates that female unemployment rates are traditionally higher than those for males. (TABLE A-13) From 1950 through 1980 the average difference between rates for the sexes was 1.3 percent. Women's rates ranged from 2.1 percent higher (1967,1973), to a .02 percent difference in 1980, and were equal only in one year-1958. A study which focused on a sex and age breakdown for unemployed and discouraged workers shows even higher differences when all discouraged workers are consid- ered. (TABLE D-4)

It is thought that one reason that female unemployment figures have remained above male rates is that women tended not to be consistent workers because of their frequent movement in and out of the work force for child-rearing purposes. This gives the female unemployed labor force a slightly different character than that of males, as more out-of-work women than men are new entrants to the labor force or reentering after a time at home.

Persons with less job tenure are likely to be laid off first, so that, in many cases, women are hit harder by economic downturns. As a recession continues, the number of layoffs of men equals and then surpasses those of women. This is evidenced in the unemployment rate reversal for 1982 and 1983, in which male rates eventually -^^'ceeded those for females.

Because Montana sex specific unemployment rates are not available for every year, it is difficult to ascertain a trend. Montana rates from the Current Population Survey are as follows:

MONTANA (CPS) UNEMPLOYED AS % OF LABOR FORCE

1976 1980 1982 1983

of the labor force were:

Overall Female Male

1970 8.3% 6.8% 5.8%

1980 6.2% 6.9% 5.6%

CPS data show a large rise in the male unemployment rate not seen in Censes figures. Because of differences in methodology and definitions the two sets of figures must be considered separately. The high male unemployment shown by the CPS is a reflection of large layoffs in the male-dominated industries of construction, manufacturing, and mining.

A racial comparison of U.S. unemployment rates shows blacks experi- encing rates more than twice those for whites. (TABLE A-3) The 1980 Montana Census indicates a large difference between unemployment rates for the American Indian population and the general state rates. The overall American Indian unemployment rate is shown as 20.3 percent, with the female rate being 15.9 percent. According to some sources, this figure is much too low, especially when looking specifically at unem- ployment on reservations.

overall

female male

6.1%

7.6% 5.2%

6.0%

6.5% 5.6%

8.6%

7.4% 9.4%

8.8%

8.5% 9.1%

sus figures.

the unemployed as a percent

19

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, cont.

For 1983, when state male unemployment rates were higher than those for women, men also remained unemployed for a slightly longer period of time.

TABLE A- 12

MONTANA UNEMPLOYED PERSONS BY DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT BY SEX AND AGE, 1983

(# in thousands)

NUMBER UNEMPLOYED BY

TOTAL

NUMBER

OF WEEKS

1

AVERAGE

NUMBER

1 0-4

5-14

15-26

27-

-51

52- i

DURATION

UNEMPLOYED

1

i

IN WKS.

BOTH

SEXES

AGE

16 AND OVER

34.9

12.5

11.8

5.4

2,

.2

2.

.9

14.0

AGE

16-19 YRS.

4.0

2.1

1.2

.5

. 1

.2

6.5

AGE

20 AND OVER

30.8

10.4

10.6

5.0

2.

.1

2,

.7

15.0

MALE AGE

16 AND OVER

21.1

7.4

7.0

3.1

1,

.4

2.

.1

15.5

AGE

16-19 YRS.

1.9

0.9

0.5

0.3

0,

,1

0,

.1

8.5

■-"

20 AND OVER

19.2

6.5

6.5

2.9

1.

2,

.0

16.2

FEMALE

AGE

16 AND OVER

13.8

5.2

4.8

2.3

0,

.8

0.

.7

11.7

AGE

16-19 YRS.

2. 1

1.2

0.7

0.2

0

0

4.7

AGE

20 AND OVER

11.7

4.0

4- 1

2. 1

0,

.8

0,

.7

13.0

Source: U. S .Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Household data, annual averages, 1983.

Two samples of reentrants into the labor force, constructed from the National Longitudinal Survey for 1972 and involving young women (ages 20-28) and mature women (ages 35-49), were studied in regard to the spells of unemployment experienced by labor force reentrants. Ethel Jones reports that approximately 1 of every 3 women undergoes a spell of unemployment when reentering the labor force. One half of the young reentrants and 4 out of 10 of the mature women experienced some type of unemployment during 1972. (5)

20

TABLE A- 13

UNITED STATES UNEMPLOYMENT RATES OF WOMEN AND MEN ANNUAL AVERAGES, 1950-1983

Persons 16 yrs. of age and over # in thousands

YEAR % OF LABOR FORCE

BOTH SEXES WOMEN MEN

1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics "Handbook of Labor Statistics," 1978, and "Employment and Earnings," January 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, and 1983.

9.6%

9.2%

9.9%

9.7%

9.4%

9.9%

7.6%

7.9%

7.4%

7.1%

7.9%

7.7%

5.8%

6.8%

5.1%

6.0%

7.2%

5.2%

7.0%

8.2%

6.2%

7.7%

8.6%

7.0%

8.5%

9.3%

7.9%

5.6%

6.7%

4.8%

4.9%

6.0%

4.1%

5.6%

6.6%

4.9%

5.9%

6.9%

5.3%

4.9%

5.9%

4.4%

3.5%

4.7%

2.8%

3.6%

4.8%

2.9%

3.8%

5.2%

3.1%

3.8%

4.8%

3.2%

4.5%

5.5%

4.0%

5.2%

6.2%

4.6%

5.7%

6.5%

5.2%

5.5%

6.2%

5.2%

6.7%

7.2%

6-4%

5.5%

5.9%

5.4%

5.5%

5.9%

5.3%

6.8%

6.S%

5.8%

4.3%

4.7%

4.1%

4.1%

4.8%

3.8%

4.4%

4.9%

4.2%

5.5%

6.0%

5.3%

2.9%

3.3%

2.8%

3.0%

3.6%

2.8%

3.3%

4.4%

2.8%

5.3%

5.7%

5.1%

21

GRftW A-I

U. S. LNEMPLOVrtNT RATES BY SEX PGR SELECTED YEflRS

UNEMPLOYED

1950

1%0

1965

1970

1975

1980

1983

LEGEND FEMALE

YEAR

MALE

22

JOB SERVICE

Montana has 24 Job Service offices throughout the state. TABLES A-14 & A-15 exhibit information drawn from Job Service data. TABLE A-15 tells the age, education, and race of female applicants to the Montana Job Service, and the types of services received. A typical female applicant would be white, age 22-39 and have a 12th grade education. TABLE A-14 lists job placement of applicants by occupational category. A large portion of females were placed in jobs involving clerical work, sales, or service industries.

TABLE A-14

MONTANA INDIVIDUALS PLACED IN REGULAR JOBS(l) BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY AND DIVISION Fiscal Year 1983, ending 9-30-83

OCCUP. CATEGORY & DIVISION

TOTAL

PROF. TECH. MGR.

CLERICAL

SALES

DOMESTIC

OTHER SERVICES

FARM, FISHING, & FORESTRY

PROCESSING

MACHINE TRADES

BENCH WORK

STRUCTURAL

MOTOR FREIGHT TRANSP .

PKG. MTRL. HANDL.

OTHER

TOTAL

% FEMALES

TOTAL

FEMALES

OF TOTAL

25,392

12,

,029

47.4%

1,580

803

50.8%

5, 141

4,

, 132

80.4%

2,033

1,

, 169

57.5%

1, 132

699

61.7%

7,450

4,

,472

60.0%

3,169

523

16.5%

878

441

50.2%

983

93

9.5%

298

136

45.6%

2,318

109

4.7%

884

69

7.8%

1,931

363

18.8%

440

80

18.2%

(1) Job duration of over 3 days.

Source: Montana Employment Service Automated Reporting System (ESARS), Tables 09 and D09, Sept. 30, 1983.

PROJECT CHALLENGE

Project Challenge, sponsored by the Job Training Partnership Act and administrated by the AFLCIO, is helping dislocated workers to find new employment. Trainees are instructed in job market reality and self- directed placement. Thirty-five to 40 percent of those enrolled in the program are women. Project Challenge accepts 25 persons per site per quarter. Sites are located in Billings, Great Falls, Kalispell, Butte/ Anaconda, and Missoula.

23

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24

DISPLACED HOMEMAKERS

One g homemakers referring divorced o completely Laurie Shi Homemakers and facing beginning Homemaker 1980. The in 1979 pa income div

roup of female householders has become known as displaced

The term displaced homemaker is generally used when to a woman who, after years at home as a wife and mother, is r widowed and must face a job market for which she feels

unprepared. This term was first used by Tish Sommers and elds in 1975 when they founded the Alliance for Displaced

in Oakland, California (10). Both women were newly divorced

problems in job market re-entry. This alliance was the of a process that led to the establishment of Displaced Programs throughout the country. There were nearly 400 in

results of a national survey of Displaced Homemaker Programs ints a picture of the typical program client as being a low orcee who is over age 40 and has dependents to support (11).

UNITED STATES SURVEY OF DISPLACED HOMEMAKER PROGRAMS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS, 1979

M.^^RITAL STATUS OF CLIENT DIVORCED

AGE OF CLIENT

INCOME OF CLIENT

DEPENDENTS

YEARS OUT OF WORKFORCE

43%

SEPARATED 21%

WIDOWED 20%

75% OVER AGE 40 75% EARNED LESS THAN $5,000 OVER 50% HAD DEPENDENTS 50% OUT FOR OVER 10 YEARS

Source: Network News, June 1979, Displaced Homemaker Network.

Montana has Displaced Homemaker Programs functioning in eight locations: Billings, Bozeman, Great Falls, Havre, Helena, Lewistown, Miles City and Missoula. The programs receive funding from the federal government under the Job Training Partnership Act, and from state mon- ies. The state funds come from a $25 fee attached to each of about 5,000 divorces per year.

The purpose of the programs is to lielp provide the job skills and training needed for a successful entry into the labor market. Job skills, however, are only a part of meeting the needs of displaced home- makers. For many women in this situation the biggest obstacle is low self-esteem. The stress involved in handling a job interview or writ- ing a resume can be tremendous for a woman who has never worked or who has been out of the work world for some time, especially at a time when she is making major social and emotional adjustments. Many women also need suportive services such as housing or child care, and may require eye glasses or proper clothing before they can seek employment.

25

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION

In a discussion of women and employment it is important to Look beyond the number employed, and to examine the nature of the positions occupied. TABLE A-17 presents an historical look at female- dominated occupations. Though many of the occupations have remained the same since 1900, their labor force distribution has changed. For exam- ple, in both 1900 and 1980, 97 percent of all private household workers were female. These workers composed 28.7 percent of the total female labor force in 1900, whereas the 1980 percentage is 2.5. Overall, the female-dominated occupations listed made up 54.4 percent of the 1900 female labor force and 32.2 percent in 1980.

Changes are slowly being made in the definition of "women's work". In spite of remarkable gains made in the number of female craft and kindred workers, such as a 260 percent gain in the number of female carpenters and 800 percent growth for machinists, women are far from realizing equitable representation in these occupations. (TABLE A-19). As of 1980, women are still only 1.6 percent of all carpenters, and 4.9 percent of machinists. TABLES A-18 & A-20 illustrate occupational dis- tribution changes made from 1970 to 1980. The most notable differences include substantial increases in the number of women employed as manag- ers (11.6%), sales supervisors (11.2%), and accountant/auditors (13.6%). There are obvious decreases in the number of women in the categories of maids/housemen (-18.5%), cooks (-10%), and elementary teachers (-8.5%).

A study of occupational employment changes for the time period 1972 thru 1980 shows women accounting for 65 percent of the total 15.6 million employment increase. The top four of the 10 occupations with the largest absolute employment changes were female-dominated.

TABLE A- 16

OCCUPATIONS RANKED BY THE SIZE OF THEIR ABSOLUTE EMPLOYMENT CHANGES, 1972-1980 (6)

LARGEST INCREASES Secretaries Cashiers

Registered Nurses Cooks

Truckdrivers Accountants Engineers Computer and peripheral

machine operators Bookkeepers Computer Specialists

LARGEST DECRE:ASES

Delivery and Route Workers Cleaners and Servants Farm owners and tenant farmers Unpaid family farmworkers Garage workers and Gas Station

attendants Sewers and Stitchers Child-care workers Textile Operatives Telephone Operators Stenographers

26

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION, cont.

Some of the male-dominated jobs whose ranks were enlarged by female workers were:

-- Two thirds of new accountants were female, raising the female percentage of the occupation from 21 to 36 percent.

-- The number of women engineers increased by 50,000 and now make up 15 percent of total engineers.

-- Women doubled their representation as engineering and science

technicians (from 9 to 18 percent), and accounted for 45 percent of the occupation's 1972-80 growth.

-- One of three additional computer specialists jobholders were female, causing a percentage change of 9 percent (17% in 1972, 26% in 1980) .

-- From 1972 to 1980 female representation in the practice of law grew from 4 percent to 13 percent, as 1 out of 4 new lawyers was a woman.

-- The number of female truckdrivers multiplied by five times during the time period studied. This made the number of women more than 40,000 though they only constitute 2% of that occupation's workers.

Women also had an effect on the 1972-80 job loser categories, even though more than one-half of the 30 occupations losing 10,000 or more workers were blue-collar jobs. Of the five white-collar losers, four were in the clerical grouping. Virtually all of the employees affected by the decline in the number of private household workers, child-care workers, sewers and stitchers, and telephone operators, were women. The stenographer count dropped to less than one-half its 1972 level, and is most likely due to the increased use of dictation machines. Most stenographers were probably reclassified into another clerical group.

An examination of the distribution of employed U.S women from 1960 to 1983 by major occupational group (TABLE A-21) shows a continued concentration of females as:

-- clerical workers (30.3% in 1960, 29.7% in 1983), -- professional and technical workers, which includes nurses and teachers (12.4% in 1960, 17.3% in 1983), -- sales workers (7.7% in 1960, 12.8% in 1983*), -- other service workers (14.8% in 1960, 16.8% in 1983).

Note: The large increase in the percentage of sales workers is the result of a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) definitional change. In 1983 supervisors and proprietors were included in the sales work- er count when they had not been previously. This change is evident in the distribution percentages for both sexes on both a state and a national level.

27

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION, cont.

It has been estimated that, with all barriers to "male occupations" re- moved, 60 percent of currently employed women would have to change jobs in order to have the same occupational profile as men. There has been little change in this estimate since 1900. (7)

Occupationally, as in other areas, Montana statistics are similar to national patterns. Montana women constitute 41.1 percent of employed persons in all occupations. In the 11 broad categories, the highest percentage of women is ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT (81.7%), the lowest is PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAE'T, AND REPAIR (5.2%). (TABLE A-22)

Occupational distribution of female state government em.ployees is shown in TABLE A-27. Considerable changes have occurred since the inception of Montana's Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) program in 1975. The 1975 to 1983 changes in the percentage of women in each category are:

Administrators + 5.7%

Professionals + 4.9%

Technicians +17.2%

Protective Services + 2.4%

Paraprofessionals + 5.0%

Clerical + 0.1%

Skilled Craft - 2.0%

Service -12.2%

A Sociological Perspective

There is no simple or agreed-upon explanation for the occupational profile differences between men and women. Veronica Nieva and Barbara Gutek, authors of Women and Work, offer four perspectives used in dis- cussions of this historical inequality. (8) The first view uses what may be called the "individual deficit model". From this point of view women are seen as less stable and less rational than men, and fearful of challenge and success. It explains women's inferior work status posi- itions in terms of deficits in individual motivation, socialization and training that discourages assertiveness, and lack of sensitivity to networks and organizational games. This approach tends to blame the victim and ignores external influences which could create or perpetuate perpetuate such characteristics.

The second perspective uses a "structural-institutional model", which sees women's personalities and motivations as consequences rather than the causes of work structures. This suggests that low aspirations are simply adjustments to the reality of work structure opportunities in a system which keeps women in powerless, dead-end positions.

The "sex-role model" focuses on sex-role prescriptions as providing occupational direction. Traditionally-female occupations are chosen in spite of low pay, because they are viewed by society as being appropri- ate activities for women. The societal-defined female role of nurturer and supporter may also cause employers to, consciously or unconsciously, assume limitations on woman's abilities and job interests.

The fourth position is labeled the "intergroup model", and sees stereotypes as resulting from worker groups formed on the basis of sex and the subsequent tendency to exaggerate within-group similarities and, between-group differences. The male group is traditionally characteriz- ed as motivated, committed, and superior to the female group. Therefore, group membership is the determination of status. "Women often exhibit

28

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION, cont.

psychological characteristics typical of lower caste members, for exam- ple, denigration of other members of their own group, accepting the dom- inant group's definitions of them, and preferring to work and to be identified with members of the top group. Ironically, they are regarded by the dominant male group as inferior beings, yet the kinds of barriers set up against them suggest that their competition is feared greatly." (8) The subordinate status is maintained by control of resources such as power, money, land, and legal power.

Each of these four explanations for the work status of women gives a possible reasoning and is suggestive of different methods of change in order to reverse the current situation. Regardless of which set of fac- tors is most influential, the achievement of occupational equity will only come about through a complete revolution in societal attitudes toward women in the labor force.

Apprenticeships

A major avenue for female entrance into non-traditional employ- ment is participation in apprenticeship programs. The 1979 number of female apprentices in the United States was over six and one-half times that for 1973. (TABLE A-28) Even with this growth, women constituted only 4.1 percent of the 1979 total U.S. apprentices.

In Montana we find a 34.2 percent gain in the number of female apprentices, from 85 in 1977 to 114 in 1984. (TABLE A-29) Also, female representation has more than doubled, as 10.2 percent of all 1984 ap- prentices were female, compared with 4.8 percent in 1977.

29

TABLE A- 17

UNITED STATES FEMALE - DOM I NATED OCCUP AT I ONS :

1900,1950, 1980

Occupation % c

Lat 1900

DRESSMAKERS *

MILLINERS

PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS

NURSES

ATTENDANTS, hospitals &

other inst . , midwives,

practical nurses OPERATIVES, paperboard

containers & boxes CHARWOMEN & CLEANERS BOARDING &

LODGING HOUSEKEEPERS LIBRARY ATTENDANTS TELEPHONE OPERATORS OPERATIVES, KNITTING MILLS HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDS,

except private TEACHERS LIBRARIANS STENOGRAPHERS, TYPISTS,

& SECRETARIES OPERATIVES, misc. fabricated

textile products OPERATIVES, apparel &

accessories mfg. TOTAL

1950

Female

Female as % of

r Force

Total in Occup

7.8%

100%

1.4%

100%

28.7%

97%

0.2%

94%

1.8%

89%

0.3%

84%

0.5%

84%

1-1%

83%

**

80%

0.3%

80%

0.6%

78%

0.5%

78%

6.1%

75%

**

72%

1.8%

72%

0.3%

71%

3.0%

70%

54.4%

NURSES 2 . 9%

DRESSMAKERS & SEAMSTRESSES 0.9%

TELEPHONE OPERATORS 2 . 2% ATTENDANTS, physicians &

dentists offices 0.2%

PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS 8.9% STENOGRAPHERS, TYPISTS, &

SECRETARIES 9.5%

MILLINERS 0.1%

LIBRARIANS 0.3%

OFFICE MACHINE OPERATORS 0.8%

SALES WORKERS, DEMONSTRATORS 0.1% OPERATIVES, mfg. apparel &

accessories 4.0%

BOOKKEEPERS & CASHIERS 4.7%

98% 97% 96%

95% 95%

94% 90% 89% 82% 82%

81%

* This item may be read as follows: In 1900, dressmakers made up 7.8% of the female labor force and 100% of dressmakers were women. ** Percentage below 0.1%.

30

FEMALE-DOMINATED OCCUPATIONS, cont.

% of Female Female as % of

1950, cont. Labor Force Total in Occup.

COUNTER & FOUNTAIN WORKERS,

WAITRESSES 4.0% 78% HOUSEKEEPERS & STEWARDS

except private 0.5% 78%

TEACHERS 5.2% 75%

IBRARY, attendents 0.1% 74%

SPINNERS, textile 0.4% 74%

OPERATIVES, knitting 0.7% 72% OPERATIVES, misc.

fabricated textiles 0.2% 72% BOARDING & LODGINGS

HOUSEKEEPERS 0.1% 72%

DANCERS & DANCE TEACHERS 0.1% 71%

RELIGIOUS WORKERS 0.2% 70%

OPERATIVES, tobacco mfg. 0.3% 70%

TOTAL 46.4%

1980

SECRETARIES

DENTAL ASSISTANTS

PRE-KNDERGARTEN TEACHERS

PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS

PRACTICAL NURSES

DRESSMAKERS

LODGING QUARTERS CLEANERS

TYPISTS

TELEPHONE OPERATORS

DEMONSTATORS

REGISTERED NURSES

RECEPTIONISTS

CHILD CARE WORKERS

KEYPUNCH OPERATORS

SEWERS & STITCHERS

TEACHER'S AIDES

BANK TELLERS

BOOKKEEPERS

BILLING CLERKS

BOOKKEEPING & BILLING

MACHINE OPERATORS TOTAL

9.3%

99.1%

0.3%

98.6%

0.6%

98.4%

2.5%

97.5%

0.9%

97.3%

0.3%

97.2%

0.4%

97.0%

2.4%

96.9%

0.7%

96.9%

0.2%

96.7%

3.0%

96.5%

1-5%

96.3%

1.0%

96.1%

0.6%

95.9%

1-8%

95.7%

0.9%

93.7%

1-2%

92.7%

4.2%

90.5%

0.4%

90.2%

0.1%

90.0%

32.2%

Source: Linda Waite, "U.S. Women at VJork" , 1981. p. 25

31

TABLE A- 18

UNITED STATES THE 25 OCCUPATIONS WITH THE LARGEST NUMBERS OF MEN IN 1980 AND THE % OF WOMEN IN EACH OCCUPATION

DETAILED 1980 OCCUPATIONAL

TITLE

1970

1980

%Change

# MEN

%WOMEN

%WOMEN

'70- '80

MANAGERS , n . e . c . ( 1 )

3,

,824,609

15.3%

26.9%

11.6%

TRUCKDRIVERS, Heavy

1,

,852,443

1-5%

2.3%

0.8%

JANITORS & CLEANERS

1,

,631,534

13.1%

23.4%

10.3%

SUPERVISORS, Production

1,

,605,489

9.9%

15.0%

5.1%

CARPENTERS

1,

,275,666

1.1%

1.6%

0.5%

SUPERVISORS, Sales

1,

,137,045

17.0%

28.2%

11.2%

LABORERS

1,

,128,789

16.5%

19.4%

2.9%

SALES REPRESENTATIVES

1,

,070,206

7.0%

14.9%

7.9%

FARMERS

1,

,032,759

4.7%

9.8%

5.1%

AUTO MECHANICS

948,358

1.4%

1.3%

-0.1%

MACHINE OPERATORS

933,201

35.6%

33.5%

-2.1%

ASSEMBLERS

858,542

45 . 7%

49 . 5%

3.8%

CONSTRUCTION LABORERS

833,937

1-9%

3.2%

1.3%

WELDERS & CUTTERS

744,585

6.2%

5.9%

-0.3%

FARMWORKERS

694,666

14.9%

21.7%

6.8%

SUPERVISORS, n.e.c.

672,477

1-2%

1.8%

0.6%

ACCOUNTANTS, AUDITORS

626,558

24.6%

38.2%

13.6%

ELECTRICIANS

594,781

2.0%

2.0%

0.0%

COOKS

578,320

67.2%

57.2%

-10.0%

TEACHERS, Elem.

569,823

83.9%

75.4%

-8.5%

MANAGERS, Marketing

567,362

7.9%

17.6%

9.7%

STOCKHANDLERS, BAGGERS

560,360

12 . 5%

21.0%

8.5%

TRUCKDRIVERS, Light

512,671

4.7%

6.8%

2.1%

MACHINISTS

500,294

3.0%

4.9%

1.9%

GUARDS, Exclud. Public

499, 152

4.0%

13.5%

9.5%

(1) n.e.c.- not elsewhere

classified

Source: Nancy Rytina and Suzanne Bianchi , "Occupational Reclassification and Changes in Distribution by Gender", Monthly Labor Review, March 1984 pg.l5

TABLE A- 19

UNITED STATES 1972-1980 FEMALE GAINS AS CRAFT AND KINDRED WORKERS

CARPENTERS

OTHER CONSTR. CRAFTWORKERS

MACHINISTS

HEAVY EQUIP. MECHANICS

TELEPHONE INSTALLERS & REPAIR

1972

1980

% GAIN

5,000

18,000

260%

11,000

50,000

354%

2,000

18,000

800%

5,000

15,000

200%

6,000

27,000

350%

Source: Carol Boyd Leon, "Occupational Winners and Losers: Who They Were During 1972-80", Monthly Labor Review, June 1982, pg.28.

32

TABLE A-20

UNITED STATES THE 25 OCCUPATIONS WITH THE LARGEST NUMBER OF WOMEN IN 1980 AND THE % OF WOMEN IN EACH OCCUPATION

DETAILED 1980 OCCUPATIONAL

TITLE

1970

1980

'70- '80

#

WOMEN

% WOMEN

% WOMEN

%CHANGE

SECRETARIES

3,

,949,973

97.8%

98.8%

1.0%

TEACHERS, Elem.

1,

,749,547

83.9%

75.4%

-8.5%

BOOKKEEPERS

1,

,700,843

80.9%

89.7%

8.8%

CASHIERS

1,

,565,502

84.2%

83.5%

-0.7%

OFFICE CLERKS

1,

,425,083

75.3%

82.1%

6.8%

MANAGERS, n.e.c.

1,

,407,898

15.3%

26.9%

11.6%

WAITRESSES

1,

,325,928

90.8%

88.0%

-2.8%

SALESWORKERS

1,

,234,929

70.4%

72.7%

2.3%

REGISTERED NURSES

1,

,232,544

97.3%

95.9%

-1-4%

NURSING AIDES

1,

,209,757

87.0%

87.8%

0.8%

SEWING MACHINES OPERATORS

860,848

94.9%

94.1%

-0.8%

ASSEMBLERS

841, 158

45 . 7%

49.5%

3.8%

COOKS

771,878

67.2%

57.2%

-10.0%

TYPISTS

716,449

94.8%

96.8%

2.0%

CHILD CARE WORKERS

570,794

92.5%

93.2%

0.7%

RECEPTIONISTS

525,290

95.3%

95.8%

0.5%

MAIDS AND HOUSEMEN

510,277

94.3%

75.8%

-18.5%

JANITORS AND CLEANERS

498,623

13.1%

23.4%

10.3%

HAIRDRESSERS

490,785

90.0%

87.8%

-2.2%

TEACHERS, Secondary

486,603

49.6%

56.5%

6.9%

MACHINE OPERATORS

471,011

30.2%

33.5%

3.3%

BANK TELLERS

464, 139

86.9%

91.1%

4.2%

SUPERVISORS, Sales

445,492

17.0%

28.2%

11.2%

PRACTICAL NURSES

420,412

96.1%

96.6%

0.5%

HAND PACKAGERS

415,925

67.0%

66.8%

-0.2%

n.e.c

not elsev;here classified

Source: Nancy Rytina and Suzanne Bianchi , "Occupational Reclassification and Changes in Distribution by Gender", Monthly Labor Review, March 1984 pg. 16.

33

TABLE A-21

UNITED STATES % DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED WOMEN, BY MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUP, ANNUAL AVERAGES FOR SELECTED YEARS, 1960-83

OCCUPATION GROUP 1953 1981 1980 1975 1970 1960

TOTAL EMPLOYED, in thousands 44,047 42,145 41,283 33,553 29,667 21,874 percent of Total Employed 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

PROFESSIONAL & TECH. WORKERS MANAGERS h ADMIN. .except farm SALES WORKERS CLERICAL WORKERS CRAFT & KINDRED WORKERS OPERATIVES, except transport TRANSPORT EQUIP. OPERATIVES NONFARM LABORERS PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS OTHER SERVICE WORKERS FARMERS & FARM MANAGERS FARM LABORERS &. SUPERVISORS

17.3%

17.0%

16.8%

15 . 7%

14.5%

12.4%

7.9%

7.4%

6.9%

5.2%

4.5%

5.0%

12.8%

6.8%

6.8%

6.9%

7.0%

7.7%

29 . 7%

34 . 7%

35 . 1%

35 . 1%

34 . 5%

30.3%

2.3%

1 . 9%

1.8%

1.5%

1.1%

1.0%

7.4%

9.7%

10.0%

11.0%

14 . 5%

15.2%

.7%

0.7%

0.7%

0.5%

1.6%

1.2%

1.2%

1.1%

0.5%

0.4%

2. 1%

2.3%

2.5%

3.4%

5.1%

8.9%

16.8%

17. 1%

17.0%

18.2%

16.5%

14.8%

.4%

0.4%

0.4%

0.3%

0.3%

0.5%

1.0%

0.8%

0.8%

1.1%

1.5%

3.2%

"•'•'NOTE: The large increase in the percentage of sales workers is the result of

a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) definitional change. Sales supervisors

and proprietors were included in the sales worker category for the first time in 1983.

Source: U.S. Department and U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, "Employment and Training Report of the President", 1979 and U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employment and Earnings", January 1979-1984.

34

TABLE A-22

MONTANA DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION BY SEX, 1982 AND 1983 (Persons age 16 and over)

TOTAL EMPLOYMENT

Percent of total employment

WHITE COLLAR WORKERS, TOTAL PROFESSIONAL & TECHNICAL MANAGERS & ADMINISTRATORS,

EXCEPT FARM SALES WORKERS ••■ CLERICAL WORKERS

BLUE COLLAR WORKERS, TOTAL CRAFT 6c KINDRED WORKERS OPERATIVES, EXCEPT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT OPERATIVES NON-FARM LABORERS

SERVICE WORKERS

FARM WORKERS

1982

1983

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

211,000

147,000

210,000

149,000

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

39 . 5%

67.1%

37.6%

65 . 7%

13.5%

16.3%

12.1%

16.6%

14.5%

8.7%

10.7%

8.1%

6.9%

6.4%

11.8%

13.1%

4.5%

35 . 7%

3.0%

27.9%

41.0%

6.4%

39.5%

5.8%

20 . 8%

1.6%

20.9%

1.0%

8.2%

2.4%

3.5%

2.8%

5.8%

0.6%

9.5%

0.5%

6.3%

1.8%

5.6%

1.5%

7.0%

22.6%

8.2%

23.6%

12.6%

3.9%

14.8%

5.0%

NOTE: Ilie large increase in the percentage of sales workers is the result of a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) definitional change.

Source: U . S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,

Current Population Survey, Household data, annual averages, 1982 and 1983,

35

TABLE A- 2 3

MONTANA DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND SEX, CPS 1983 ANNUAL AVERAGES

MEN

WOMEN

TOTAL EMPLOYED

Percent of total employed

NON-AGRICULURAL INDUSTRIES, total

Private non-ag wage & salary workers, total

(including mining) Construction Manufacturing

Durable

Non-durable Transportaiiion, Conimunication, &

Public Utilities Trade

Finance, Insurance, & P.eal Estate Service Industries

Government

AGRICULTURE

210,000

149,000

100.0%

100.0%

85.7%

91.5%

58.5%

57.6%

6.6%

1.0%

8.7%

3.6%

4.8%

1.5%

3.9%

2.2%

7.8%

2.9%

17.0%

21.0%

2.3%

6.9%

9.7%

21.4%

13.6%

21.3%

13.7%

5.9%

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Household data, annual averages, 1982

TABLE A-24

MONTANA FEMALE EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY

(annual averages, # in thousands)

NON-AGR I CULTURAL WAGE & SALARY Manufacturing Mining

Contract Construction Trans. & Public Utilities Wholesale & Retail Trade Finance, Insurance, & Re::! Estate Services Government

1975

1980

1983

94.6

133.9

132.0

2.5

3.0

2.7

.3

.5

.5

.8

1.5

1.9

3.5

4.4

4.6

24.9

36.6

34.3

6.2

8.4

8.1

28.1

34.9

38.2

18.3

44.6

41.9

Source: Department of Labor, Research and Analysis Bureau," Montana Annual Planning Information 1985" and Establishment Survey Employment Estimates 1975 and 1980.

36

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